UM Digos College

Department of Criminal Justice Education

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CRI 111 – Fundamental of Criminology

Name of Teacher: Dr. Hipolito B. Quillip Jr.

THIS SIM/ SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT

FOR REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS
INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF
THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE
COURSE/SUBJECT. EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
Let us begin!

Big Picture
Week 1 to 3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to:
 a. Discuss the introduction of criminology.
b. Categorize Criminology, Criminal justice and Criminalistics.
c. Explain and corelate the different school of thought.

BIG PICTURE In Focus: ULOa. Discuss the introduction of criminology

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of criminology.

1. Criminology - It refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of
analyzing scientifically their causes and control and the treatment of criminals.
2. Demography - It is a branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human
populations.
3. Punishment – the redress that the state against an offending member. The group
inflicts it in its corporate upon who is regarded as a member of the same group. It
involves pain or suffering produce by design and justified by some value that the
suffering is assumed to have.
4. Criminal Etiology - An attempt at scientific analysis of the study of causes or
reasons for crime.
5. Dynamic - It is concomitant with the advancement of other sciences that has been
applied to it.
6. Victimless Crime – refers to those crimes in which no clear victim is readily
identifiable. In other words, injured party is the offender, who engages in self-
destruction behavior.
7. Recidivist – is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been
previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of
the code.
8. Habitual delinquents – a person shall be deemed to be a habitual delinquent, if
within a period of 10 years from the date of his release or last conviction of crimes of
physical injuries, robbery, theft, Staffa, or falsification, he is found guilty of any of said
crimes the 3rd time or more.
9. Criminal - This refers to a person convicted by a competent court for committing
crime.
10. Sociology (sociological criminology) – the study of crime focused on the group of
people and society as whole. Examination of relationship between demographic and
group variables to crime.

Essential Knowledge
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

What is criminology?

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  It is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomenon
(tradio 1999). It may also refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt
of analyzing scientifically their causes and control and the treatment of criminals.
 It is a multidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol, 1995). This means that many
disciplines are involved in the collection of knowledge about criminology action,
including psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, neurology, political science
and economics.
 It is the study of all subject matters necessary in understanding and preventing
crime, the punishment and treatment of criminals (Taft).

Etymology of the word CRIMINOLOGY

 Latin word “Crimen” means accusation Greek “Logia” denotes “the study of”
 Prof. Rafael Garofalo (1885) - Coined the term CRIMINOLOGY in Italian,
Criminologia
 Paul Topinard - French anthropologist use “Criminologie – French word.

Purposes of Studying Criminology

1. The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.
2. To understand crimes and criminals which are basic to knowing the actions to be
done to prevent them.
3. To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.
4. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due process of law.
5. To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an understanding
of one moral and legal responsibilities to his fellowmen, his community and the nation.

Importance of Studying Criminology

 Studying crime is very important - In fact, crime has always been high. However,
understanding why it occurs and what to do about it has always been a problem. The
offer of simple solutions for obliterating crime is not enough because of its complexities.
But understanding crime as a complex phenomenon can be:

1. A source of Philosophy of Life – The knowledge derived from studying crime is a

good foundation for an individual’s philosophy and lifestyle;
2. A background for a profession or for social service;
3. Because criminals are legitimate objects of interest. They should be understood in
order to know how to control them;
4. Because crime is a costly problem. The value of property lost, medical expenses,
insurance, moving costs, and intangible cost of pain and suffering is too high as a
result of victimization.

Nature of Criminology

Generally, Criminology cannot be considered a science because it has not yet acquired
universal validity and acceptance. Criminology is a science in itself when applied to all
enforcement and prevention of crimes under the following nature:
1. It is applied science – with the use of anthropology, psychology, sociology, & natural
science. While in crime detection, uses chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics,
ballistics, polygraph, QD examination. These are called instrumentation.
2. It is social science- crime is social creation and being a social phenomenon, its study is
considered as part of social science.
3. It is dynamic – the progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement of other
science that has been applied to it.
4. It is nationalistic – Study must be in relation with the existing criminal law within the
country.

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 Criminology in the Philippines

 The first ever educational institution that offered criminology course is the Philippine
College of Criminology (PCCr), at Sta Cruz, Manila, formerly known as Plaridel College.
PCCr became an educational institution for scientific crime detection entire the Southeast
Asia in the 1950’s. In the early part of 1960’s, criminology course was offered b the
following schools:
1. University of Mindanao
2. University of Baguio
3. University of Visayas
4. University of Manila
5. Abad Santos College
 At present there are more than 300 criminology schools in the entire country. Further, the
course title was change from College of Criminology into College of Criminal Justice
Education (CCJE) pursuant to CHED Memorandum Order No. 21 s. of 2005. Under the
same law criminology now is only a sub-course or department under CCJE including
Forensic Science Dept., Law Enforcement Administration Dept., to name a few. (read
further at; Eduardo, J.P., & Panganoron, C.R. (2015). Fundamentals of Criminology)

Opportunities for Criminology Graduates

1. In the law enforcement branches of the government particularly in the civilian, military,
police agencies.
2. In the management and administration of security agencies of commercial and
industrial establishments.
3. Questioned document examiners of police agencies or signature verifier of any banks
and other financial institution.
4. As custodian or correctional officers of penitentiaries or penal colonies.
5. Rehabilitation officers or correctional institution for juvenile delinquent.
6. Laboratory technicians and experts in police laboratories.
7. Crimes research and prevention program officer. (See further readings in RA 11131).

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:

Alviola, A.A. (2014). Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes. Philippines:

Wiseman’s Books Trading Incorporated
Manwong, R.K. (2014). Fundamentals of Criminology. Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading
Incorporated
Eduardo, J.P., &Panganoron, C.R. (2015). Fundamentals of Criminology. QuezonCity:
Wiseman’s Book Trading Incorporated
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1717290240?accountid=31259

4
 BIG PICTURE In Focus: ULOb. Categorize Criminology, Criminal justice and
Criminalistics

Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of criminology and to
demonstrate ULOb will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of refence as to
how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of Criminology, Criminal justice and Criminalistics. Please refer to these
definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in the in understanding educational concepts.

Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first lesson
is also definition of essential terms.

Essential Knowledge
Criminology, Criminal Justice and Criminalistics

Criminological Perspective

Criminology is the scientific approach to studying criminal behavior. In their classic definition,
criminologist Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey states:
The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope
the processes of making laws, the breaking of laws, and the response towards the breaking
of laws.

Sutherland definition is subdivided into two:

1. Law breaking – the nature, extent and causes of crime.

2. Response – Policing, courts, and corrections

Principal Division of Criminology by Sutherland

a. Sociology of Law (Making of Laws) – a division of criminology which attempts to offer
scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal laws are develop as a
process of formal social control.
b. Criminal Etiology (Breaking of Laws) – attempts to provide scientific analysis of the
causes of crime.
c. Penology (Reacting towards the breaking of laws) – concerned with the control and
prevention of crime and the treatment of youth offenders.

Scope of the Study of Criminology

1. Study of the origin and development of criminal or penal laws.
2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals.
3. Study of the different factor that enhances the development of criminal behavior such
as:
Criminal Demography – criminality and population
Criminal Epidemiology – criminality and environment
Criminal Ecology – spatial distribution of community in relation to crime
Criminal Physical Anthropology – Criminality and physical constitution of man

5
 Criminal Psychology – human behavior in relation to crime
Victimology – role of victims in relation to crime
Criminal Etiology – study of the causes of crime
Criminal Psychiatry – human mind in relation to criminality

Criminal Law and Jurisprudence:

Criminal or penal law is that branch of public law which defines crimes, treat of their
nature, and provides for their punishment.

Its sources are the following:

a. Revised Penal Code (Act 3815, as amended)
b. Special Laws
c. Penal Presidential Decrees issued during Martial Law

Characteristics of Criminal Law

It Is General in Application
I. Generality - This states that Philippine Criminal Laws are binding on all persons who live
or sojourn in Philippine territory.
Exceptions: (wherein people who are in the Philippines who commit crimes but are
immune)
a. Those who are exempt by virtue of the Principle of Public International Law.
E.g. heads of state, ambassadors, ministers, diplomatic officials, minister’s
plenipotentiary and charge d’ affaires. You cannot arrest nor charge a head of state
because he is immune but you can declare him a “Persona Non Grata”.
A Consul does not represent the political interest of his country, but only the
commercial interest. Thus, in the absence of a treaty to the contrary, a Consul is
not exempt from criminal prosecution.

It Is Territorial in Character

II. Territoriality - This means that the penal laws in the Philippines are enforceable only
within its territory. E.g. If a crime is committed in Japan by A against B. The Revised
Penal Code cannot be enforced for the crime is committed outside Philippine territory,
even if A and B are citizens of the Philippines. But there are exceptions found in Article 2
of the RPC. Offenders accused of war crimes are triable by a Military Commission. With
this, the Articles of War applies and not the Revised Penal Code or other penal laws.

III. It Must Be Prospective – a penal law cannot make an act punishable in a manner in
which it was not punishable when committed. As provided in Art. 366 of the Revised
Penal Code, crimes are punished under the laws in force at the time of their
commission.
1. Criminal Law 1 (RPC 1) – This includes the study of general provisions of the RPC,
Special Criminal Statutes of the Philippines, Presidential Decrees, Letter of
Instructions and cases relative thereto. As future law enforcers, he students attain a
degree of knowledge that will enable them to understand the commission of felonies,
the stage that is attendant to the crime, the circumstances that surround each every
criminal act. Needless to say, the course is a basis in the preliminary aspects of
police investigation which is a must for every aspiring police officer.
2. Criminal Law II (RPC 2) – These deals with the study of crimes and penalties, study
of elements of crime embodied in the revised penal code book 2, the circumstances
which affect criminal liabilities and including the study of jurisprudence.

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 3. Criminal Procedure – This focuses on the rules of court on criminal procedure and
cases covering the law on arrest, searches and seizures, rules on preliminary
investigation, the granting of bail, and the rights of the accused.
4. Criminal Evidence – These studies the fundamental principle of criminal evidence
as embodied in the rules of court; designed specially in relation to police matters,
make available, competent and relevant in any proceedings before a court
tribunal or body exercising quasi-judicial functions.
5. Court Testimony – This course includes observation, enactment, and the
participation of the police officers in the judicial processes. Finally, it prepares the
student in their chosen profession, as they will soon play an active and direct role in
the prosecution of offenses in court.

Philippine Criminal Justice System

Worldwide, the Criminal justice System is the machinery of the state or government
which enforces the rules of conduct necessary to protect life and property and maintain
peace and order. In the Philippine setting, the criminal justice system consists of five (5)
pillars corresponding to the different functions in the administration of justice, i.e.., law
enforcement, prosecution, litigation, rehabilitation and reintegration of offender into the
community.

5 THE PILLARS:

A. Law Enforcement
B. Prosecution
C. Courts
D. Corrections and
E. Community

A. Law Enforcement - By and large, law enforcement is a preventive and deterrent

activity. It consists of patrolling to supervise conduct, investigating to identify offenders
and/or recover stolen or missing property, warning or arresting those who are probably
guilty of criminal behavior, and assisting in the prosecution and trial of offenders. Its
goals are all aimed towards the prevention of crime and disorder, preservation of peace,
and the protection of life, property and individual freedom.

B. Prosecution - The National Prosecution Service is one of the most important offices in
the criminal justice system in the Philippines, for the public prosecutor, whether here or
elsewhere, often literally holds the power of life and death in his hands. As succinctly
stated by the then Associated Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Robert Jackson, “The
Prosecutor has more control over life, liberty and reputation than any other person in
America”.

Functions

1. To investigate and prosecute all criminal offenses under Revised Penal Code and
other special penal laws;
2. To resolve appeals from petitions for review of the final resolutions of State
Prosecutors and Provincial/City Prosecutors in all preliminary investigations
conducted by them;
3. Investigate administrative charges against public prosecutors and other prosecution
officers; and

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 4. To render opinions on queries from prosecutors regarding violations of the Revised
Penal Code and other special penal laws. To investigate and prosecute all criminal
offenses under Revised Penal Code and other special penal laws;

C. COURTS - The court plays a dual role in the Philippine Criminal Justice System – as
participants and supervisor of the latter’s process and dispensation. In its role as
participants, the courts determine for guilt or innocence of the accused. The courts are
responsible for the trial process. As supervisor, the court acts as important guardian of
human rights.

D. Correction - In the Philippines, correctional institutions are generally thought of as

limited to jails and prison. This is so because in our system of criminal justice,
imprisonment is the most commonly-used method in dealing with criminals. In fact, it is
oftentimes the only option given the judges in meting out penalties to convicted
offenders, except in minor cases where a fine may be imposed.

F. Community - It is a unique feature of the Philippine Criminal Justice System to have the
Community as its fifth pillar. The community in the context refers to the elements that are
mobilized and energized to help authorities in effectively addressing the law and order
concern of the citizenry. The correctional institutions and the community should develop
an understanding of the needs of the offender and the newly released prisoner and
should design techniques to help him gain insight into his difficulties and to develop
strength a restraint in order that he may become a law abiding and useful citizen of the
community.

Perspective in Criminalistic

Division of Criminalistic:

1. Scientific
a. Chemistry
b. Physics
c. Biology
d. Legal Medicine

A. Forensic Chemistry – the branch of chemistry which deals with the application of
chemical principle in the solution of crimes. It has a very important part in the speedy
investigation and in the administration of justice. Thus, it is regarded as the highest form
of uncontestable and conclusive piece of evidence with the utmost legal significance. It
includes the collection, preservation, examination and study of blood, semen, and other
body fluids; examination of dangerous drugs; alcohol, DNA, and related examinations.

B. Physics – The duties of physicist in the crime laboratory includes, firearms identification,
tool marks comparison, scientific photography, finding out the speed and direction of
vehicles in case of traffic or vehicular accidents, and the use of x-rays in the detection of
crimes.

C. Biology – is the study of living things; it studies the origin, history physical
characteristics, life processes, habit and the like of plants and animals. A biologist in a
police laboratory studies all kinds of living things such as blood, urine, semen, hairs and
skin; particularly skilled in the use of microscope. Most important role of biologist in
criminalistics is to examine bloodstains in order to find out if they are of human or animal
origin.

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 C. Legal Medicine - Branch of medicine w/c deals with the application of medical
knowledge to the purposes of law and the administration of law. It is the duty of every
physician, when called upon judicial authorities, to assist in the administration of justice
on matters w/c are medico-legal in character.”

2. Technical
a. Firearms Identification
b. Question Document Exam.
c. Fingerprint Identification
d. Photography
e. Polygraphy/Lie Detection

A. Forensic Ballistics/Firearms Identification - This refers to the investigation and

identification of firearms by means of ammunitions fired from the submitted suspected
firearms for the purpose of court presentation.

B. Question Document Exam - The practice of the application of document examination to

the purpose of law. This include the identification of handwriting, typewriting, the
authenticity of signatures, alterations in documents, the significance of inks and papers,
photocopying processes, writing instruments, sequence of writings and other elements of
a document in relation to its authenticity or spuriousness.

C. Fingerprint Identification

1. DACTYLOSCOPY –Refers to the practical application of fingerprints. It is derived

from the Greek words “Dactyl” which means finger and “Skopien” meaning to study or
to examine. Literally it means the study of finger. (the making of identification by
fingerprints comparison
and classification).

2. Photography - The word photography is a derivative of two Greek words phos which
means “light” and graphia meaning “write” or to write with light. Photograph is an
essential tool for the law enforcement investigator. As a tool, it enables him to record
the visible and any cases, the invisible evidence of a crime. Special techniques
employing infrared, ultra-violet and x-ray radiation enable him to record evidence,
which is invisible. The photographs evidences can then restore indefinitely and
retrieve if needed. There is no other process that can ferret, record, remember and
recall criminal evidence as photography.

D. Polygraphy/Lie Detection - It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the

use of a polygraph instrument. This is the new name of lie detection. Polygraph
means many writings – the manner in which selected physiological activities are
simultaneously collected and recorded.

Different methods of personal identification:

1. Anthropometry - is a system a body measurement of adult individuals for personal

identification. As is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, anthropometry relies on the
taking of the measurements of bony parts of the body, including measurements of the
human ear. The "Author's Preface" reveals that Bertillon "invented" his new method,
which he called "Portrait Parle".
2. Through Photographs (Portrait Parle)- In 1882, Alphonse Bertillon, a young French
anthropologist (father of scientific detection), became imbued with the idea that
physical anthropology could be invoked to aid in the sight recognition and identification
of criminals. Employing the anthropometrical methods of scientific description, he

9
 worked out a system of identification utilizing eleven skeletal measurements which are
practically unchanged after maturity and are not affected by increase or loss of weight.
3. Dental Profiling - When dental records are unavailable and other methods of
identification are not possible, the forensic dentist can often produce a "picture" of the
general features of the individual. This process is known as post-mortem dental
profiling. A dental profile will typically provide information on the deceased's age,
ancestry background, sex and socio-economic status. In some instances, it is possible
to provide additional information regarding occupation, dietary habits, habitual
behaviors and occasionally on dental or systemic diseases.
4. Forensic Orthodontology - is a branch of forensic medicine and, in the interests of
justice, deals with the proper examination, handling and presentation of dental evidence
in a court of law.
5. Through Blood Groups and Numerous Sub-Groups (Forensic Serology)
Determination of the type and characteristics of blood, blood testing, bloodstain
examination, and preparation of testimony or presentations at trial are the main job
functions of a forensic serologist, who also analyzes semen, saliva, other body fluids
and may or may not be involved with DNA typing.
6. Dactyloscopy – Refers to the practical application of fingerprints (the making of
identification by fingerprints comparison and classification).
7. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) fingerprinting - is a laboratory technique used to
establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation.
A DNA sample taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA sample from a
suspect. DNA fingerprinting is also used to establish paternity. Can be extracted from
blood (if white blood cells which always contain a nucleus are present), and also from
sperm, bone marrow, tooth pulp, and hair roots.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:

Henry, D., Gorman-smith, D., Schoeny, M., & Tolan, P. (2014). "Neighborhood
matters": Assessment of neighborhood social processes. American Journal of
Community Psychology, 54(3-4), 187-204. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-
014-9681-z

Alviola, A.A. (2014). Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes.

Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading Incorporated

Eduardo, J.P., &Panganoron, C.R. (2015). Fundamentals of Criminology. Quezon

City: Wiseman’s Book Trading Incorporated

10
 BIG PICTURE In Focus: ULOc. Explain and corelate the different school of
thought.

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of criminology and to
demonstrate ULOb will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of refence as to
how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of the different school of thought. Please refer to these definitions in case
you will encounter difficulty in the in understanding educational concepts.

Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first lesson is also
definition of essential terms.

Essential Knowledge
Two Important Theories in Criminal Law

1. The Classical Theory (Developed by Cesare Beccaria)

Cesare Beccaria The Classical theory

maintains that man is essentially a moral
creature with absolute Free will to choose
between good and evil. Therefore, tress is
placed upon the criminal himself; that every man
is responsible for his act. in his “ESSAY on
Crimes and Punishment” presented his key
ideas on the abolition of torture as a legitimate
means extracting confessions.

A. The basis of criminal liability is human free will and the purpose of the penalty is
retribution.
B. That man is essentially a moral creature with an absolute free will to choose between
good and evil, thereby placing more stress upon the effect or result of the felonious
act that upon man, the criminal himself.
C. It has endeavored to establish a mechanical and a direct proportion between crime
and penalty.
D. There is a scant regard for human life.

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2. Positivist Theory (Founded by Cesare Lombroso)

The Positivist/ Italian School

“FATHER of modern criminology.”
Founder of Criminal Anthropology

a. That man is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid phenomenon which

constrains him to do wrong, in spite of or contrary to his volition.
b. That crime is essentially a social phenomenon, and as such, it cannot be treated
and checked by the application of abstract principles of law and jurisprudence nor
by the imposition of a punishment, fixed and determined; but rather through the
enforcement of individual measures in each particular case after a thorough,
personal and individual investigation conducted by a competent body of
psychiatrist and social scientist.
c. According to Cesare Lombroso, who is now considered as the father of modern
Criminology, criminals are born with some physical characteristics which become
causes of crimes. He advanced the following explanations to such causes:
1. That are there is a distinct born criminal type;
2. That this type can be identified by certain stigmata or anomalies;
d. That the stigma is not the cause of crime but rather the symptoms of atavism or
reversion of his ape-like ancestors.
e. That this atavism degeneracy of is body are the cause of crime and;
f. That the person who is born criminal type cannot refrain from committing crime
unless he lives under exceptionally favorable circumstances.

 Lombroso's Checklist of Physiognomic Indicators:

1. Unusually short or tall height;
2. Small head but large face;
3. Small and sloping forehead;
4. Receding hairline;
5. Wrinkles on forehead and face;
6. Large sinus cavities or bumpy face;
7. Large protruding ears;
8. Bumps on head, particularly the Destructiveness Center behind ear;
9. Protuberances (bumps) on head;
10. High cheek bones;
11. Bushy eyebrows;
12. Large eye sockets;
13. Deep beady eyes;
14. Beaked nose (up or down) or flat nose;
15. Strong jaw line;
16. Fleshy lips but thin upper lip;

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 17. Mighty incisors and abnormal teeth;
18. Small or weak chin;
19. Thin neck;
20. Sloping shoulders but large chest;
21. Long arms;
22. Pointy, webby, snubby fingers or toes;
23. Tattoos on body;
24. Supernumerary fingers and toes;
25. Asymmetry of the face;
26. Unusual size of the ears;
27. Abnormality of the feet; and
28. Imbalance of the hemisphere of the brain.

Jeremy Bentham - English jurist,

philosopher, legal and social reformer.

He advocated the;

1. Utilitarianism:

The Basic Idea of Utilitarianism;

A. The Greatest Happiness Principle- “Actions are right in proportion as they tend to
promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (John Stuart
Mill).
Happiness = pleasure, and the absence of pain; Happiness is the only thing that has
intrinsic value.
Unhappiness = pain, and the absence of pleasure; “pleasure, and freedom from pain, are
the only things desirable as ends all desirable things are desirable either for the pleasure
inherent in themselves, or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of
pain.

2. Fair treatment to animals

3. Hedonism” the theory, which explains that a person always acts in such a way as to seek
pleasure and avoid pain.

Neo-Classical Theory

Argues that classical theory should be modified

in certain details Children and Lunatics should

13
 not be regarded as criminals – Cannot calculate
pleasure and pain. They are not regarded as
Criminals or to be punished.

Chicago School (Early 20th Century)

Chicago School sociologist adopted a social ecology approach to studying the cities, and
postulated the urban neighborhood with high levels of poverty often experience breakdown
in the social structure and institution such as family and schools. This results in social
disorganization, which reduces the ability of these institution to control behavior and creates
an environment ripe for deviant behavior.

Robert Ezra Park and Ernest Burgess

identified 5 concentric zones that often exist as
cities grow, including the “Zone in Transition
which was identified as most volatile and subject
to disorder.

Henry Mckay and Clifford R. Shaw focused on

juvenile delinquents, finding that they were
concentrated in the zone of transition.

14
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:

Alviola, A.A. (2014). Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes. Philippines:

Wiseman’s Books Trading Incorporated

Manwong, R.K. (2014). Fundamentals of Criminology. Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books

Trading Incorporated

Eduardo, J.P., &Panganoron, C.R. (2015). Fundamentals of Criminology. QuezonCity:

Wiseman’s Book Trading Incorporated
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1717290240?accountid=31259

Foronda, M.A. (2014). Correctional administration 1: institutional based corrections

Gahar, L. (2013). Handbook on institutional Corrections

15