SAL Foundation College

Making, Parang, Maguindanao

Salfcparangmaguindanao@gmail.com
TAWAKKALTU ALA-ALLAH

Course Code: CRIMINOLOGY 1

Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Instructor: HANA HIYASMIN LINESES-TUBIG

COLLEGE VISION
SALFC envisions to produce technically skillful workforce imbued with the
values of entrepreneurship in their own fields of choice.

COLLEGE MISSION
In order to realize the vision, SALFC shall earnestly pursue and adhere to
the principles of applied competence, business incubation, consistency of
work, valuing the fruit of hard labor and believing on the intervention of the
Divine Providence.
It shall promote the dignity of technical skills and recognize the value of
such skills demonstrated in the daily lives of the ordinary men and women
who have done extra-ordinary jobs in their respective communities.

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course provides an introduction to the basic concepts and content of criminology, such as crime, criminal,
delinquent, deviance, treatment, rehabilitation and victim. The position of criminology, its subject matter, and its
relationships with other sciences will be examined. The relationships between theory, research, and practice
are also included. The history and evolution of criminological thought through classical and modern theories
will be critically analyzed. Scientific foundations for a modern criminal justice policy will also be critically
examined.
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the course, the students should be able to;

1. Explain Crime and Criminological classification of crime.
2. Explain Criminals and Criminological classification of criminals.
3. Enumerate the Psychosexual Stages Of Human Development
4. Identify the Types of Murders
(MIDTERM MODULE)

EnriccoFerri

- he focused his study on the influences of psychological factors and sociological factors such as
economics, on crimes.
- He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit
crimes, but rather were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their lives.

RaffaelleGarofallo

- He treated the roots of the criminals’ behavior not to physical features but to their psychology equivalent,
which he referred to as moral anomalies.
- He rejected the doctrine of freewill.
- Classified criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and Lascivious Criminals.

HOLY THREE IN CRIMINOLOGY (Garo-Fe-Lo)

1. Garofalo
2. Ferri
3. Lombroso

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES (physical defects – crime)

- This refers to the set of theories that point to physical, physiological and other natural factors as the causes
for the commission of crimes of certain individuals.
- This explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil disposition to physical
disfigurement or impairment.

A. Physiognomy – the study of facial features / characteristics and their relation to human behavior.

1. GiambiatistadelaPorta

- Founder of human physiognomy

- According to him criminal behavior may be predicted based on facial features of the person.

2. Johann KasparLavater

- Supported the belief of delaPorta

- He believed that a person’s character is revealed through his facial characteristics.

B. Phrenology, Craniology or Cranioscopy– the study of the external formation of the skull in relation to
the person’s personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior.

1. Franz Joseph Gall

a. he developed cranioscopy which was later renamed as phrenology.

2. Johann KasparSpurzheim
b. assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology.
c. he was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience

C. Physiology or Somatotype – refers to the study of body build of a person in relation to his
temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit.

1. Ernst Kretschmer
a. He distinguished three (3) principal types of physiques: asthenic, athletic, pyknikand dysplastic.
i. asthenic– characterized as thin, small and weak.
ii. athletic – muscular and strong.
iii. pyknic – stout, round and fat.
iv. dysplastic – combination of two body types

2. William Herbert Sheldon - formulated his own group of somatotype: ectomorph, mesomorph and
endomorph.
a. ectomorph – tall and thin and less social and more intellectual than the other types.
b. mesomorph– have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance.
c. endomorph – heavy builds and slow moving.

D. Heredity – the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

Nature Theory (Henry Goddard, William Healy, Augusta Bronner) = it Argues that intelligence is largely
determines genetically, that ancestry determines I.Q., and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low I.Q., is
linked to criminal behavior

1. Richard Louis Dugdale

- conducted a study of the Jukes family by researching their family tree as far back 200 years. He
discovered that most of the ascendants of the Jukes were criminals.
2. Henry Goddard
- he traced the descendants of the Martin Kallikak from each of his two wives and found a distinct
difference in termsof quality of lives of descendants. He coined the term “moron”.
3. Charles Goring

- he believed that criminal traits can be passed from parents to offspring through the genes.

- he proposed that individuals who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having
children.

4. Schulsinger (1972), found criminality in adoptive boys to be higher when biological fathers had
criminal records.
5. Hutchings and Mednick (1977) studied 1, 145 male adoptees with criminal records and found the
criminality of the biological father was a major predictor of the child’s behavior.
SIR JONATHAN EDWARDS FAMILY TREE- Sir Jonathan Edwards was a famous preacher during colonial
period. His family tree was traced, none of the descendants was found to be criminal. Out of his pedigree many
became presidents of the United States, governor, members of Supreme Court, famous writers, preachers and
teachers.

e. Bio-Chemical – Crime, especially violent, is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food
allergies.

a. Dalton’s study of “Menstruation and Crime” found that nearly half of the crimes of her sample of
female inmates had occurred during menstruation or pre-menstruation.
b. In Schauss’s study comparing nutritional differences of delinquents and non-delinquents, the
surprising major difference found was that delinquents drank more milk.
c. Low blood sugar (Hypoglycemia) also has been claimed to be linked to impaired brain function and
violent crime.

INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR IN CRIMINALITY

The classic studies of the Juke and Kallikak families were among the first to show that
feeblemindedness or low-intelligence can be inherited and transferred from one generation to the next.
Numerous test were also conducted that lead to the development of the use of IQ tests as a testing procedure
for offenders. The very first results seemed to confirm that offenders had low mental abilities and they were
found to be mentally impaired.

ALFRED BINET – a French psychologist who developed the first IQ test.

- the test measured the capacity of individual children to perform tasks or solve problems in relation to the
average capacity of their peers.

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES (human behavior – crime)

- refers to the theories that attribute criminal behavior of individuals to psychological factors, such as
emotion and mental problems.

A. Sigmund Freud

- FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS / PSYCHODYNAMICS

- known for his psychoanalytic theory
 - according to him, criminality is caused by the imbalance of the three (3) components of personality: the
id, the ego, and the superego.

- according to him there are three parts of personality:

1. ID – this stands for instinctual drives; it is governed by the “pleasure principle”; the id impulses are not
social and must be repressed or adapted so that they may become socially acceptable

2. EGO –this is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual’s personality and is
governed by the “reality principle”; it is developed early in life and compensates for the demands of the id by
helping the individual guide his actions to remain within the boundaries of accepted
social behavior; it is the objective, rational part of the personality

3. SUPEREGO – serves as the moral conscience of an individual; it is structured by what values were
taught by the parents, the school and the community, as well as belief in God; it is largely responsible for
making a person follow the moral codes of society

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Eros = the most basic human drive present at birth (the instinct to preserve and create life). An expressed
sexually.
Oral stage = usually during the first year of life when the child attains pleasure by sucking and biting.
Anal stage = focus on the elimination of bodily wastes during the second and third years of life.
Phallic stage = during the third year when child focus their attention on their genitals.
Oedipus complex = a stage of development when male begin to have sexual feelings for their mother.
Electra complex = a stage of development when girls begin to have sexual feelings for their fathers.
Latency = begins at age 6. Feelings of sexuality are expressed until the genital stage begins at puberty; this
marks the beginning of adult sexuality. Fixated person = exhibit behavior traits characteristics of those
encountered during infantile sexual development e.g. an infant who does not received enough oral gratification
during the first year of life is likely as an adult engage in such oral behavior as smoking, drinking, or drug abuse
and others.

Psychopaths (sociologists call them sociopaths).

1. Characterized by no sense of guilt,
2. no subjective conscience,
3. no sense of right and wrong
4. They have difficulty in forming relationships with other people;
5. They cannot relate to other people.

4. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES (societal factors – crime)

- Sociological factors refer to things, places and people with whom we come in contact with and
which play a part in determining our actions and conduct. These causes may bring about the development of
criminal behavior.

a. Emile Durkheim

he stated that crime is a normal part of the society just like birth and death.

proposed the concept of “anomie” or the absence of social norms. It is characterized by disorder due
to lack of common values shared by individuals, lack of respect for authority and lack of appreciation for
what is acceptable and not acceptable in a society.

b. Gabriel Tarde
- Introduced the theory of imitation which proposes the process by which people become
criminals.
 - According to this theory, individuals imitate the behavior of other individuals based on the
degree of their association with other individuals and it is inferior or weak who tend to imitate the
superior and strong.

c. AdolpheQuetelet
- He repudiated the free will doctrine of the classicists - founder of cartographic school of
criminology.
- founder of moral statistics.
- First Scientific Criminologist
- Father of Modern Sociological and Psychological Statistics
- Thermic Law (Temperature and Crime)
- cartographic school of criminology made use of statistical data such as population, age, gender,
occupation, religious affiliations and social economic status and studies their influences and
relationship to criminality.

d. Andre Michael Guerry

- Founder of the Ecological or Cartographic School of Criminology

MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

- environmental factors such as the kind of rearing or family upbringing, quality of teaching in school,
influences of peers and friends, conditions of the neighborhood, and economic and other societal
factors are believed to be contributory to crime and criminal behavior.

1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES (societal problems - crime)

 refers not only to the physical features of the communities but also to the way society is organized.
 include such things as level of poverty and unemployment and the amount of crowded housing which are
believed to affect behavior and attitudes of individuals which in turn contribute to their commission of
crimes.
 also called social environment
 includessocial disorganization theory, strain theory and cultural deviance theory.

A. Social Disorganization Theory (disorganized society – crime) - popularized by Clifford

Shaw and Henry McKay.
o according to this theory, crimes in urban areas are more prevalent because residents have impersonal
relationships with each other.
o increase in the number of broken families and single parenthood are also very common in disorganized
communities.
o another feature of disorganized community is poverty as evidenced by poor living conditions such as
rundown houses, unsanitary and unsightly streets and high unemployment rates.

B. Strain Theory (non-attainment of goal – crime) - Robert Merton / Robert Agnew /

Durkheim
o strain refers the individual’s frustration, anger and resentment.
o holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can
use to legally obtain them. This also argues that the ability to obtain these goals is class dependent;
members of the lower class are unable to achieve these goals which come easily to those belonging to
the upper class. Consequently, they feel anger, frustration and resentment, referred to as STRAIN.

Four possible adaptation to strain:

❖ Innovation- The innovator buys into the culturally approved goals of society but pursues them through
unacceptable means.
❖ Ritualism – This describes a person who, over time, abandon the goal of financial success. Despite
this, they continue to embrace the accepted means.
 ❖ Retreatism – The retreatist is a social dropout. This type of person will not resort to illegitimate means
to achieve widely shared goals. These individuals simply withdraw from society.
❖ Rebellion – These are individuals who opposes both culturally dominant goals and the means to
achieve these goals. The rebel seeks to establish a new social order and embraces a different cultural
goals.

C. Cultural Deviance Theory (Culture Conflict) - Thorsten Sellin

o gives emphasis on the concept of culture and sub-culture.
o according to this theory, because people in the lower class feel isolated due to extreme deprivation or
poverty, they tend to create a sub-culture with its own set of rules and values. This is characterized by
deviant behavior which results in criminal behavior among its members.

Cultural transmission = the concept that conduct norms are passed down from one generation to the next so
that they become stable within the boundaries of a culture.

2. SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY (Social Learning)

- refers to a group of theories which point to the individual’s socialization process as the cause for the
commission of crimes. These theories cite interaction with people and experiences and exposure to
different element in the environment as primary factors to criminality.
- under this theory is the social learning theory which in turn has three (3) sub-theories: differential
association theory, differential reinforcement theory and neutralization theory.

a. Differential Association Theory

- formulated by Edwin Sutherland
- this theory states that criminal behavior is learned through socialization.
- criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.

b. Differential Reinforcement Theory

- according to this theory, individual’s behavior depends on how people around him react toward s his
behavior.
- an act that is rewarded is repeated; an act that is punished will be avoided.

c. Neutralization Theory
- introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes.
- sometimes referred to as “drift theory”
- according to this theory, people know when they are doing something wrong, however, they rationalize
and justify their actions. This rationalizing is what we called “neutralization”.

- Denial of responsibility– shifts the blame for a deviant act away from the actor.
- Denial of injury - is an offender’s claim that no “real” offense occurred because no one was harmed.
- Denial of victim – implies that the victim got what he or she deserved.
- Condemnation of the condemners – involves attempts by the offender to share guilt with the
condemners by asserting that their behavior is just bad as his or hers.
- Appeal to higher loyalties – elevates the offender’s moral integrity by claiming altruistic motives.

3. SOCIAL REACTION THEORY

- more commonly called labeling theory.
- it states that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and
they accept those labels as a personal identity.

4. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES

- maintain that everyone has the potential to become criminal but most people are controlled by their
bonds to society.
- social control refers to the agencies of social control such as family, school, religion or church,
government and laws and other identified authorities in society.
 - there are two (2) sub-theories: containment theory and social bond theory.

a. Containment Theory
- proposed by Walter Reckless
- he stated that inner and outer containments help prevent juvenile offending.
- containment means the forces within and outside the individual that has the power to influence
his actions.
- Inner containments include positive self-concept, tolerance for frustration and an ability to set
realistic goals.
- Outer containments include family.

b. Social Bond Theory (B-I-A-C)

- propagated by Travis Hirschi
- this theory views crime as a result of individuals with weakened bonds to social institutions.
- according to this theory, there are four (4) elements of social bonds: attachment, commitment,
involvement and belief.

a. Belief – refers to acceptance of the norms of conventional society.

b. Involvement – refers to the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit.
c. Attachment – refers to the degree to which an individual care about the opinions of others.
d. Commitment – refers to an individual’s investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits, such
as getting good grades.

5. ECONOMIC THEORY (WORKERS VS CAPITALIST)

Karl Marx - the emergence of capitalism produces economic inequality in which the proletariats
(workers) are exploited by the bourgeoisie (owners or capitalist class). This exploitation creates
poverty and also is at the root of the existence of other social problems

Instrumentalist Theory by Earl Richard Quinney: He claimed that the higher classes are using the existence
of the state to exploit the lower classes by making rules for their own protection, benefit and interest.

FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY – Focuses on trying to understand female offending from feminist perspective,
which contends that women are faced with special disabilities living in an oppressive sexist society.

PEACEMAKING CRIMINOLOGY – is based on religious principles more than empirical science. It wants to
make peace on crime, counsels us that we should appreciate the criminals’ point of view, and wants us to be
less punitive.

CONTEMPORARY STRANDS OF INTEGRATIVE CRIMINOLOGY:

DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE COURSE

Developmental Theories- follow individuals across the life course to determine the differential effect of risk
factors for offending at different junctures.

Moffitt’s Dual Pathway Theory – There are two main pathways to offending: Life course persistent and
Adolescent-Limited. LCP offenders have neurological and temperamental difficulties, which are exacerbated
by inept parenting. LCP offenders do across time and situations, begin prior puberty, and continue well into
adulthood. Adolescent-Limited offenders are “normal” individuals temporarily derailed during adolescence.

Sampson &Laub’s Age-Graded Theory – Emphasizes the power of informal social controls across the life
course. Assumes classical notions of why people commit crimes, therefore no need to dwell too much on risk
factors. Turning points in life and human agency are important. These turning points are made easier if one
has accumulated significant social capital.

Social capital – a store of positive relationships built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time,
upon which the individual can draw for support when needed.
 Distinct Groups of Developmental Theories

1. Life Course Theory

Life Course Theory views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual
characteristics, traits and social experiences. As people travel through the life course they are constantly
bombarded by changing perceptions and experiences and as a result their behavior will change directions,
sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse.

Changes are influenced by the family, job, peer influence and behavior. Life Course Theories have four
various models, such as: Social Development Model (SDM) by Joseph Weis, Richard Catalano, J. David
Hawkins and their associates who claimed that weak social controls produce crime. A person’s place in the
structure influences his or her bond to society; Farrington’s Theory of Delinquent Development by David
Farrington who found out that personal and social factors control the onset and stability of criminal careers;
Interactional Theory by Terence Thornberry who proposed that criminals go through lifestyle changes during
their offending careers; and Age-graded Theory by Robert Sampson and John Laub who claimed that as
people mature, the factors that influence their propensity to commit crime change. In childhood, family factors
are critical, in adulthood, marital and job factors are the kay.

2. Latent Trait Theory

Latent Trait Theory holds that human development is controlled by a “Master Trait” consist of personality,
intelligence and genetic make-up present at birth or soon after some criminologists believe that this master trait
remains stable and unchanging throughout a person’s lifetime whereas others suggest that it can be altered,
influenced, or changed by subsequent experience. In either event, as people travel through their life course this
trait is always there directing their behavior.

CRIMES AND CRIMINALS

CRIME

– refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of public law (Phil. Law Dictionary).

- It also refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it
(Reyes 2006).
- Crime would not be committed without any of its essential elements. (DOC)

1. Desire – it is what induces or pushes the person to commit crime.

2. Opportunity – This refers to the physical possibility that the crime could have been committed.
3. Capability – It is the ability of the person to execute the acts or omission punishable by laws.

- According to Abrahamsen in his book entitled, “Crime and Human Mind” in 1945, he explained the
causes of crime by this formula:

C=T+S
R
-
- Where:
- C–Crime (ACT)
- T–Tendency (DESIRE/INTENT)
- S–Situation (OPPORTUNITY)
- R–Resistance to temptation (CONTROL)
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS:

1. According to law violated

a. Felony – an act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means of dolo (deceit) or culpa
(fault)and punishable under the Revised Penal Code

b. Offense – an act or omission in violation of a special law

c. Infraction – an act or omission in violation of a city or municipal ordinance

2. According to the manner of committing crime:

a. By means of dolo or deceit – if the crime is committed with deliberate intent. Thus, it is called
intentional felonies.
• freedom or voluntariness
• intelligence
• intent

b. By means of culpa or fault

- felonies committed by means of culpa (fault)
- the act or omission of the offender is not malicious and the injury caused by the offender
is unintentional, it being the simply the incident of another act performed without malice
• lack of foresight
• lack of skill
• negligence
• imprudence
3. According to the stages in the commission:

a. Attempted – the crime is attempted when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly
or over acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason
of some cause or accident other than this own spontaneous desistance.
b. Frustrated - when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a
consequence but which, nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of
the perpetrator.
c. Consummated - when all the elements necessary for its accomplishment and execution are present

4. According to plurality:

a. Simple Crime – is a single act constituting only one offense.

b. Complex Crime – single act constituting two or more grave felonies or an is a necessary means for
committing the other

Two (2) Kinds of Complex Crime:

1. compound crime (delitocompuesto) 2. complex crime proper (delitocomplejo)

5. According to gravity:

a. Grave felonies - are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any
of their period are afflictive.
b. Less grave felonies - are those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period
are correctional.
 c. Light felonies - are infraction of laws for the commission of which the penalty of arrestomenor or a
fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both is provided.

6. According to the nature of the act:

a. Crimes mala in se – are acts that are inherently evil. Examples are murder, robbery, etc.
b. Crimes mala prohibita– are acts which are prohibited only because there are laws forbidding such
acts. Examples are Illegal Possession of firearms, Traffic Violations, etc.

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME:

1. According to the result of the crime:

a. Acquisitive crime – if the offender acquired or gained something by committing the crime.
Examples are robbery, estafa, bribery, etc.
b. Destructive crime – if the crime resulted in destruction, damage or even death. Examples are
arson, murder and homicide, damage to property, etc.

2. According to the time or period of commission:

a. Seasonal crimes – are crimes that happen only during a particular season or period of the year.
Examples are violation of election law, tax law violations, etc.
b. Situational crimes – are crimes committed when the situation is conducive to the commission of
the crime and there is an opportunity to commit it. Examples are pickpocketing, theft, etc.

3. According to the length of time of the commission:

a. Instant crimes – are those crimes that can be committed in a very short time. Example: theft
b. Episoidal crimes – are crimes committed through series of acts or episodes and in much longer
time. Example: serious illegal detention

4. According to place or location:

a. Static crimes – are committed only in one place. examples are theft and robbery
b. Continuing crimes – are crimes that take place in more than one place or several places.
examples: abduction, kidnapping, etc.

5. According to the use of mental faculties:

a. Rational crimes – when the offender is capable of knowing what he is doing and understanding the
consequences of his actions.
b. Irrational Crimes – when the offender suffers from any form of mental disorders, insanity or
abnormality. Thus, the offender doesn’t know what he is doing.

6. According to the type of offender:

a. White Collar Crimes – crimes committed by those persons belonging to the upper socio-economic
status or in the course of his occupational activities.
b. Blue Collar Crimes – are those crimes committed by ordinary criminals as a means of livelihood.

CRIMINAL

- in the legal sense, a criminal is any person who has been found to have committed a wrongful act in
the course of the standard judicial process; there must be a final verdict of his guilt
- in the criminological sense, a person is already considered a criminal the moment he committed a
crime
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS

1. According to etiology

a. Acute criminal – is a person who committed crime as a result of reacting to a situation or during a
moment of anger or burst of feeling.

b. Chronic criminal – is one who committed a crime with intent or deliberated thinking.

1. Neurotic criminal – is one who has mental disorder.

2. Normal criminal – a person who commits crimes because he looks up to, idolizes people
who are criminals.

2. According to the type of offender:

a. Ordinary criminal – a criminal who engages in crimes which do not require specialized or technical
skill
b. Organized criminal – is one who possesses some skills and know-how which enable him to
commit crimes and evade detection.
c. Professional criminal – a highly skilled criminals which are engaged in a large scale criminal
activities ad usually operate in groups.

3. According to criminal activities:

a. Professional criminal – a criminal who earns his living through criminal activities.
b. Situational criminal – a person who got involved in criminal act because the situation presented
itself.
c. Habitual criminal – one who repeatedly commits criminal act for different reasons.
d. Accidental criminal – a person who accidentally violated the law due to some circumstances.

4. Types of violent criminals

a) Culturally Violent Offenders – Individuals who live in subculture in which violence is and
acceptable problem solving mechanism. This is prevalent among lower income minorities from slum
environments of large central cities.

b) Criminally Violent Offenders – Offenders use violence as a means of accomplishing criminal act,
such as in robbery.

c) Pathologically Violent Offenders – Mental illness or brain damage characterizes the

pathologically violent offenders.

d) Situationally Violent Offenders – Offenders commit acts of violence on rare occasions, often
under provocation. These incidents are often described as crimes of passion in which the individual
temporarily loses control and often express regret for the action later.

Mass Murder and Serial Killing

Serial killer and mass murderers are two different violent offenders. The former operates over a long period
and can be distinguished from mass murderers for the later kill many victims in a single violent outburst.

Types of Serial Killers (Jack Liven and James Allan Fox)

a) Thrill Killers – These killers strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. This is the most common form of
serial murderer.

b) Mission Killers – These killers want to reform the world or have a vision that drives them to kill.
 c) Expedience Killers – Killers who kill out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived
threat.

Types of Mass Murderer (Jack Liven and James Allan Fox)

a) Revenge Killers – These killers seek to get even with individuals or society at large

b) Love Killers – Motivated by warped sense of devotion. They are often despondent people who
commit suicide and take others, such as a wife and children with them.

c) Profit Killers – Usually trying to cover-up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and carry out a criminal
conspiracy.

d) Terrorist Killers – Killers who are trying to send a message. Gang killings tell rivals to watch out;
cult killers may actually leave a message behind to warn society about impending doom.

Rape as Violent Crime

Rape is derived from the Latin “Rapere” or to take by force, often perceived primarily as a sexually-
motivated act, however upon the enactment of RA 8353, otherwise known as the Anti Rape Law of
1997 amending the Revised Penal Code, rape is identified primarily a violent act in which sexual relations
are merely a means of expressing violence, aggression and domination. Consequently, it is divided into
two acts; rape by sexual intercourse and rape through sexual assault, which could be committed by a
male and female.

Three Types of Rape

a) Anger Rape- Sexual attack becomes a means of expressing rage or anger and involves far more
physical assault upon the victim than is necessary.

b) Power Rape- Assailant primarily wishes to express his domination over the victim. Since rape is an
expression of power rather than the means of sexual gratification, the rapist generally uses only the
amount of force necessary to exert his super-ordinant position.

c) Sadistic Rape- Perpetrator combines the sexuality and aggression aims in psychotic desires to
often torment, torture, or otherwise abuse his victim.

Categories of Rapists

a) Naïve Graspers- Sexually inexperienced youths who possess an unrealistic conception of female
erotic arousal. Awkward in relating to the opposite sex, they hold high expectations that their crude
advances will be met with affection by their victims.

b) Meaning Stretchers- An offender misinterpret woman expressions of friendliness. And affection as

indicating that the female desires couitus even when she says no.

c) Sex Looters- Person who has a low desire for affection or low respect for the victims autonomy and
callously uses woman as sex object.

d) Group Conformers- Rapist participates in a group rape or gang bang, often following the
leader. A sex looter felt a sense of conformity and notion demonstrating their masculinity.

Hate Crimes
 Hate crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of group merely because the
targets share discernable racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristics.

Public Order Crimes are acts considered illegal because they conflict with social policy, accepted moral rules
and public opinion. Examples of which are prostitution, gambling, pornography, obstruction etc., these are
known as “Victimless Crimes”

Prostitution (Art 202 – Vagrants and Prostitutes)

Prostitution can be defined as granting non marital sexual access, established by mutual agreement of the
prostitute, their client, and their employer for remuneration.

Prostitutes are referred to by sociologists as “street level sex workers” whose activities are similar to any other
service industry.

In the Philippines, prostitution is punishable under Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code, which defined
prostitution as an act committed by a woman habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct for
money or profit.

Pornography and Obscenity (Art 200 – 201 RPC)

Pornography depicts imaginable explicit sex act which aim to provide sexual titillation and excitement for
paying customers, while obscenity designed to incite to lust or depravity. These acts are punishable under
Article 201 of the Revised Penal Code which was subsequently amended by Presidential Decree 960 and 969.
Recent legislations related to this crime are R.A. No. 9775-An Act Defining The Crime of Child Pornography,
Prescribing Penalties Therefore and for other Purposes, approved on November 17, 2009, and
R.A. No. 9995-An Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Photo and Video Voyeurism Prescribing Penalties
Therefore, approved on February 15, 2010.

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