AUTOMOBILE

10.2
ENGINEERING
Introduction
10.1
and practicc of vechicle design, construct
Automobile safety is the study tion,
regulation to minimize the occurrence and
automobile
conscquences of autonmobit. cquipment and
accidents.
road way design One of the first
formal
al Road
safety more broadly includes
was by Cornell Acronautical labs of BuffaLdCmic academic ststudies
uffalo,
improving vehicle safety the crucial York. The
extensive report 1s of importance
main conclusion of their
to the market survey by strategy analvtic d and
padded dash boards. According demand on the ficld of automotiv daustomobile
of the greatest
safety system is one

united states a pedestrian is injurcd by an automobile in every

ry 8
clectronics
In the
led inin an
occupants to be killed
minutes, that
are 1.5 times more likely than a vehicles an
automobile
a

per outing. So, the first automobile safcty system

is mainly uscd in in US
US, whichChelpscrato
good steering and brakes.
avoid accidents, using a

10.1.1 Active and Passive Safety

Inthis oontext, passive safety refers to features that help to reduce the of an
accident, such as seat belts, airbags and strong body structures. This use is essemal
ntially
with the terms primary and secondary safety that tend to be used atthe
im

interchangeable
UK
Active Safety is increasingly being used to describe a systems that is used tm

understanding the state of the vehicle to avoid and minimize the effects of crash. These
a

control systems and electronic stability

include braking systems, like brake assist, traction
control systems, that interprets the signals from various sensors to help the drver to
control the vehicle. Additionally, forward-looking, sensor-based systems such
Advanced Driver Assistance System including adaptive cruise control and colision
warning/avoidance/mitigation systems are also considered as active satety systems unuer

this definition.
activated in respons 0

In cngincering, active safety systems are the systems

human ope
salcty problem abnormal event. Such systems may be activated by
or
a

automatically by a computer driven system, or even mechanicaly

10.1.2 Safety Items Fall into Three Classes

(a) Crash avoidance (Such as the high-mounted rear stoplight).

ts
(b) Occupant protection (Such as the padded dash-board and lockng s after
protect almost intent
(c) Post-crash protection (Such as roll bars and air bags that protect
a crash begins).
AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY
10.3
Some safety devices increascd
weight to the vchicle This cncouraged
cncouraged auto
manufacturers to make parts from lighter and
aulo
stronger materials
10.2 Requirement of Automobile Body
Due to increasung number of automobile accidents, the safcty
of automobilc and
passengcrs are required. Hcnce the
body and structurc of automobilc nccd some
and requircments are changes
1. Strength: The body must be
strong
cnough to withstand all typc of forces to which
the car is subjectod
which include the
weight of the car. passcngcrs and thc
inertia and breaking and side forces. It
should bc ablc to copc with
luggage.
reasonable magnitude. impact loads of
2. Stiffness: Stiftness is the
rigidily of an object. The extent to which it resists
deformation in
response to an
applied force.
3. Torsional Stifness: The body should be sufficient
bad roads. rigid so as to resist twisting on

4.
4. Space: There must be adequate space in the bads for passcngcrs and luggage both
5. Air Drag: The resistance of diving air depends
upon the body shape and increases
directly asthe source of the vehicle
speed. The shape of the bads should be such
that the air drag is minimum.
6. Protection Against Weather: The design of the body must be such that the
occupants and the luggage are protected from bad weather.
7. Resistance to Corrosion: The body should be designed that no moisture is
accumulated which would produce rust. The material used should also be such that
no corrosion takes place.
8. Protection in Accident: This is very important consideration in the car body design.
The body must be such that the driver is at maximum ease. So that there are least
chances of the accident taking place due to fatigue. However, in case the accident
does take place the body must protect the occupants.

10.3 Automotive Safety Devices

the vehicle itself to avoid a
The devices which help the driver and increasingly help
safe is called automotive safety devices
collision crash and used to keep the automobiles
in two types, devices for active safety and
These safety devices are basically derived
of devices are mostly used in safety system
devices for passive safety. These two type
includes.
normally this category
10.4 ATOMOBILE ENGINEERING
T h e vchicle head lamps. retlectors and other light signals
The vchicle mrrors

The vchicle brakes. steering and suspension system

The tem Active and Passive are simple but most important terms in the world
of
automotne safcty Active safety is uscd to reter to technology ass1sting in th
prevention of a crash and "Passive safety to components of the vehicle (primanik
air
bags. seat belts. and other phy sical strnucture of the vehicle) that help to protcct occuD
dunng crash

high-strength steel front and rear

safety cage sumounding head lap/shoulder rear crumple
passengers restraints safety belts
7ones
Side air bag
diagnostic
Laminated windshield module
Padded instrument panel
Front impact sensors

Child-safety -cal
compatible salety belt
Child-seat
accommodation

remlorced door hmges

side-guard
1added knceldoor benms and latches
Energy-absorbing
bumper mnounts
Iront erumple 7ones
|bolster energy-absorbing and igniter
stcermg column airbag
Cross-car beams (shown deployed)
for sde npact

Figure 10.1 Automotive Safety Devices

10.3.1 Devices for Passive Safety

(a) Air bags.
(b) Scat belts.
(c) Laminated glass
(d) Passenger safcty cell
(c) Deformation zones.
(f Load spacc barrier nets.
AUTOMOIVE SAFETY
10.5
kill switches,
(g) Fucl pump
fucl tank
h) Corrcctly positioned
10.3.2 Devices for Active Safety
(a) Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

Aati lock braking system automobile safcty system that allows

is an
the whccls on a
hotor vehicle to maintam tractive contact with the road surfacc
accord1ng to driver inputs
hilc braking preventing the whecls from locking
up (ccasing rotation) and
uncontrolled skidding. lt is an automated system that uscs the avoiding
hraking and cadence braking which were practiccd by skillful
principles of threshold
drivers with previous
generation braking sy stems. It docs this at a much faster rate and with bctter
a driver could manage. control than

ABS generaly offers improved

vehiclc control and decreascs
dr and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loosc stopping distances on
surface like gravel or
snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly increasc
improving vchicle control
braking distance, although
still

Control module Wheel sensors

Modulator unit

Wheel
sensor
Whecl sensors Gcar pulser-

Brake disc

Figure 10.2 ABS System

Since initial widespread usc in production cars, anti-lock braking systems have evolved
considerably. Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking. but also
clectronically control the front-to-rcar brake bias. This function, depending on its specific
10.6 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
capabilities and implementation, is known as clectronic brakcforce diet-
(EBD). traction control system, emergency brake assist, or clectronic
ic stabilit
stability controk
(ESC).
(b) Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
Eloctronic Stability Control (ESC) also referred to as clectronic stability program (Ecn
or dynamic stability control (DSC). isa computerized technology, that improves the
of a vehicle's stability by detecting and reducing loss of traction (skidding) When safety
Fs
detats loss of stocring control, it automatically applies the brakes to help "stoer
vchicle where the driver intends to go. the
Braking is automatically applicd to whecls individually, such as the outer front whed
to counter overstoer or the inner rear whecl to counter understecer. Some ESC svstems
also roduce cngine power until control is regained. ESC does not improve a vehicle's
comering performance; instead, it helps to minimize the loss of control.

If loss of steering|
control occurs

Automatically applies
the brakes to help steer

Figure 10.3 ESC System

(c) Collision Avoidance System
A Collision Avoidance System is a system of sensors that is placed within a car tO N

Ls driver of any dangers that may lie ahead on the road. Some of the dangers thatthes
sensors can pick up, includes how close the car is to other cars surrounding , t much
Oung
S speod needs to be reduced while going around a curve, and how close the car
off the road. The system uses sensors that send and receive signals from things
cars, obstacles in the road, traflic ights, and cven a central database placed Ni
car and tell it o f any weather or traffic precautions. A situation that provides d

ad
cxample of how the system works is when a driver is about to change ai
AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY
10.7
there is a car in his
blind spot. The
before scnsors
turning preventing him will dctect
he starts that car and intorm nc driver
accident. from potentially
potentially gettng into
getting no a scrious

Approx 2.6 sec.

before the accident,
Approx 1.6 sec.before the
accident, After the audible
Visual and acoustic
Collision waming
warning has been repeated 3 times: ifApprox
the
0.6 sec. before the
driver has still failed toaccident
PRESAFE, brake automatically autonomous emergency respond:
initiate. Partial braking
has not responded braking if the driver maximum braking performancewith to
reduce impact severity

Figure 10.4 Collision Avoidance System

(d) Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)
Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), also known as intelligent
speed assistance and speed
alerting, is any system that constantly monitors vehicle speed and the local
a road and
speed limit on
implements an action when the vehicle is detected to be exceeding the speed
limit. This can be done through an advisory system, where the driver is warned, or
through an intervention system where the driving system of the vehicle are controlled
automatically to reduce the vehicle's speed.
(e) Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) Brake Assist (BA or BAS)
Emergencv Brake Assist (EBA) or Brake Assist (BA or BAS) is a generic term for an
automobile braking technology that increases braking pressure in an emergency situation.
It detects critical traffic situations and ensures optimum braking.
By interpreting the spced and force with which the brake pedal is pushed, the svstem
detects if the driver is trying to execute an emergency stop, and if the brake pedal is not
fully applicd, the system overrides and fully applics the brakes until the Anti-lock Braking
(ABS) takes over to stop the wheels locking up.
10.8
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERNG

Brake
orce

Stopping distance
without brake assists

EA

Brake
force

Stopping distance
with brake assist

Figure 10.5 EBA System

(Traction Control System (TCS)
A Traction Control System (TCs), also known as anti-slip regulation (ASR). is typecal
On
(but not necessarily) a secondary function of the anti-lock braking system (ABS)
production motor vchicles, designed to prevent loss of traction of driven road waeeis
mis-masn
when invoked t theretore enhances driver control as throttle input appliedis
to road surface conditions (duc to varying factors) being unable to manage appucu|torqux

Intervention consists of one or more of the following

0) Reduces or suppress spark sequence to one or more cylunders.
() Reduce fucl supply to onc or more cylinders.
() Brake force applied at one or more wheels.
rottle
(1v) Close the throtle, if the vehicle is fitted with drive by wire tnio reduce
boost

u a t c d to
(v) In turbo-charged vehicles, a boost control solenoid can be actua
and thercfore engine power.
AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY
10.9
Typically, traction control sy stems share
use the the cloctrohy draulie brake actuator (but des
conventional
lock braking system.
master
cy lnder and servo). and wheel spood sensors witn
"
nti-
uk**
(g) Autonomous Cruise
Control
Autonomous Cuise Control is an
makes no use of satellite or roadsideoptional cnuise control svstenm for road vehicks.
other vehicles. Hence control is infrastructures nor of anv cooperative support tran
sensor ony. The extension toimposed based on sensor information trom
sensor
n-ura
cooperative cruise control requires cither fivod
infrastructure as with satellites, roadside beacons or mobile infrastructures as retlectorss
or transmitters on the back
of other vehicles ahead

Figure 10.6 Cruise Control System

1. Vehicle cruisecontrol set at 70 mph

2. Radar detects slower vehicle ahcad

reduces specd to rrtum vehicle to a af
following distance
to the lead vehicle's specd and resets to the original spod if
3. Cruise control adjusts
traffic clears

10.4 Air Bags

device. t is an ceupant control system. Consisting of a
An air bag is a vechicle safety
cushion designed to intlate rapidly during automobile collision
flexible fabric envelope or
is to cushion occupants during a crash and provide protection to their bodies
Its purpose
such as the steering wheel or a window. Modem
when they strike interior objects
10.10

vchicles may contain multiple air bag modular in various side

AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
and fronta
passenger scating positions and sensor may deploy (uzip) onc
impact zone at various rates
nc on on
morc
maro ocaton of the
air
bags in
an
The air bag typically consists of the following three parts
. The bag itsclf is madc of a thin, nylon fabric. which is foldecd
into the
the stcring whoel
or dashboard or. nmore rccently, the scat or door.
2. The sensor is the device that tells the
bag to inflate. nflation
is a collision force cqual to happens uk
running into a brick wall at I0 to 15 miles ner! there
to 24 km per hour). Sensors detect the crash
using a mechanical switch tho (16
when a mass shifts and an clectrical contact is made. closes
Electronic sensors use
acccleromcter that has becn ctched on a silicon tiny
chip.
33 The air bag's inflation system the
uses
pulse rapid of hot
nitrogen gas from tthe
chemical reaction of sodium azide (NAN3) and
potassium nitrate (KNO,) to infat
the bag.

Nitrogen gas
Crash Airbag
sensor

Inflator-
Crash
Sodium sensor
azide
Inflator

Figure 10.7 Air Bag System

Within the 15 to 20 milliseconds after impact the crash
sensors and control unue
the intensity of the collision and decide
whether to deploy air bag inflate
milliseconds the air bag spills its n

covering pad predctermined places bes

in and an
rapidly. At about 45 millisccond, the bag is fully inflated while the seat beltedo
is still moving for ward. At around 60
milliseconds, the occupants cont nds, the
which immediatcly bcing to deflate via count holes in the
back up to l00 mu t while
a n d chest
while
occupant continues to sink decply into the air bag, which save the head
it is deflating.
 AuTOMOIVE SAFETY
10.11
Air bag can be
very dangerous because thev inflate with tremendous force
deployed. Air bags can reach
speeds over 100 miles per hour
when
can break ams. hands. finger or even cause death if
during deployment. Air bags
accidental deployment vour head is near the
bag during
When working around air bags.
accidental deployment. Never install or service manual directions and caution to prevent
use

connect a new air

checked with a scan tool and bag module until all wining iSs

We previously
repaired
mentioned the high
fabrics directly lead to quality demand on air bag fabrics. Detective
rejects because air bags are
The latest safety relevant proucts
development in air bag manufacture is the
bag one-piece-woven (OPW) air

10.5 Safety Belts

A seat belt is also known
as a
safety belts. is
safety harnessa
against hamtul movement that may result designeda collision orthe
to secure
occupant of a vehicle
sudden stop. A seat belt reduces the during a
possibility and severity of injury in a traffic collision
by stopping the vehicle occupant from hitting hard
against interior elements of the vehicle
or other
passengers. Inertia sens1t1ve retractor lock the belt in
place when an impact
Occur
The world first safety seat
belt law was put in place in
1970. in the state of Victoria. Shoulder belt
Australia making the wearing -Lock
of a seat belt compulsory tor
driver and front seat

passengers.
Seat belts are strong nylon
straps withspecial ends
attached. for securing people in
their seats. In today 's vehicles. Belt
scatbelts work in conjunction Buckle
with the air bags These
restraint device keep the people Lap belt
in the vehicle from flyving around
or from ejecting out of the
vehicle during the collision Figure 10.8 Safety belt
10.12 AUIOMOBIU ENGINIRING
Lap belts ane the belts that extend across a person's lap. Shoulder belts
lts eienut
extend over
a persoms chest and shoukkr

A sat belt bucke mechanisnm allows vou to put the seat belt on and take e
has a button that can be pressod to elease the buckle lor seat belt removal
Seat belt anchors allow one end of the belt to be bolted to the body structure Th
They
are handnod metal.
Safcr belts have also developod dramatically over the years,. Consumers can now
buy cars with intelligent seat belts that modulate the tension of the belt during Crash
Integratod satcty bclts systenm mounts he shoulder belt not to the inside wall of the car
but to the seat back itself. This allow the safety belt to move with the passenger no
matter where the seat is positioned. This result in a more comfortable fit and it is more
traditional metal
cffective at holding a passenger in their seat than the
Seat Belt Precautions

1. Do not intermix type of scat belts on front or rear seats.

from belts.
2 Kocp sharp odses and damaging object away
of the belt buckle and latch plate.
3. Avoid bending or damaging any portion
belt
shoulder belt retractor mechanisnms or lap
Do not attempt repair on lap or
retractor covers. Replace with new replacemcnt part.
specified in the service manual use
anchor bolts as
5. Tighten all scat and shoulder belt
a torquc.

10.6 Radio Ranges s ale

There are two

which are mainly used by aircraft.
aids
Radio ranges are navigational four-course radio range
and the Vir
in use, the low frequency with a
types of radio ranges be used by any aireraft cquipped
omnidircctional radio range.
The former can LF/ME
station, which is in the
rcceiver which can tune to
the frequency of the ground radio range
equipment. The LFIMF
klHz while the latter requires special Is give.
range of 200-400 the principles of its operation
of world
15 obsolescent and so only a brief treatment in most part
or me
abbreviated or VOR) is in uso

VHFomni-range (generally
Radio Range
10.6.1 The LFMF Four Course polar diagram

two antenna system each of which has po 10,9(a)

The LF/MF radio range employs cnch other

figure
two being at right ngles to gve
of the figure-of-cight type. These
centro,
to the
to tne
when joincd
Incd lrength.

these two figurcs-of-cight,

The points of interscction of antennas have
tho 8a
from the two Ncts of
four directions in which the signals
 10.14 AUTOMOILE ENGINEERN

(a) (b)

Figure 10.10
The radio range facility gives good service over
range of about 200 m
a
transmission from the central tower can be used for radio compass operation d The
Disadvantages of the range are:

The limited number of courses (i.e.. four) available.

Poor signal/noise ratio.
Fatigue caused by listening to the tones.
Dificulty of identifyving the courses.
These factors. and the cmergence of the VHF omni-range have contributed o
obsolescence of the LF/MF radio range.

10.6.2 VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR)

This facility operates in the range 108-136 MHz in the VHF band. An aircraft proviákd
with the appropriate receiving equipment can obtain its radial position with rspet 0
range by comparing the phases of two sinusoidals obtained from the range radhabn
fixed phase difference defines a radial course and so. in effect. the OR
regarded as
providing an infinite number of courses, as against the four ot u
radio range. The principle of operation is given in hat föllows
The range transmitter radiates two
m a u u l a t a m

pattems, distinguishable
by an
oneof which is omni-dircctional and carries the modulation of a referene sis
While the second pattern is
figure-of-cight rotating at 30 rps. nc
a
phases of the two are locked. The strngr

omni-directional radiation has a ae

than the
figure-of-cight one, and therefore, the combination s a
0
H

cardioid. At the Rns

receiving point, the rotating cardioid, after demodul

AuIOMOUVE SAFETY

sgml ot variable phase. while 10.15

the
vference phase.
Figure T0.1 shows omnidirectional signal gives a 30 Hz signal of fixcd
the barng ot the how the phase
receiving
the air cratt. this phase point from the diffcrencc betwccen these Is
transmitter.
angle may be dircctly By sofasticated Cqua
displaycd on a implemcntano
meter

-0

PR
AR

R
hR

A R
R
V
Reference point
=Variable point
PR
R
v

Figure 10.11

10.7 Night Vision System

Night vision systems are being offered as an option for some vehicles. The camera can
provides the driver with an artificial eye. Showing objects with in the driver's visual field
which may remain invisible with just normal head lamp light.This is not
possible with the
unassisted eye because every thing above knee-height is not illuminated by dipped beam
of head-lamp.
The night-vision system uses infrared light which is invisible to the human eve
Recognized objects can be visualized on a monitor or via a reflection in the wide sera
using a head up display.
 TOMOBI
NMOBIOBILELE ENGINNG
ENG
It is always superior to usc high bcam
light and normal.
the high beam cannot be uscd at night, a night vision vision only
stem assist the in
system

drversiluatm ioncd
the situation for potential danger. The driver should consultt
sult the night w

when he has the fecling that he does not have

enough informat
t visionh vison dis play owd
of general aspects of nirht vision system has bcen
perforned An
An exi
by
ext ens sau m
Michigan transportation resarch institute the nwerity o
10.7.1 Automotive Night Vision System
When considering night vision system it IS important to
bear in minda
cannot do. Night vision system offers a limited ficld of mind that what
view. It i
a vehicle
driver 's reception and sceng distance in darkness or por.isa sy Can and
to in
reach of the vehicles head light. They are currently
being offered as ther nCreae
beyondthe
as optional beye
caqu
on certain premium vehicle.
ment
Night vision systems being developed rapidly to reduce road
are
aceid.
svstems help the driver to get a clear view of the scene ahcad
of the dents. Thes
obstacles on the road and warn driver accoraingiy ana prescnt an cle datoct
and pedestrian detection methodology to use in night vision image enhano
system. The techniguencement
t
overcome poor visibility problems in an image due to
fog. show, and rain. The aloaruhelps
processes noisy images and gives better VIsibility to driver to identify orithm
obstacles
A U r O M O N I V

at tochnical inmplementations of mght VIson

sYStem are available
The man
distinction is between
is bet n active system, which rely on near mtrarod radiation and
passive
which detect body heat for intrared radiation
ns

10.7.2
Active Night Vision System
Active system uses a near mtrared radiation (NIR) Source in the range 780 nm to t000
n This wavelength range can be deteeted by a charge coupled device (CCD) or
omplimentary metal-oxide semmconductor (CMOS) cameras. As the NIR radiation is
lase to the visible wavelength range, eflectance of most objocts is similar and image are
asy to understand. Additionally many fabries which appear black to the eye have high
NIR retlaction road markngs, road sngs and stray object can easily be rocognized in the
mage. The first active systenm was introduced into the market by Toyvota in 2012 In the
spot light the active night will be discussed in greater dopth

10.7.3 Passive Night Vision System

Passive night vision systems have no intrarod illuminator they keep taith on detection of
thermal radiation the range of 8 pum to 4 pum or
in on inage intensitication Both orngmated
trom military system "soe without being scen"
A specitic tiature of thermal svstem is the ability to ditierentiate wan obyeet
from a cold back ground. Theretore they are uscd in objoct recogntion system
limportant disadvantages are that they do not show objoct against a background of tdhe
same temperature (lane making. stones in the oad). they show poor contrast if the
background is above 25°C. A number of thermal system have bee on the market simee
1998

Image ntensitication usesspecial components (1-CCDS) to mensiti weak ambicn

They well suted
sensitive to glare trom any light sourees.
ane n t
g t As they are very
for autonmobile application.

10.8 Global Positioning System

device that may rapdly and accurateh ktemm us own
GPS is an electronie
orbitm
nctwork of satellhtes This
from a
gographical location by receiving signals
system (GNSS). That provides locatiom
satellite
System is a space based global navigation
where or near the carth
and time information in all weather, any

network was originally hunehod in 1978

The satellites bascd global positioning system
Otlher commnereial interests
by umtod state department of defence for military purposes.
10.18 AuIOMOBIlE ENGINEERs
980 ultra-high-tcch trackng
quickly recognizcd the potential of GPS. and by the mid 1980 ultra-high-tcch
devices that communicate with the GPS became available on the free markt

There is a few special purpose satellites, launched and maintain by the us milts-
constant carth orbit. They contain extremely accurate clocks. Programmed knowlerto
ar
their own or bits and high frequency radio transmitters. These satellites
edge oi
transme
mt
constant stream of data, which descr1bes the exact time and their position, and can
eaasi
be picked-up by terrestrial receivers.

When it is installed in a car, a GPS unit can provide usefull information about the
car's position and the best travel routes to a given destination by
linking itself to a buit
in digital map. monitor in the car shows the relevant portion of the map. The dnve
A
can enter the target location and the
computer will calculate the optimal route and disola
it instantly. It can respond to user
preterences and map a route that avoids high wavs
or avoids local roads. If the map is detailed enough it will also
provide the locations o
the nearest gas station, supermarket, restaurant, hotel and
ATMs. Some GPS units can
issue auditory directions to guide drivers as
they travel.
Working: Two dozen navigation satellites orbiting, the earth continuously transmit time
signal at microwave frequencies. Each satellite has an atomic clock so it can deliver
time
accurately. The receiver in a car needs to receive the time signals from at least four
satellites to compute its position.
The computer inside the GPS unit
computes the distance to each satellite based on
the time it takes each signal to arrive. To do this
the computer has to know what time
it is and where the satellites are. Its first
task, once it has locked on to signals from four
or more
satcllites, is to compute the time and then the distance to each satellite. The
amazing thing is that it can do this to an accuracy of only a few feet even
satellites are thousands of miles though the
away.
The GPS unit computes the
position of the car in terms of latitude andlongitude. This
of coursc, isn't useful to you unless you know the latitude and longitude at whene you
are going

The location information is integratcd on to a map data base. so

their cars are in relation to strcet addresses, roads and
an
map data is storcd in a
bridges, and others
factory-installed ROM (Read only memory). o
information and more detailed
information for a particular region can be addcd to
by downloading
it from the internet.
 AUTOMOTIVE SAFEIY
10.19

he voice call and

location data are
Wireless phone rcccives received at the antenna,
signals from GPS and forwarded to the
satcllitcs and calculates carrier's switch
the phonc's location

The carricr forwards

the voicc and location
information to thc PSAP

PSAP
(Public Safcty
Handset or vehicle places Answcrng Potnt)
911 call, transmitting both
a voice signal and the
location data

Figure 10.13 Global Positioning System

The coverage of global position system does require an almost unobstructed view" of
the sky. Signals do not penetrate anything but the film street of structures and can even
be obscured by trees over head. GPS receiver built into vehicles need to be in a relativeiy
open position. But not orientation, two receivers working together can determine
orientation by companion their relative positions, but would necd to be some terms or
facts apart to do so.
the GPS consists of 24 solar powered satellites. Each one laps the planet twiCe
Today
a day at speed close to 7000 miles per hour. The satellites broadcast constant low-power
radio signals to GPS receiver on carth, which are then used to precisely track a GPS

device holder's exact location.

GPS also tracks the distance travelled on a particular trip vehicle milcage and speed.
t can keep a record of driving activity. It also monitors the condition of the car and issues

warnings when the battery is low or when it is time for oil change
problems still exist. The
Tnough GPS technology is gaining popularity in car, some
such as mountains,
OBgest problem is the blockage of signal transmission by obstacles