SAL Foundation College

Making, Parang, Maguindanao

______________________________________________________________________________
COURSE NO: ENGLISH 1
COURSE TITLE: COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH
STUDY AND THINKING SKILLS (BSRCIM I)
INSTRUCTOR: MS. JOHARA B. MONTANI

(MIDTERM MODULE)

The Card Catalog

A card catalog is a physical listing of all of the contents of a library. This was a familiar navigational hazard
and blessing in all libraries through the late 20th century, when physical catalogues began to be displaced by
computerized versions. Some libraries have kept their card catalogues, often as sentimental mementos, and a
few actively maintain their listings, although this is most common in small, remote libraries. The concept of the
card catalogue was introduced in the 1800s, and it was a great help to scholars.
The need to catalogue books in some way has been present since they were invented. A good catalogue
enables people to know which publications a library has and where to find them. Early library catalogues were
kept on scrolls or in ledgers, and they were often printed and distributed so that distant scholars could know
which books a library had.
Card catalogs can be configured in a number of ways, and their organization makes it easy to add, remove,
and find particular books. Every time a new book enters a library, a card is created for it, with information like
the title, author's name, subject, and location of the book.

Kinds of Card Catalog

There are three types of cards in the card catalog, and these are the Author Card,
Title Card, and Subject Card.

1. Author Card
The author card can be used to locate a book even when the title is not known. The name of the author
comes as the first line entry in the author card. The author may be a person, a society, or a government or
state department. Under the author's name is the book's title, if the same author has written multiple books,
there will be a separate author card for each book. The call number of nonfiction books is written in the upper
left-hand corner of the card. Refer to the example of an actual author card below.

Fil.
363.25 Del Rosario, Domingo R.; comp.
F761 Forensic ballistic (firearms, investigation and identification)
1996 / compiled and edited by Domingo del Rosario. --/ 3 rd. --/s.l. :
as.n. /, c1996.
Xiv, 157p.

2. Title Card
The title card is filed alphabetically by the first major word in the title. The title of the book comes as the
first line entry. The name of the author is under the title of the book, and the call number is placed in the upper
left-hand corner of the card.

3. Subject Card
The subject label comes as the first entry in subject card, and it is typed in capital letters. Under the
subject heading is the author’s name and book title. The call number for nonfiction books is on the upper-left
hand corner of the card.

ACTIVITY 1
EXERCISE 1

1. PICK OUT BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY THAT ARE RELATED TO CRIMINOLOGY AND NOTE DOWN IN
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

1. Title
2. Call number

3. Author

4. Publisher

5. Copyright date

EXERCISE 2
I. Write the correct answer of each statement below.
1. This is the physical listing of all the contents of a library.
2. This is organized with a single card for each item in the library.
3. This is where every library catalogs are kept
4. This can be configured in a number of ways and their organization makes it easy to add, remove, and find a
particular book.
5. The number of types of cards in the card catalog.
6. This card can be used to locate a book even when the title is not known.
7. The name of the author comes as the first line entry of this card.
8. This card is filed alphabetically by the first major word in the title.
9. The title of the book comes as the first line entry of this card.
10. In this card, the subject label comes as the first entry, and it is typed in capital letter.

Basic Concepts about the Internet

What is an internet? How will it help a criminology student in his studies? How can he use the internet to aid
him in his writings and researches? Below are basic concepts about the internet.

Internet is the interconnection of computer networks that enables connected machines to communicate
directly. The term popularly refers to a particular global interconnection of government, education, and
businesses computer networks that is available to the public. There are also smaller internets, usually for
private use of a single organization, called intranets. Internet technology is a primitive precursor of the
Information Superhighway, a theoretical goal of computer communications to provide schools, libraries,
businesses, and homes a universal access to quality information that will educate, inform, and entertain. In
early 1996, the internet interconnected more than 25 million computers in over 180 countries. It continues to
grow at a dramatic rate. (Vicente etal, 2004)

With the advent of technology, a criminology student may find helpful materials for studying. Countless
information about his course are all available with just one click of the mouse in the world wide web. With all
these resources, there are no reasons that a criminology student cannot study well.

Using the Internet for Studying

The internet is a useful source of information. Everyone can have access to this available technology. Langan
(2000) stated that the internet is a dramatic proof of the computer revolution that has occurred in our lives. It is
a giant network that connects computers at tens of thousands of educational, scientific, government, and
commercial agencies around the world. Within the Internet is the World Wide Web, a global information system
which got its name because of countless individual websites containing links to other sites, forming a kind of
web.

A student may find books and other references to be used for studying. He may go online and find commercial
online booksellers like Amazon at (www.amazon.com) or Barnes and Noble at (www. bn.com). With this
technology, a student may choose to go online instead of going through the tedious process of shuffling
through the card catalog. For quick and easy use, he may visit the Library of Congress website at
(www.loc.gov) and find publication information and call numbers. Another available online source is the
electronic library containing newspapers and magazine articles, he may visit their website at
(www.elibrary.com)

A number of search directories and search engines are also available to help students find information and
other resources in the internet. Some of these popular search directories and engines are Yahoo at
(www.yahoo.com), Google at (www.google.com), Info seek at (www.infoseek.com), Web Search at
(http://websearch.about.com), My Virtual Reference Desk at (www.retdesk.com).

Evaluating Internet Sources

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The internet is an unlimited source of information, but anyone using it should be cautious about the quality and
reliability of online sources. Internet sources may or may not be reliable, as anybody can post anything online.
There are many unreliable sources online, so it is important not to trust a particular website right away. Instead,
it is advisable to evaluate critically your online sources.
There are pointers that needs to be taken into consideration in evaluating internet sources; as suggested by
Langan (2000) these are: electronic address, author, internal evidence, and date.
It is vital to check the electronic address, if who are sponsoring the website, questionable sponsors, business,
government agency, lobby group, or individual should be used with caution. The reader must also take into
consideration, whether the author's credentials will qualify. He should check if the author leaves an email
address for further requests of information. Internal evidences should als0 count, it is necessary to check if the
author refers to other sources and other authors for additional sources, if other sources are not acknowledge,
the source may be questionable. Lastly, it is vital to check if the information cited is recent and up-to-date. See
it the copyright, publication, and revision dates are present. Being aware of these dates will help you identify if
the source is recent or not.

ACTIVITY 2
EXERCISE
I. Research using the internet on topics related to criminology. Look for 5 books and 5 periodicals, use
the format below:

1. Books/Periodicals

A. Title

B. Author

C. Place of publication

D. Publisher

E. Date of publication

E. Short background/description of the book/articles

G. Website/web address

1I. Photocopy the cover page of you researched materials, and present in class.

1. Match the statement in Column A with its answer in Column B. Write the letter of your answer in the
blank before each number. Some answers may be repeated.

A B
1. This is an interconnection of computer networks A. World Wide Web
that enables connected machines to communicate

2. These are smaller internet usually for private use B. www.loc.gov

of a single organization

3. This is a primitive precursor of the information C. information highway

4. It was in this year that the internet connected D. internet
more than 25 million computers in over
180 countries

5. This is a global information system which got its E. www.amazon.com

name because countless individual websites
contain links to other sites.

6. This is an example of a commercial online F. intranet

book seller.

7. This is the online website of the Library G. internet technology

of Congress.

8. A website containing electronic newspaper H. www.elibrary.com

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and magazine articles.

9. This is a theoretical goal of computer I. 1996

communications to provide schools, libraries,
and business access to quality information.

10. A dramatic proof of the computer revolution

that has occurred in our lives.

UNIT 3
DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

OVERVIEW
This unit discusses the nature, meaning, and purposes of reading, the levels of comprehension,
vocabulary power, and reading techniques.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
1. give the nature and meaning of reading
2. identify the purposes of reading
3. discuss the levels of comprehension
4. acquire techniques for reading comprehension;
5. establish vocabulary power and read for comprehension

ACTIVATING THINKING SKILLS

Word Game

1. The teacher will choose a letter.

2. Each student will be given 10 seconds to formulate polysyllabic words using the letter that is given by
the teacher. e.g (S-stranger, stranded, surrounded, suspect,
3. If the student fails to give a word, he will be eliminated
4. The last 5 remaining students will be declared as winner, they will earn extra points.

The Nature and Meaning of Reading

As a criminology student, one of the most important skills that you can acquire is the ability to read.
Reading plays a great role in every endeavor you will take whether in the academe or in your specific field of
specializations.
Many authors have different opinions about the meanings of reading. To cite a few these are the common
meanings of reading that authors have formulated over the years:
Reading is a tool, it is an evaluation process, and it is both sensory and mental process.
Reading is also viewed as the decoding of written symbols, it is getting meaning from the printed page, it is a
process of communication between the author and the reader, and it is the process of interpreting the written
symbols.
According to Salazar (1999) certain factors may affect the reading process in relation with the reader and the
reading material. A reader may have different auditory and visual perception; he must be able to hear the
significant differences in the sounds of language and see the significant differences in the shapes of the letters.
A reader with correct speech patterns and a large vocabulary is mostly a successful reader, because his
language background is sufficient. Reading is a mental process, in order for the reader to interact with the
printed page; he needs his intellect in doing this. The reader's interest and attitude is also important in
establishing a favorable mind set about reading. The more that he is interested in what he reads, the more is
the chance of a higher level of understanding.
The reading material on the other hand, affects the reading process, as it contains vocabulary, sentence
structures, and content. The building blocks of language are words, and these words are called vocabulary.
However, if readers do not know the meaning of vocabulary in the reading selection, reading will have no
meaning at all. Depending on the complexity or the reading material, It may contain sentence structures that
are shorter for basic simple sentences, and longer ones for complex sentences. Every reading material has
different content, but the more that the content familiar with the reader, the more that he can understand it
easily.

ACTIVITY 3
EXERCISE

I. Write T if the statement is TRUE, and F if it is FALSE in the blank before each number.

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1. One of the many skills that a criminology student must acquire is the ability to write.
2. Reading plays an important role in every endeavor a criminology student undertakes.
3 Many authors have different opinions about the meanings of reading.
4. Writing is both a sensory and mental process.
5. Listening is a process of communication between the author and the reader.
6. A reader may have the same auditory and visual perception.
7. A student having correct speech patterns and large vocabulary has an advantage, compared to those who
do not have.
8. Interested reader is most likely able to acquire higher levels of understanding
9. The building blocks of language are paragraphs.
10. The reading material also affects the reading process.

THE PURPOSES OF READING

Reading becomes more meaningful when a student knows how to consider its purposes. A good reader
is one who selects the kind of materials that he will read, and in doing so, establishes a purpose on reading.
Some of the purposes of reading are for entertainment, information, academic knowledge, and rejection. Refer
to the discussion below.
1. Reading for entertainment
The purpose of reading in this aspect is mainly for pleasure.
2. Reading for Information
The purpose of this reading is to increase an individual’s personal knowledge.
3. Reading for academic knowledge
The purpose of this self-directed reading is learned through college courses. This is done by consulting
textbooks, non-fiction materials , academic journals that are used in college subjects.
4. Reading for Rejection
The purpose of this reading is for evaluating material’s usefulness in certain situations.
Levels of Comprehension
Reading is an activity that requires thinking. This process involves getting meaning from the printed word or
symbol. It is expected that since you are already in college, you have developed certain skills at different levels
of comprehension. In this case, levels of comprehension mean different depths of understanding, and different
analysis of what is meant. In other words, you will be expected to read at different levels of comprehension.
Berry (2005)
There are four levels of comprehension that a criminology student should be aware of. Knowing these four
levels could help him master all the necessary reading and comprehension skills. According to Salazar (1999),
these levels are Literal, Interpretive, Critical, and Integration/Application Comprehension..
1. Literal Comprehension

This level of comprehension is the understanding of ideas stated in the selection. This level is also known as
"reading the lines" which involves getting answers from who, what, where, and when questions.

2. Interpretive Comprehension

This level is the understanding of facts that are not directly stated in the selection. This level is also known as
"reading between the lines" which involves getting answers from why and how questions.

3. Critical Comprehension

This level is where the reader needs to draw a conclusion or make a decision, basing from the given facts as
implied in the reading selection. This level involves answering questions on characterization, and identifying
writer's style.

4. Integration and Application Comprehension

This level is also known as "reading beyond the lines" where the reader makes use of the ideas he gets from
the reading selection and applies them in any similar situations.

ACTIVITY 4
EXERCISE
I. Read the selection below, and answer the question that follows. Decide what level of comprehension
level is needed to answer the questions. Write your answer in the blank provided.

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 What you should know about smoking

Smoking became widespread throughout the world since the introduction of tobacco by the American in the
early sixteenth century. With the growth of smoking habit, numerous studies had been undertaken regarding its
effects.Studies reveal that there are more than 2,000 components in cigarettes, 22 of which are carcinogens
(cancer inducing), 25 are irritant gases, and 25 others are inorganic and metallic substances.
Why smoke? Among the secondary students of a university in Manila who were interviewed, the reasons given
for smoking were that smoking helps break down personal reserve and help users to concentrate, relax, feel
like a real macho, and be "in" in a group.
Later on, most common reason given was enjoyment. What influenced them to smoke were friends and mass
media.
The interview also revealed that smoking habit is frequently acquired during adolescent years and that males
start smoking earlier than females. Both sexes claimed that they were not aware of the real dangers of
smoking.
The positive benefits given, if true indeed, had been overshadowed by its ill effects.
Knowledge of the relationship between cigarette smoking and a variety of chronic diseases is a must for the
young smokers. Lung cancer is now believed to be the most common fatal disease in the world with estimated
total deaths exceeding one million annually. Cigarette smoking is the cause of more than 80% of these deaths.
Lung cancer is particularly dependent on the duration of smoking and the time of initiation. The earlier the
initiation, the grater is the individual risk.
(Taken from What you should know about smoking, Testing Reading Power IV, 1989)

Guide Questions:
1. What is discussed in the selection?
Answer:

Level of Comprehension:
2. Give the reasons why people smoke?
Answer:

Level of Comprehension:
3. Give three ill effects of smoking.
Answer:

Level of Comprehension:
4. Why do you think people still smoke despite of its ill effects?
Answer:

Level of Comprehension:
5. How can smokers not be aware of the real dangers of smoking?
Answer:

Level of Comprehension:
6. Have you tried smoking? Were you aware of its dangers?
Answer:

Level of Comprehension:
7. If given the chance to warn smokers of the dangers of smoking, what will you tell them?
Answer:
Level of Comprehension:

Reading for Comprehension

Reading is not reading at all when there is no comprehension. A reader can only enjoy reading when there is
full comprehension. Reading experts define comprehension as the act of understanding what a person is
reading. While the definition can be simply stated, the act is not simple to teach, learn, or practice. Reading
comprehension is an intentional, active, and interactive process that occurs before, during and after a person
reads a particular selection.
Reading comprehension is one of the pillars of the act of reading. When a person reads a text, he engages in a
complex array of cognitive processes. He is simultaneously using his awareness and understanding of
phonemes (individual sound "pieces" in language), phonics (connection between letters and sounds and the
relationship between sounds, letters and words) and ability to comprehend or construct meaning from the text.

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This last component of the act of reading is reading comprehension. It cannot occur independent of the other
two elements of the process. At the same time, it is the most difficult and most important of the three.

Strategies for Reading Comprehension

An effective reader follows certain strategies in reading; these are makingInferences, Stating Facts and
Opinion, Making Predictions, Drawing Conclusions, andIdentifying Author's Organizational Patterns. Refer to
the discussions below:

1. Making Inferences
Inference or inferring is the process where the reader goes beyond what the passage literally stated. He goes
on identifying the details (or reading between the lines.) These details give implications and hints, and from
such, the reader draws certain conclusions. There are. passages that do not explicitly state information, but
rather they make implications about certain information. When such situations
Occur, the reader's inferential skill is needed.

Suggestions on How to Make Inferences in a Reading Text:

1. Give the meaning of unknown words from context clues.
2. Identify the grammatical function of an unknown word.
3. Recognize the intonation of characters' words .
4. Know the characters' beliefs, personalities, and motivations.
5. Comprehend the characters' relationships to one another.
6. Give details regarding the setting of the story.
7. Give explanations for events or ideas that are presented in the text.
8. Explain the details for events or their own explanations of the events.
9 . Comprehend the author's view of the world.
10. Identify the author's biases.
11. Relate what is happening in the text to their own knowledge of the world.

ACTIVITY 5
EXERCISE
I. Read the selections below and draw inference by answering the questions.

Crime Casts Shadow over Philippines Image Makeover

By HrvojeHranjski
Associatcd Press
4:53 pm| Monday, February 4th, 2013
1 343 21

(1) MANILA, Philippines - Even by the usual standards in the Philippines, where crime is an accepted part of
life, the brazen evening robbery of a jewelry store in one of the world's largest malls shocked residents of
Manila. Shoppers at the SM Megamall, which attracts up to a million people a day, were forced to duck for
cover as shots rang out. After scooping up gold jewelry, police say the robbers intentionally sparked panic by
firing into the air, allowing them to mix in with frightened customers running for the exits to make their escape.
What can you infer from the first paragraph?

(2)The robbery carried out with seeming impunity a week ago, along with one in another mall where the thieves
exchanged fire with security guards, have alarmed the police, worried the President who is trying to b0ost the
image of the country, and left residents of the Philippine capital feeling helpless. "You get a feeling of insecurity
because you never know what is going to happen to you," said CesAfuang, a manager for an insurance
company in Manila.

How did the robbery affect the President of the country?

(3)Security problems are not new to the Philippines kidnappings and bombings have plagued the south of the
country for decades but the latest rash of violence comes as President Benigno Aquino III tries to shore up
foreign investments and restore Filipinos confidence in their government..

How would these crimes affectforeign investments?

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(4) The high-profile crimes resulted in morning radio shows poking fun at the government's tourism slogan "It's
more fun in the Philippines." The campaign was launched last year to show that the Southeast Asian nation of
7,100 islands has left behind its old image of a volatile, chaotic place. A record 4.3 million tourists visited last
year, with the government setting an ambitious target of 10 million arrivals by 2016. Few crimes hit closer to
home than those in malls, the place where residents of the capital love to shop, eat and hang out.

How will these crimes affect the government's tourism slogan "It's more fun in the
Philippines?"

(5) Even though two of the robbers in the Megamall heist were caught on security cameras, no arrests have
been made. There have also been no arrests in the fatal shooting a few days later of a businessman who had
just withdrawn money from a bank in San Juan, one of sprawling Manila's satellite cities. The following day,
motorcycle-riding men robbed a money transfer outlet in Parañaque City, a middle-class neighborhood, then
fired at a police car to make their getaway, although no one was hurt.
What does the word "heist" mean in this paragraph?

(6)These criminals... if they want to enter an establishment, they can do so. The security guards are just
standing there," said bank manager Enrico Santos. He added that when security is tightened after an incident,
it is usually temporary. "After a while, say a month or two later, they go back. Security is lax." Santos said he
worries about his family and has started sending them messages telling them to stay away from certain places.

What is meant by this line "security is lax?"

(7)The government is aware of the problem and consequences for the country's image, but
Interior Secretary Manuel Roxas II said there are not enough police on the streets and intelligence gathering 1s
lacking. "T am, like everyone else, also alarmed that despite the measures taken by the Philippine National
Police, including checkpoints and others, these criminals are trying to challenge the government," he said in a
radio interview.

What do you think will be the best solution to the inadequate number of police on the streets?

(8) National police Chief Alan Purisima said Aquino called him and Roxas to a meeting last week and ordered
them to step up the anti-crime campaign, specifically targeting armed robbers. Aquino said earlier that the
national crime volume had fallen 10 percent from 2011 and 2012, but expressed concern that it was rising in
the Philippine capital. According to the latest police data, crime rates in Manila jumped 57 percent in the first
half of 2012 from a year earlier.
Do you think the stepping up of the anti-crime campaign will help solve crime? Why or why not?

9) Bishops from the dominant Roman Catholic Church expressed alarm at what they called a culture of
impunity and the rise in unsolved crimes. In a pastoral letter, they said that "extrajudicial killings, unsolved
crimes and kidnappings continue and the government is not able or lacks the political will to prosecute the
perpetrators and touch powerful people." The proliferation of firearms police estimate there are up to 1 million
unregistered weapons have fueled violence and insurgencies in the country for years despite calls from
lawmakers and pressure groups for tighter gun control. A dysfunctional justice system with crowded jails and
underpaid prosecutors and judges has produced a massive backlog where a criminal trial can stretch over six
years or more.

Why did the Roman Catholic Church expressed alarm at what they called a culture of impunity and the
rise in unsolved crimes?

(10) Organized crime is a problem too, as is political corruption. 1 he unease about crime in Manila and
whether the government can get a handle on it comes ahead of congressional and provincial elections in May.
Philippine elections are usually passionate events that are marred by violence. Authorities have declared a gun
ban and set up checkpoints to confiscate weapons carried in public.

Why is organized crime a problem too, like political corruption?

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(11)"A growing crime rate is the worry of everybody, election period or not," said Commission on Elections
Chairman SixtoBrillantes. The country's top policeman, Purisima, who took chargeof the 148,000-strong police
force just more than a month ago, said among the options considered were daytime checkpoints and sharing
police radio frequencies with private security guards and traffic authorities to speed up police response times.
At the same time, daytime checkpoints could slow already notoriously sluggish traffic, he said. He ordered
security guards in malls to carry weapons and get better trainng, to avoid being "sitting ducks" for armed
robbers.

How did daytime check points and sharing of police radio Jrequency speed upp response time?

(12) Afuang, the insurance company manager, said she didn't think security check for weapons at malls were
anything more than cursory inspectlons. I have never seen anyone being told step aside" for closer scrutiny,
she said. "You feel afraid because these things are happening close to you. Do you just go home and stay at
home?"

What is meant by the last sentence of this paragraph?

Read more: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/352423/crime-casts-shadOW-Over-philippincs-in

makeover#ixzz2XImypD9F

EXERCISE
I. Read the story below, this will be used as a basis for comprehension activity in the next exercises.
Follow what is being instructed in the next exercises.

Road Kill
Sunday, 26 February 2012 13:03 Michael Cramer
Source: http://www.short-story.me/crime-stories/413-road-kill.html

It's a long way to Vegas," the old man said.

He was ancient, with a weather beaten, deeply creviced face. His dark skin and his eyes spoke to his Native
American ancestry. He was also poor. He wore oily blue jeans and an oily blue shirt and a battered straw
cowboy hat to shield his squinting eyes from the hot sun. He squinted constantly and spoke with a serious tone
to his voice, as though revealing some important truth, as though the answers to all of life's questions could be
fathomed in the fact that it was a long way from there to Las Vegas.

"Yep," agreed the second man, who wore a John Deere cap and whose fače and clothes were just as ragged.
He stared Billy Cox in the eyes and pronounced gravely a well known truth: it's a long way Vegas."
I was a hot. The sun beat down on the top of Billy's head like the backbeat from Pearl Jam song blaring out of
his boy's stereo. He could not remember it ever being this hot in the foothills of Van Winkle County, where 110
degrees is not uncommon in the summer. This must be some kind of record, 120 or more. He hated the heat.
In fact, he hated Pearl Jam, but he had to listen to it because his son listened to it and Billy couldn't escape it.
Besides, he supposed that his father had hated the Rolling Stones just as much. But right now it wasn ‘t just
Pearl Jam Billy hated. Right now Billy hated everything. He hated the heat and he hated these two old men
and he hated his job, because right now he should be in his cutoff shorts and a tank top, sitting in his living-
room with a cold beer in one hand and the remote in the other and the air conditioning cranked up full,
watching his big-screen TV, Instead of being out here in his starched uniform in this Goddamn California heat.
But that was his job, and he took the job seriously. With power comes responsibility, and Billy had a lot of both.
There is nothing so much like God on this Earth as a ship captain at sea or the sheriff of Van Winkle County.
Van Winkle County was the road kill capital of the world. Someone once wrote that if it lives in his way over
Van Winkle County there is one lying dead by the side of the road somewhere. On h here Billy had passed two
dead dogs, four dead raccoons, a crushed rattle snake and a departed deer. But the poof of the statement was
lying a hundred feet away in a pool of her own blood.

She had probably been pretty. That was Billy's thought when he first examined the body, that she had probably
been pretty, but it was hard to tell with part of her jaw blown off. She had a nice body though, that was for sure.
She fit a specific type of girl you found in California. Big blond hair, big heels, big breasts, and lots of money
that may or may not have been hers. The car certainly fit the stereotype. It was a late model Porsche 911
Turbo, black like her tight little dress, all sex and speed: a $100,000 car to go with her $100.000 body, hot like
her, but right now too hot to touch. The heat waves radiating off the Porsche's black roof turned the distant
buttesinto a Salvador Dali landscape. The surface of the car was probably 150 degrees.

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The body was lying between the car and the gas pumps. The filling hose was still stuck in the fill spout. She
had put in seven and three tenths gallons before the pump had stopped. Her purse was on the passenger seat
of the car. There was an empty soda bottle lying next to her, its contents spilled on the pavement by her head,
mixing with her blood.

What she had been doing here Billy couldn't imagine. Nobody came here any more. This filling station was far
off the beaten path. Once upon a time there had been a hotel across the street with concrete wig-wams for
rooms and a twenty foot concrete Indian out front. Next to that hotel had been another with a sixty-foot
dinosaur, and next to that a diner in an old air-conditioned railroad car. The Nation had owned the hotel once
upon a time, playing to the white-man's stereotypes of their people-his people. The stupid grinning concrete
chief was still there, but absent his nose and several toes which a group of boys had broken off with a sledge
hammer.

This place was prosperous a long time ago, but the old highway had been abandoned. The state had built a
new six-lane freeway down in the valley, and like a river that had changed its course it had left this little corner
of Van Winkle County high and dry. Nobody came down this road anymore. The Porsche had probably been
the only car out here all day. The only thing left was this old filling station with it's rusty pumps and broken
windows and two old men who continued running it because they had nowhere else to go. Well, they could go
back to the Rancheria. The rest of the nation had moved back onto the Rancheria, farther up in the hills, where
a shiny new casino had replaced the tacky hotel as their main source of income. They could go there where
the nation would take care of them and they 'd live a comfortable life on all the money they were stealing back
from the white-man: but they were too damn stubborn for that. Instead they stayed out here, on this desolate
old road across from that damned concrete Indian, because this was their land and they refused to give it up.
He hated them more than anything, just like he hated himself. They were the past he couldn’ t escape. They
were his family, and he hated being one them.
Tell me again, dad," Billy said to the man in the straw cowboy hat, leveling upon him the eyeless gaze he
normally gave drunken motorists, his face hidden behind mirrored sunglasses.

“Rolled in here about two o'clock," his uncle Earl, interjected, "pretty little thing. Nice car too.
Said she was going to Vegas"

Long way to Vegas," Billy's dad said again.

Did she ask directions? Billy inquired.
"Nope," his father answered, "she asked how far it was to Vegas."
Told her," Earl said, "Long way."
Then what happened?"
"Well, his father continued, "she bought a soda and paid for her gas. She was filling her tank when the
motorcycle pulled up."
"Jap-bike, said Uncle Earl, 'one of those ice burning crotch-rockets.
He pulled out a great big pistol and shot her in the face. Then he just rode off. Must have been some sort of
mob thing."
"Like The Sopranos," Earl volunteered.
"Did he peel out?" Billy asked.
"Nope," said Earl.
"Just drove away," said Bily's father. These Iwo had been completing each other's thoughts since before the
Burmashave signs came down.
"Could you describe the motorcyclist?
"Nope," said his father.
Didn't see his face," said his uncle, "he had one of those full face helmets with a black face Screen.
Face screen," Billie repeated.
"Full suit of riding leathers," his dad went on.
"Black, like his helmet.
*And the bike."
What kind of pistol?" Billy inquired.
Big
"Semi-auto."
And big."
Maybe a 45."
They were so annoying.
"Which way did he ride off after he left?" Billy continued.

10
"South," said his father, "Probably in Bakersfield by now."
Or Vegas," continued Uncle Earl.
Nope," Billy's father corrected him. * Too far. It's a long way to Vegas."
Humph," Billy grunted, and he walked away.
Bakersfield. Or Vegas. It was a long way to Vegas, and nobody came through here to get there.
They'd either have to go over Heidelberg Pass or south through Wilfred Heights and out 15. Or through Death
Valley, which in this heat made even less sense.

"Was she going to go south?" He asked absently.

Nope," said his dad, "Through the pass."
It's open till October" his uncle said, as if the Sheriff wouldn't know that.
The motor cyclist had gone south. He could have been heading for Vegas too. If the motorcyclist had crossed
the state line into Nevada, which meant the F.BI. would have to get involved.
They'd come around, crawling all over the place, messing up his county, and they wouldn't solve a damn thing.
He'd like to leave it to them but he couldn't. Feds were useless. They' d never see it. Billy had never.met a fed
who could find his rear-end with both hands and a flashlight. But it was right there in front of Billy, as plain as
the nose on his face, and it was up to him to do something about it. It was his county, his responsibility. He
checked the woman's purse just to be sure. He found fifteen dollars and no credit cards.

Stand up, dad," he said, "You too Uncle Earl."

And then he cuffed them.
They couldn't believe it. He was tamily and he was arresting them-worse, condemning them.
They'd get the needle for sure. And t was Billy sending them to their doom. They couldn't
understand how he could do it. They didn't say a word. They just stared at him dumbly as he
read them their rights.

He searched the station (he didn't need a warrant, it had been in his family or years). He found
the girl's credit cards in the till, along with seven hundred thirty five dollars and his father's old
colt.45, which he knew without ballistics would turn out to be the gun that had killed her, just as
he knew that nobody could survive in this God-awful heat in black leathers and a full faced
helmet.

Mike Cramer lives in Brooklyn, where he is an actor, professor, filmmaker, and writer. He is the
author or A CONFEDERACY OF WHORES: MEDIA AND POLITICS IN GEORGE W. BUSH'S
AMERICA and MEDIEVAL FANTASY AS PERFORMANCE. He grew up in California and spent
his summers in a place very much like the fictional Van Winkle County.

Websites Cedar Rapids

ACTIVITY 6
EXERCISE
I. Answer the questions below basing from the reading selection entitled "Road Kill"
by Mike Cramer.

Making inferences from the story:

1. Look for 5 unfamiliar words from the story and define the meaning of these words from context clues.
2. What is the tone of characters' words in the story?
3. What are the characters' beliefs, personalities, and motivations that you can identify in the story?
4. What is the relationship of the main character with the other characters in the story?
5. Give details regarding the setting of the story.
6. Give explanations why the suspects kill the victim.
7. Explain the details how the suspects kill the victim.
8. What is the author's view of the world?
9. Relate what is happening in the story to your own knowledge of the world..

2. Stating Facts and Opinions

ldentifying facts from opinion is essential in reading comprehension because it helps the readers know what to
believe and what not to believe. It also helps the readers to consider someone's perspective, and interpret
information intelligently.
According to Webster Dictionary, a fact is a happening that is actually existent; it is any statement that is true,
empirical, and objective that can be supported by evidences.

11
Opinion on the other hand, is something that is indicating a belief view, sentiment, or conception. It is a belief
that may or may not be backed up with some type of evidence, and it is a subjective statement that can be the
result of individual's emotion, and interpretation of fact.
Practice Exercise:
Read the statements below and identify whether they are factual or based on opinion.
1. Thousands of teenagers are killed each year in alcohol-related traffic accidents.
2. In recent years, a drug-facilitated sexual assault has become a growing concern among health and
community educators.
3. A person who began taking prohibited drugs for recreational or experimental reasons is less likely to
succeed in treatment, than someone who is forced into it
4. Criminology students do not indulge in vices, like using prohibited drugs.
5. Medication will always be essential to help drug users to stop using drugs.
6. All drug dependencies can be treated the same way.
7. Alcoholism can be treated by detoxification.

ACTIVITY 7
EXERCISE
I. Answer the questions below basing from the reading selection entitled “Road to Kill” by Mike Cramer. Identify
10 opinions and 10 facts from the story, write your answer below:

FACTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
OPINION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

3. Making Predictions
The dictionary defines prediction as the act of telling what one thinks ill happen in the future. On the other
hand, making prediction is the process of making a guess about what is going to happen next in a story, it is
based on clues from the story, or from the experiences of the reader. Making prediction is important because it
helps the reader to be actively involved in the reading process through asking questions while reading;
skimming through portions of the story for better understanding of facts, characters, events, and monitoring
reader's comprehension of the passage.
How to Make Predictions:
1. Read chapter titles or the first paragraph of a chapter, and then make a guess on the possible things that will
happen in the chapters.
2. Make a prediction diagram which has blank spaces for writing down clues or evidences, and another space
for writing down predictions. This diagram helps the reader to organize the information in the reading selection
in order to make predictions

12
3. Use magazines or pictures in a book and make predictions about people. This helps the reader to develop
comprehension from information by observing and looking at everything in the picture.

ACTIVITY (GROUP ACTIVITY)

I. Base this group activity from the reading selection entitled "Road Kill" by Mike Cramer.

Making Predictions: Group Activity

1. Form groups of five, and the tasks below.

2. Read the first paragraph of the story and make a guess on the possible things that will happen.
3. Draw a prediction diagram which has blank spaces for writing down clues or evidences, and another space
for writing down predictions. This diagram will help the reader organize the information in the reading selection
in order to make predictions.
4. Print or cut pictures from magazines or pictures in a book that are related to the story, write predictions
about the pictures in relation to the story. Present the pictures orally in a form of group reporting.
4. Drawing Conclusions
Conclusion is defined as "statements about the unknown based upon the known." Making conclusion is
important because it is not only done in reading but also in daily life.
How to Draw Conclusions:
1. Examine all the sentences in the paragraph and its connection with the main topic.
2. Identify the general idea after connecting all the sentences and the information all together.
3. Identify the main idea as implied by the author.
4. Know the purpose of the passage.

ACTIVITY 8
II. answer the questions below basing from the reading selection entitled ” Road Kill" by Mike Cramer.

Drawing Conclusions:

I.Examine all the sentences in the paragraph and its connection with the main topic, answer the following:
1. What is the main topic of the selection?
2. What is the general idea of the 1st paragraph?
3. What does the title "Road Kill" tell you?
4. If you were the police officer in the story, would you do what he did? why or why not?
5. What is the purpose of the author in telling the story?

5. Identifying Patterns of Paragraph Organization

It is important that a reader must be aware of the different patterns of paragraph organization in order to develop his
logical thinking skills. Ldentifying these patterns used by the author in any reading selection will also help readers in
writing Below are the common types of organizational patterns and its brief description.

1. Chronology -this is the order in which events take place, this starts from the beginning up to the end of the story.

Example:

Rule 13.Crime Scene Investigation

Section 2. Upon receipt of a report/complaint of a crime incident, the
desk officer shall:
a. Record the time the report/complaint was made, the identity of the
person who made the report, place of incident.
b. Inform his superior officer or the duty officer regarding the report.
-Excerpt from Rule 13, Section 2 of Crime Scene Investigation

13
2. Compare and Contrast- this is based on comparing similarities and citing contrasting differences.

Example:

Proper Collection and Preservation of Weapons

Shoulder Weapons:

a. Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination.

b. Dust the weapon for concealed prints.
C. Do not clean or fire.
d. Record the absence or presence of round in the chamber.
e. Attach an evidence tag to the weapon with the weapon's description and serial number.
f. Dust the outer surface of the clip for hidden fingerprints.
g Put the clip in an envelope and mark.
h. Put the unloaded weapon in a wooden or rigid cardboard box and fasten. Mark the box with your
initial number.

3. Process Order- this is set of instructions and orders intended to be followed by the readers.

Example:

An ordinary witness cannot testify on thins or fact he has not perceived except those provided for by law. On
the other hand, an expert witness testify on things which he has not seen by giving his opinions, deductions
or conclusions on the statement of facts.
-Taken from Difference between Ordinary and Expert Witness. Essentials of Forensic Chemistry and
Toxicology by Canete.

4. Classification Order- this are ideas broken down into smaller areas or classified into smaller points.

Example

Classification of Drugs According to Origin

A. Natural Drugs- are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants and other
living systems that may be isolated by extraction. Examples of natural drugs are Raw
Opium, Marijuana, and Coca bush.
B. Synthetic Drugs- are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the laboratory for
the illicit market, which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds.
Examples of these drugs are Methamphetamine. and Barbiturates.
-Taken from Classification of Drugs, Drug Education and Vice Control by Canete et.al .

5. Spatial- A descriptive way of taking the reader from one spot or location to the next.
Example:
Crime Scene Search
Wheel Search Method
In this method of search, the area is considered approximately circular.
The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes.
The procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of
searchers. One shortcoming of this method is the great increase in the area to be observed as the searcher
departs from the center. Another is the possibility of evidence contamination or destruction with the like hood
that the searchers will step on them as they converge at the center.
-Taken from Crime Scene Search, Essentials of Forensic Chemistry and
Toxicology by Canete

6. Cause and Effect- the reason (cause) is usually discussed first followed by the result(effect)
Example:
Poverty is the most prevalent factor that prompt pushers and abusers alike to indulge in dangerous drugs. Pushers
are forced by circumstances to sell prohibited drugs as a means or source of livelihood. Many abusers use
dangerous drugs as a means or source for escaping the realities of poverty and its concomitant problems.
Taken from Reasons why People Turn to Drugs, Drug Education and Vice
Control by Canete et.al

14
7. Problem Solution- this is a discussion of the details of the problem, its causes, and the probable solution.
Example:
The Roles of the Family, Students, Teachers, and School Authorities the Campaign against Illegal
Drugs
The Family shall educate, make family members aware of the illegal effects of drugs and closely
monitor family members wh0 may be prone to drug abuse.Student councils and campus
organizations should include in their activities a program for the prevention of drug use and the
referral of drug-dependent students for treatment and rehabilitation.School curricula of public and
private schools should include instruction on drug abuse, prevention and control.As persons in
authority, school heads, supervisors and teachers can apprehend, arrest or cause the arrest of any
person who violates any unlawful acts as enumerated under RA9165.-Taken from The Roles of the
Family, Students, Teachers, and School Authorities
Drug Education and Vice Control by Canete et.al

ACTIVITY 9
EXERCISE
Read the sets of paragraphs below and identify what is being compared and contrasted. Write your answer in the space
provided.
A.
Serological investigation uses serology in the study of body fluids in relation to sickness and its treatment. In crime
detection, serological procedures are applied to the identification of bloodstains; to ascertain its human or animal origin.
In mineralogical investigation, the science of mineralogy is also utilized in crime detection. The mineralogist examines soil,
plaster, cement, brick, concrete, and glass for many evidence. Mineral examinations have shown that differences may be
detected in soil composition. Example to this, is an investigation where soil and dust are found on a suspect's clothing and
it was determined to be similar to that at the crime scene help to identify the person's presence in that locality.
Similarities:

Differences:

B.
The medical examiner is the central character in the forensic investigation of crimes involving a victim. Medical examiners
are physicians specializing in pathology, the study of structural and functional changes in the body as a result injury.
Forensic scientists are experts in fields of toxicology, odontology, psychiatry, anthropology, biology, chemistry, and
physics. The medical examiner may call upon these experts for aid in the investigation of a crime.
Similarities:

Differences:

C.
Heat stiffening is a condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins, when the
dead body is exposed to intense heat as by burning or immersion in a hot liquid.
Cold stiffening is a condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to solidification of fats, muscles, and fluid
when the dead body is exposed to extremely cold or freezing temperature.
Similarities:

Differences:

D.
Forensic odontologists scrutinize and characterize the teeth of unidentified bodies when fingerprints or other identification
is not obtainable.
Forensic anthropologists are skilled and qualified experts who determine the sex, height, weight, and ethnic group of a
deceased person from an incomplete body.
Similarities:

Differences:

E.

15
In Livor Mortis, the onset of post mortem lividity is 20-30 minutes in the most dependent portions of the body, and it is
completed in about 12 hours when the blood has already clotted or diffused to different parts of the body; wherein the
discoloration is darker and permanent.
In Rigor Mortis, the onset of post-mortem rigidity is 2-6 hours after death and is completed in about 12 hours duration; 24-
48 hours in the Philippines and other tropical countries, and 36-48 hours during summer.
Similarities:

Differences:

F.
Specific Incident Reconstruction is a type of reconstruction that covers traffic, homicide, and bombing incidents.
Specific Physical Evidence Reconstruction is a type of reconstruction which treats and deals with firearms, blood, semen,
glass fragments, and the like.
Similarities:
Differences:

G.
Physical evidence is any evidence introduced in a trial in the form of a tangible object, intended to prove a fact in issue
based on its demonstrable physical characteristics.
Documentary evidence is a non-physical evidence conveying information through physical evidence, but in another
medium. Documentary evidence may be in a form of a written description of an event from an eyewitness.
Similarities:

Differences:

(Sample paragraphs are culled from Special Crime Investigation by Guevara and Almojuela.,)

ACTIVITY (GROUP ACTIVITY)

EXERCISE
I. Do the following tasks for Group Activity:
1. Forms groups with 5-7 members
2. Research about "Crime Scene Processing"
3. Assign group members on certain tasks in processing the crime scene.
4. The processing should be demonstrated in a short dramatization in class.
II. Refer to the rubrics at the Appendix section of this book for the grading system of this activity.

I. Research on the General Classification of Criminals, complete the blanks below from the gathered information
of your research. Provide a short description of your classified answer. Acknowledge the websites and books
you consulted as your references.

General Classification of Criminals

1. Criminals classified on the basis of etiology:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

2. Criminals classified on the basis of behavioral system:

A.
B.
C.
3. Criminals classified on the basis of activities
A.
B.
C.
D.

16
4. Criminals classified on the basis of mental attitudes
A.
B.
C.
Reference:

EXERCISE

1. Read each of the passage below and identify the causes and effects. Write your answer in the space provided.
(Some items may have multiple causes and effects.)

1. Beverly was in judge Cohills when she was 15. She repeatedly ran away from a home for emotionally disturbed
children. There was no doubt that Beverly was emotionally disturbed. She was described as bitter and hostile, and she
often banged her head against the wall. The people who ran the home where she lived said they could not keep Beverly
any longer. No one knew who her parents were because she had been left in a garbage can when she was an infant. She
had already been in three foster homes and an orphanage.

Causes:

Effects:

2. Nancy, 13, was picked up for shoplifting in a department store. When police couldn't locate her mother, she was sent to
a detention home. There it was discovered that the only person she was close to was a 16-year-old boy with whom she
was sexually involved (a juvenile offense in most states). When Nancy's mother came to her hearing, she sat in the back
of the courtroom muttering dirty words. The Judge thought the mother didn't know where she was.

Causes:

Effects:

3. Ken, 14, took an old family car out for a ride without his parent's permission. He had no driver's license. He and a friend
were riding along the highway when the car went out of control It smashed head-on into another car, killing the other
driver.

Causes:

Effects:

4. Like adults, juveniles are entitled to a lawyer for any offense for which an adult could haveone. If they can't afford a
lawyer, the court must furnish one.

Causes:

Effects:

6). Juveniles must be told what the charges are against them soon enough to prepare for their hearing

Causes

Effects:

17
Effective Reading Techniques

The two effective reading techniques that need to be mastered by a criminology student are skimming and scanning.
These techniques use rapid eye movement and keywords to move quickly through text for slightly different purposes.
Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find
facts.

Skimming

Skimming is useful in three different situations like pre-reading, reviewing, and reading. Refer to the discussion below:
Pre-reading - Skimming is more thorough than simple previewing and can give more accurate picture of text to be read
later.
Reviewing - Skimming is useful for reviewing text already read.
Reading- Skimming is most often used for quick reading and does not need more detailed attention.

Steps in Skimming an Article:

1. Read the title - it is the shortest possible summary of the content.
2. Read the introduction or lead in paragraph.
3. Read the first paragraph completely.
4. If there are subheadings, read each one and look for relationships among them.
5. Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph.
a. The main idea of most paragraphs appears in the first sentence.
b. If the author's pattern is to begin with a question or anecdote, you may find the last sentence more valuable.

6. Dip into the text looking for:

a. Clue words that answer who, what, when, why, how
b. Proper nouns
c. Unusual words, especially if capitalized
d. Enumerations
e. Qualifying Adjectives (best, worst, most, etc.)
f. Typographical clues - italics, boldface, underlining, asterisk, etc.

7. Read the final paragraph completely.

Practice Exercise
Read the example below, apply the steps in skimming an article, and answer the questions that follow.

The History of Fingerprint

Personal identification can be traced to the earliest dated prints of the ridged skin on human hands and feet about 4,000
years ago during the pyramid-building era in Egypt.
In addition, one small portion of palm print, not known to be human, has been found impressed in hardened mud at a
10,000-year old site in Egypt.
In the East, it was common practice for the Chinese to use inked fingerprints on official documents, land sales, contracts,
loans, and acknowledgement of debts. The oldest existing documents so endorsed, dates back from the 3rd century B.C.
It was recorded that the Chinese used their fingerprints to establish identity in court litigations over disputed business
dealings. However, criminalists and researchers fail to agree as to whether the
Chinese were fully aware of the uniqueness of a fingerprint, or if the physical contact with documents had some spiritual
significance.
The first documented interest in the skin's ridges in the western world was stated in a paper written in 1684 by an
Englishman, Dr. Nehemiah Grew. His work was mainly anatomical in nature, and eventually there are other academics
from various European countries who also made anatomical studies of the skin.
Professor Marcello Malpighi, a plant morphologist at the University of Bologna, performed study similar to Grew's. He
published similar findings in his 1686 publication of De ExtempoTactusOrgano. This anatomical treatise, though less
detailed about the surface of the hand, probed further beneath the surface. Malpighi's anatomical work was so
outstanding that one of the layers of the skin was named "stratum Malpighi" after him. It was not until 1798, that J C Mayer
of Germany theorized that the arrangements of friction ridges were unique.

-Excerpt taken from Criminalistics by Agas et al, 2009

Guide Questions:
1. Basing from the title what is the selection about?
2. What does the first paragraph tell you?
3. What are the details that support the idea in the first paragraph?
4. What are the ideas that are related in all of the paragraphs in the selection?

ACTIVITY 1O

1. Skim through the selection below and answer the questions that follow.

Philippines Gags Internet with Draconian' Cyber Crime Law

Source: http://rt.com/news/philippines-internet-gag-law-545/

18
 Published time: October 03, 2012 09:05
Edited time: October 03, 2012 15:37

(1)The Philippines has approved measures to prosecute users that post "defamatory comments on social media websites
such as Twitter and Facebook. They will be liable for a fine of 1 milion pesos (US$24,000) or face up to 12 years in prison.
Websites that publish the material may also be shut down. The cyber-law has been branded as 'draconian' and a serious
violation of freedom of speech by rights groups.

(2) "The cyber crime law needs to be repealed or replaced," said Brad Adams, Asia director of the Human Rights Watch.
"It violates Filipinos rights to free expression and it is wholly incompatible with the Philippine government's obligations
under international law." He stressed that while the bill was in action it will have a "chiling effect over the entire Philippines
online community."

(3) The new legislation extends Philippines libel law, which has been previously contested by
Human Rights Watch, into cyberspace.
Aside from prosecuting users who post material deemed offensive, the bill grants authorities power to collate and retain
information from peoples Facebook and Twitter profiles, as well as eavesdropping on conversations over Skype. "
"Anybody using popular social networks or publishes online is now at risk of a long prison term should a reader including
government who officials - bring a libel charge," Adams raid. "Allegedly libellous speech, online or off-line should be
handled as a private civil matter, not as a crime.

(4) Human Rights Watch has appealed to the Philippines government on numerous occasion decriminalize libel speech in
the country, but the government has thus far been unresponsive to the requests.

(5) HackIVIst group Anonymous called on their supporters in the country to rally against the new legislation and cyber
attack government sites on what they dubbed "Bloody Monday and "Black Tuesday" before the institution of the law on
Wednesday.

The government says the new bill is a necessary tool to safeguard Philippines society from cyber threats, arguing that
without it the country would be laid bare to hacking, identity theft, spamming and intellectual property theft.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the main idea of the news article?
2. How much fine will be paid for violators?
3. Why does the cyber law violate Filipino's rights?
4. What does the word "eavesdropping mean in paragraph 3?
5. Who is at risk of a long prison term?
6. What does the last sentence in paragraph 3 mean? *Allegedly libelous speech, online or off-line, should be handled as
a private civil matter, not as a crime."
7. Who appealed to the Philippine government?
8.Why do you think the government is unresponsive?
9. What does the word "hackivist mean in paragraph 5?
10. Why does the government say that the bill 1s a necessary tool to safeguard Philippines society from cyber threats?

Scanning

Scanning is very useful for finding a specific name, date, statistics, of fact. It rapidly covers a great deal of material in
order to locate a piece of information.
Steps in scanning an articles:
1. Keep in mind at all times what you are searching for. If you hold the image of the word or ideal clearly in mind, it is likely
to appear more clearly than the surrounding words.
2. Anticipate in what form the information is likely to appear - numbers, proper nouns, etc.
3. Analyze the organization of the content before starting to scan.
4. If material is familiar or brief, you may be able to scan the entire article in a single search.
5. If the material is lengthy or difficult, a preliminary skimming may be necessary to determine which part of the article to
scan.
6. Let your eyes run rapidly over several lines of print at a time.
7. When you find the sentence that has the information you seek, read the entire sentence.

Practice Exercise on Scanning:

Read the advertisement below, follow the steps in scanning, and answer the questions that follow.

Sample Police Officer Job Advertisement

Source: http://www.careerfaqs.com.au/careers/sample-resumes-and-cover-
letters/sample-police-officer-job-advertisement/

19
 Police Officer
West Goolagong Police Officer
Queensland Police Force

 A job that makes a difference to your community

 Attractive salary

Successful applicants will be trained by the Queensland Police Force to help keep the community crime and violence free.
You will be dedicated to protecting the safety of the people and keeping law and order in the community.

Applicants must:

 have excellent communication and interpersonal skills

 have a high level of physical fitness
 be willing to relocate
 have completed Year 10 or equivalent
 be at least 19 years old
 be an Australian citizen or permanent resident.

Experience in the field is desirable but not mandatory.

Please complete the application form at our website, www.cxample.com.au. You will be required to upload your resume
and cover letter.

Contact:

Hayley Stevens
Recruitment Officer
West Goolagong Police
Locked Bag 4321
West Goolagong QLD 1234
Phone: 1800 000 000
Fax: 02 0000 0000

Guide Questions:

1. What is being advertised?

2. What is the job that makes a difference in the community?
3. Who will train the successful applicants?
4. Who will be dedicated to protecting the safety of the people?
5. What are the qualifications of the applicant?
6. What is not mandatory?
7. What is the website where you can upload your resume?
8. Who are the contact person?
9. What are the contact numbers?
10. Are Filipinos allowed to apply?

ACTIVITY

I. Scan the advertisement below and answer the question that follows:

Police Officer| Application

Deadline
3/23/12
Salary
$55,792-$76,656
LA GRANGE, IL

Guide Questions:

1. What is being advertised?

2. What is the name of the police station?
3. When is the deadline of the application?
4. How much is the offered salary?
5. What state in the US advertised this?
6. What is the address of the police station?
7. Are there qualifications stated in the advertisement?
8 What is the age requirement stated in the advertisement?

20
9. Can Filipinos apply for this job?
10. Is there a restriction about height for the applicants?

Enriching Vocabulary Power

When a criminology student has a very limited vocabulary, this becomes A hindrance to effective reading, because he
could not fully grasp what the reading material is all about. The dictionary or thesaurus could be a good source of
vocabulary building, It is advisable that the reader should acquire the skills in identifying and forming words, and on the
process would be able to establish his own vocabulary power.

One way of establishing a good vocabulary is through studying word formations, which is the way new words are formed
from other words. Examples of word formations are Coinage, Loan Words/Borrowing, Compounding, Clipping, Blending,
Acronym, Abbreviation, Eponyms, Backformation, and Derivation. These are discussed below.
1. Coinage
Coinage is word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally. Many coinages start
out as brand names for everyday items such as Kleenex for a facial tissue. Coinages are also referred to as neologisms,
which mean "new word." The examples below provide some common coinages found in everyday English.
Below are examples of coined word with their meaning:
1. aspirin- a medicine used to lessen pain and bring down fever; it is a white powder that is usually pressed into
tablets.
2. escalator- a stairway whose steps are part of an endless moving belt, for carrying people up and down.
3. heroin- a powerful drug made from morphine.
4. Band-Aid- a trademark for a small bandage of gauze and adhesive tape; this word is also used in a general way
for similar bandages and is often spelled as band-aid.
5. Frisbee- a trademark for a plastic, saucer shaped disk tossed back and forth in a simple game.
6. kerosene -a thin oil made from coal or petroleum and used in some lamps, stoves, etc.
7. Kleenex- a trademark for soft paper tissue used as a handkerchief; this word is often used in a general way for all
the various kinds of paper handkerchiefs and is sometimes spelled as kleenex.
8. Laundromat-a service mark for a laundry where a person pays to use machines for washing and drying clothes;
this word is often used in a general way for any self-service laundry and is sometimes spelled laundromat.
9. linoleum- a hard, smooth floor covering made of a mixture of ground Cork, ground wood, and linseed oil on a
backing of canvas or other material.
10. nylon- a synthetic material that is very strong and elastic; it has many uses and forms and is common fiber for
clothing.
11. psychedelic- causing a person to have strange or intense feeling feelings, to see and hear things that are not
there, and to have mistaken notions, like those in mental illness.
12. quark- any one of the six types of particles that are thought to be basic units of matter; quarks are smaller than
neutrons, protons, orelectrons.
13. Xerox- a trademark for a machine that copies printed or written material, using light to transter an image to paper;
the image attracts dry ink particles electrically to form the copy
14. Zipper- a device used to fasten and unfasten two edges of material on a dress, pair of trousers, Sleeping bag,
etc.; it consist of two rows of interlocking teeth that are joined or separated by a part that slides up and down.
Source:http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-iesson-plans/60060-formation-tvDes-
Oinages-nonce-loanwords-and-calques/

2. Loan Words/Borrowing
Loan words or borrowed words are imported words from another language that has become accepted for English usage.
The French language contributed many loanwords to English, and over the past 1,500 years, English has adopted words
from more than 300 other languages. Campbell (2004) states that one reason why words are taken over from another
language is for prestige, because the foreign term for some reason is highly esteemed. Borrowings for prestige are
sometimes called "luxury' loans. For example, English could have done perfectly well with only native terms for 'pig
flesh/pig meat' and cow flesh/cow meat, but for reasons of prestige, pork (from French porc) and beef (from French bouef)
were borrowed, as well as many other terms of 'cuisine' from French -- cuisine itself is from French cuisine 'kitchen'--
because French had more social status and was considered more prestigious than English during the period of Norman
French dominance in England (1066-1300).
Below are examples of loan words with their meaning:
1. algebra (Arabic)- a bone-setting, reunificati on, mathematical reduction.
2. bagel (Yiddish)- a leavened, doughnut-shaped, firm-texture roll, with a brownish glazed surface first poached and
then baked.
3. cherub ( Hebrew)- a member of the second order of angels, whose distinctive gifts is knowledge, often represented
as a winged child, or winged head of a child.
4. chowmein (Chinese)- a Chinese style dish of steamed or stir fried vegetables, topped with shredded chicken or
shrimp, and served with fried noodles.
5. fjord (Norwegian)-a long, narrow arm of sea bordered by steep cliffs; usually formed by glacial erosion.

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6. galore (Irish)- enough, plenty
7. haiku (Japanese)-a short Japanese poem
8. kielbasa (Polish)-a smoked sausage of Coarsely chopped beef and pork, flavored with garlic and spices.
9. murder (French)- the killing of another human being under conditions specifically covered in law.
10. paprika (Hungarian)- a red, powdery condiment derived from ripe, sweet peppers.
11. 11.pizza (Italian)- a flat, open-faced baked pie of ltalian origin, consisting of a thin layer of bread dough topped with
spiced tomato sauce and cheese, often garnished with anchovies, sausage slices, mushroom, etc.
12. 12.smorgasbord (Swedish)-a buffet meal of various hot and cold hors d' oeuvres, salad, casserole dishes, meats,
cheese, etc.
13. 13. tamale (Spanish)-Mexican dish made of minced meat mixed with crushed maize and seasonings, wrapped in
maize husks and steamed.
14. 14.yo-yo (Tagalog) a name of a Filipino toy consisting of a spool attached to a string, the end of which is held while it
is repeatedly spun out and reeled in.
15. Source:http://www.brighthubeducation.com/csl-lesson-plans/600660-formation-types
16. coinages-nonce-loanwords-and-calques

EXERCISE
I. Look for the meaning of the following words and give the name of the country from where it is borrowed.
1. modus operandi-
2. hoi polloi-
3. faux pas-
4. poshlust-
5 kitschy-
6. bric-a-brac-
7. aficionado
8. doppelganger-
9. L'Enfant terrible-
10.basmati
11. prima donna-

3. Compounding
Compounding is the process of combining two words to create a new word which is commonly a noun, verb, or adjective.
Compounds are written sometimes as one word (policeman), sometimes as two hyphenated words (Dircector-General),
and sometimes as two separate words (crime laboratory).
O'Grady et.al. (2001) stated that in most compounds the rightmost morpheme determines the category of the entire word.
Thus, greenhouse is a noun because its rightmost component is a noun, spoon feed is a verb because feed also belongs
to this category, and nationwide is an adjective just as wide is. English orthography is not consistent in representing
compounds, which are sometimes written as single words, sometimes with an intervening hyphen, and sometimes as
separate words. In terms of pronunciation, however, there is an important generalization to be made. In particular,
adjective-noun compounds are characterized by a more prominent stress on their first component. The tense and plural
markers cannot typically be attached to the first element, although they can be added to the compound as a whole.
Greenbaum (1996) on the other hand stressed that compounds generally follow the regular rule by adding the regular -s
inflection to their last element.
Common Examples of Compound Words:
officer-on-case
desk officer
hand gun
crime scene-
watch man
police blotter
jail guard
fire officer
law enforcer

ACTIVITY
I. Look for 15 examples of compound words related to criminology, and give a short description of each
examples. Utilize the space below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

4. Clipping
Clipping is a process of forming words by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word, such as cell from
cellular phone. There are two types of clipping: the first part is kept (the commoner type, as in demo, exam, pub, Gill) and
the last part is kept, as in fridge and flu. There are also several clippings which retain material from more than one part of
the word, such as maths (UK), gents, and specs..Several clipped forms also show adaptation, such as fries from French
friend potatoes, Betty from Elizabeth, and Bill from William (Crystal, 2003).
Below are examples of clipped words
Prof - professor
phys-ed- physical education
burger- hamburger
doc- doctor
ad advertisement
auto- automobile
lab- laboratory
sub- substitute
porn- pornography
demo- demonstration
condo- condominium
biz- showbiz
celebs- celebrities
exam- examination
flu- influenza
gator- alligator
hippo- hippopotamus
info- information
intro- introduction
limo- limousine
max- maximum
photo- photographs
ref- refrigerator
reps- representatives
rhino- rhinoceros
sax- saxophone
Source: http://grammar.about.com/od /tz/g/Word-Formation.htm
ACTIVITY
1. Give the clipped word of the original words below:
1. bicycle-
2. omnibus-
3. champion
4. Convict-
5. dormitory-
6. gasoline-
7.graduate-
8. gymnasium-
9. luncheon-
10. helicopter-
11. caravan-
12. teenager-
13. turnpike-
14. photograph-
15. rhinoceros-

II. Give the original word of the clipped words below:

1. pen-
2. mike-
3. phone-
4. plane-
5. rev-

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6. specs-
7. stats-
8. stereo-
9. sub-
10. taxi-
5. Blending
Blending is a process or forming words by merging the sounds and meanings of followed by a word part (called led a
splinter), as in motorcade (motor+ cavalcade).

Blends may be composed of two elements called splinters (ballute from balloon
and parachute), or only one element is a splinter and the other element is a full word
(escalift from escalator and lift, needcessity from need and necessity). . .. A special
punning effect is achieved when one constituent echoes in some way the word or word- fragment it replaces, for example,
foolosopher echoing philosopher, or fakesimile, echoing facsimile." (Narr, 200)

Below are examples of Blended Words:

(agitation + propaganda)
agitprop
(alcohol+ pop)
alcopop
(bat+ mash)
bash
(biography+ picture)
biopic
(breath+ analyzer)
breathalyzer
(camera + recorder)
camcorder
(cheating+ texting)
chexting
(clap+ crash)
clash
(cosmetic + pharmaceutical)
cosmeceutical
(documentary+ drama)
docudrama
(electricity + execute)
electrocute
(emote+ icon)
emoticon
(fact+ fiction)
faction
(fan+ magazine)
+fanzine
(flame+ glare)
4flare
(flirting + relationship)
flirtationship
(gleam+shimmer)
glimmer
(global+ English)
globish
(guitar + arthritis)
guitarthritis
(information + entertainment)
infotainment
(motor+ pedal)
moped
(pal+ alimony)
palimony
(pornography + cornucopia)
pornacopia
(pulse+quasar)
pulsar
(sex+ escapade)
sexcapade
sexploitation
(sex+ exploitation)
sitcom
(situation+ comedy)
slanguage
(slang+ language)
smash

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SImack + mash)
sportscast
(sports+broadcast)
stagflation
(stagnation + inflation)
staycation
(stay home + vacation)
telegenic
(television+ photogenic)
textpectation
(text message + expectation)
workaholic
(work+ alcoholic)
Source: http://granmmar.about.com/od/tz/g/Word-Formation.htm

ACTIVITY

L. Give the blended form of the following words.

1. black and exploitation

2. black and accent-
3. chuckle and snort-
4. ebony and phonics-
5. ecological and saboteur
6. fact and fiction-
7. Frankenstein and food-
8. gigantic and enormous-
9. green and whitewash-
10. guess and estimate-

I1. Give the full words of the blended word below:

1. liger
2. mantastic-
3. melodrama

6. Acronym
Acronyms are words formed by the word. formation process in which an initialism is pronounced as a word. For example,
HIV is an initialism for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that is spoken as the three letters H-1-V. However, AlDS is an
acronym for Acquired lmmunodeficiency Syndrome that is spoken as the word aids. Acronyms are related to the word
formation process of abbreviation.

Examples

ASAP - as soon as possible

AWOL- absent without leave
laser-light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASDAQ- National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
PIN-personal identification number
radar - radio detection and ranging
scuba - self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
TESOL Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
WASP- White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

Source:http://www.brighthubeducation.com/ esl-teaching-tips/59719-forming-
new-words-abbreviations-acronyms-and-eponym

ACTIVITY

I. Give the meaning of the acronyms below

1. SWAT
2. CIDG-
3.TMG
4. PSPG
5. PNP
6. PNPA
7. NAPOLCOM-
8. DILG-
9. NICA
10. PDEA

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11. NBI-
13. ISTAR-
14. BJMP
15. BFP
16. CIA-
17. CCTV-
18.1CT-
19.INTERPOL
20.1SAFp.

I1. Write the acronym of the following words.

1. Land Transportation Office

2. National Anti-Crime Strategy-
3 People's Law Enforcement Board-
4. National Security Council-
5. Non Official Cover-
6. Video Gram Regulatory Board-
7. Internationally Protected Persons-
8. International Affairs Service-
9. Special Action Force-
10. Security Agencies and Guards Supervision Division-
11. New Cops on the Block
12. Community Oriented Policing System-
13. National Police College
14. Partial Background Investigation
15. British Secret Intelligence Service-
16. Biological Weapons Convention-
17. Complete Background Investigation-
18. Weapons of Mass Destruction
19. Canadian Security Intelligence Service-
20. Defense Intelligence Agency

7. Abbreviation
Abbreviation is the word formation process in which a word or phrase is shortened. Initialisms are a type of abbreviation
formed by the initial letters of a word or phrase. Although abbreviation is largely a convention of written language,
sometimes abbreviations carry over into spoken language. For example:
Written Abbreviations
Apr.-April
cm centimeter(s)
d.- died, died in
dept-department
Dr.-doctor
Jr.- Junior
Mr. - Mister
0z ounce(s)
Sun.- Sunday
yd-yard yard(s)
Spoken-Written Abbreviations
A.M.-ante meridiem |in the morning]
B.C.E.- Before Common Era
GOP-Grand Old Party (Republican Party)
HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus
i.e.-id id est [that is
JFR-John Fitzgerald Kennedy
0-orange juice
PMS-premenstrual syndrome
RSVP répondezs'ilvous plait
VIP-very important person
Source:http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-teaching-tips/59719-fornming- new-words-abbreviations-acronyms-and-
eponym
ACTIVITY
I. Give the meaning of the abbreviated ranks below.
1. PO2-
2. SPO1-
3. PSUPT

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 4. CINSP-
5. J01
6. SJ01-
7. PSSUPT-
8. PSI-
9. Dir.Gen.
10. PCSUPT-
11. 11.PCI-
12. SPO4-
13. 13.PINSP
14. 14.JCSUPT-

1. Eponyms
Eponyms are word formation process in which a new word is derived from the name of a real, fictional, mythical character
or person. Most eponyms originate from a person's family name.
Examples of eponyms with their meaning:
2. atlas-(from the giant Greek myth god Atlas who hold up the heavens on his shoulders.)
-a book of maps, this came to be called an atlas because in earlier times this kind of book had drawings of the giant Atlas.
3. boycott -(from Irish landlord Charles Cunningham Boycott)
-the act of refusing in this way
4. cardigan- (from James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan)
-a sweater that has long sleeves and that buttons down the front
5. cereal - (from Ceres, the Roman goddess of plant and farming)
-food made from grain, especially breakfast food, such as oatmeal and cornflakes.
6. dunce - (from John Duns Scotus)
-a stupid person or one who learns slowly
7. guillotine-(from Joseph IgnaceGuillotin)
-an instrument for cutting off a person's head by means of a heavy blade dropped between two uprights with grooves n
them; the guillotine was introduced during the French revolution.
8. malapropism - (irom Mrs. Malaprop in Sheridan's The Rivals)
a funny mistake of words usually caused by confusing similar sounds.
9. mesmerize - (rom Franz Anton Mesmer)
to hypnotize, to capture completely the attention of, to fascinate
10.nicotine - (from Jean Nicot)
a poisonous, oily liquid found in tobacco leaves.
11.pasteurization -( from Louis Pasteur, French scientist who found a way of
treating rabies and of killing bacteria in milk.)
To kill harmful bacteria in liquid by heating it to a certain high temperature for a certain period of time.
12. sadistic -(from Marquis de Sade)
having to do with the practice of getting pleasure from hurting others.
13. salmonella - (from Daniel Elmer Salmon)
a kind of bacteria shaped like rods, that causes various diseases in human beings and animals, including food poisoning
and typhoid fever.
14. sandwich - (John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich)
two or more slices of bread with a filling of meat, cheese, etc. between them.
15. volcano - (from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking)
16. aphrodisiac - (from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty)
an exciting sexual desıre, a drug that arouses or increases sexual desires.
17.bloomers - (from Amelia Jenkins Bloomer)
short baggy pants fitting snugly at the waist and thighs, once worn by girls and women for sports.
18. derby-(from Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby)
any one of certain other contests or races
19. diesel-(from Rudolf Diesel)
a kind of internal-combustion engine that burns fuel oil by using heat produced by air that is put under high pressure.
20.erotic- (from Eros, the Greek god of love)
having to do with or arousing sexual feelings
21.fauna - (from Faunus)
all the animals of a particular place or time
22.flora- (from Flora)
all the plants of a particular place or time
23.gargantuan - (from Gargantua)
extremely large; gigantic
24, herculean - (from Hercules, a very strong nd powerful hero in Greek and
Roman myths)
Very strong, large and brave, needing great strength or

27
courage
25, jovial-(from Jove/Jupiter, the chief Roman god)
friendly and cheerful, jolly
26. lynch- (from William Lynch)
to murder someone by the action of a mob, without a lawful
trial, usually by hanging
27.maverick - (Samuel Augustus Maverick)
an animal especially a lost calf, that has not been branded; a
person who is independent of any group or political party
28. morphine (from Morpheus)
a drug produced from opium, used in medicine to lessen pain
29.panic-(from Pan, a Greek god of nature and shepherds)
a sudden, wild fear that is not controlled and can spread quickly
30.platonic - (from Plato, a Greek philosopher)
describing a relationship between a man and a woman that is
based on a spiritual or intellectual attraction and not on romance
31. silhouette - (from Étienne de Silhouette)
an outline of a figure, especially a person's profile, any dark shape seen against a light background

Ource:http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-teaching-tips/59719-forming-
new-words-abbreviations-acronyms-and-eponym
.

ACTIVITY
Underline the appropriate eponyms from the choices.
1. The activist groups said they will (dunce, boycott) the proposal of the organization.
2. The suspect will be punished through (cardigan, guillotine.)
3. The white (cereal, cardigan) of the victim was found inside the blooded car trunk
4. The criminal has a low self-esteem and he considers himself a (dunce, boycott.)
5. 5.I was (pasteurized, mesmerized) by the beauty of the painting, but it was desecrated by vandals.
6. A (nicotine, salmonella) is a poisonous, oily liquid found in tobacco leaves.
7. 7.The unusual crime scene is found at the foot of the dormant (volcano, derby
8. 8. (Salmonella, Sandwich) was said to be the cause of the poisoning of the inmates.
9. 9. The retrieval of the victims was considered by the rescuers as a (herculean, aphrodisiac) job.
10. 10. The apprehension of the robbery gang seems like a (gargantuan, erotic) task for the police officers.
11. 11. The suspect's (lynch, jovial) personality hides his real character.
12. 12 .The drug addict was positive was positive with (panic, morphine.)
13. 13. There was great (platonic, panic) inside the mall after the bomb explosion
14. caw the (silhouette, lynch) of a man running away from the stabbed taxi driver.
15. 15 .The suspect insisted that his relationship with the victim was merely (platonic, jovial.)

8.Back Formation

Back-formation is the word formation process in which an actual or Supposed derivational affix detaches from the base
form of a word to create a new word. Back-formation is often the result of an overgeneralization of derivation Suffixes. For
example, the noun back-formation entered the English lexicon first, but the assumption that the - (at)ion on the end of the
word is the -ion derivational suffix results in the creation of the verb back-form. Back-formation, therefore, is the opposite
of derivation.
Examples:
Original-Back-formation
babysitter - babysit
donation - donate
gambler - gamble
hazy - haze
moonlighter moonlight
obsessive - obsess
procession - process
resurrection - resurrect
sassy
Sass
television - televise
Source:http://www.brighthubeducation.com/es.-lesson-plans/59338-word-back: formation-list/

28
ACTIVITY 11

Write all the possible back formation of the following words.

1. hawk
2. peddle-
3. stoke
4. Swindle-
5. edit-
6. act
7. exempt
8. revise-
9. resurrect-
10. televise-

9. Derivation
According to Crystal (2005), Derivation studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference
to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from
infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties.
Grammatical Form Retaining Derivation
verb to verb: appear disappear
noun to noun: friend friendship
adjective to adjective: practical impractical
verb to noun: preserve preservation
verb to adjective: bore > boring
noun to verb: code codify
noun to adjective: nature natural
adjective to noun: ugy>ugliness
adjective to verb: sweet sweeten
adjective to adverb: quick quickly

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