Vips in Crim Soc PDF

V.I.P.
s
in CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY
By:
Charlemagne James P. Ramos

R.C., J.D./Review Files/Alpha
INTRODUCTION:
Criminal Sociology, Ethics and Human Relations (15%)

Introduction to Criminology
Criminal Justice System
Juvenile Delinquency
Human Behavior and Crisis Management
Police Ethics and Community Relation, and
Seminar on Contemporary Police Problems
Criminological Research

Board Question
What was the first school to offer Criminology

in the philippines?
A. City College of Manila

B. Plaridel College
C. Classical School
D. Positivist School
Answer- B

CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
The first school to offer Criminology Education in the

South East Asia.
Plaridel College (Known now as PCCr)
The first College to offer Criminology in the Philippines
City College of Manila

(known now as Universidad De Manila)
Board Question
The date of effectiveness of R.A. no 6506 an act

regulating the board exam for Criminologist in
the philippines?
A. June 1, 1972
B. July 1, 1972
C. July 2, 1972
D. June 2, 1972
Answer- B

CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Teodulo C. Natividad
(R.A. 6506 paves the way to the professionalism of
Criminology Education)
July 1, 1972
CMO no. 21 Sr 2005

5 programs under CJE

PART 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology and its meaning…
CRIMINOLOGY
The entire body of knowledge regarding crimes,
criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and
repress them.
The scientific study of the causes of crime in relation

to man and society who set and defines rules and
regulations for himself and others to govern.

Board Question
May be defined as a study and investigation of
crime and criminals and is concerned with the
application of knowledge regarding crime to
social programs of crime prevention and
control.
a. Etiology of crime
b. Criminalist
c. Criminology
d. Criminal process

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “CRIMINOLOGY”
“Criminologia”
coined by Rafaelle Garofalo
an Italian law professor, in 1885.
In 1887, Paul Topinard, a French anthropologist, used

the term
“Criminologie”

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “CRIMINOLOGY”
An American criminologist in the person of

Edwin Sutherland
introduced his own definition of the term
“Criminology”
criminology is the entire body of knowledge
regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
It includes within its scope the process of making
laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the
breaking of the laws.

Sutherland was recognized…
Dean of Modern Criminology

White Collar Crimes
Suicidology
Differential Association theory(DAT)
repudiated by George Wilkins

Board Question
In Differential Association Theory, ___________

stressed that criminal conduct is learned behavior
and that learning occur through communication and
association with others who are with criminal mind.
a. Cesare Beccaria
b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Cesar Montano
d. Edwin Sutherland
THE MAKING OF LAWS…
Nature and Structure of Laws
Analyzed by Scientifically, Systematically and

Exhaustively
William Chambliss
Conflict Criminologist

THE BREAKING OF LAWS…
Examination of reasons of Crime Causation
Criminogenesis or Etiology
Study of Causes or Crime Causation
Clinical, Applied and Praxis

(theory in action)
Note: this area is NOT concerned with fighting crime more effectively…

REACTION TOWARDS THE BREAKING OF LAWS…
People, Criminal, And The Government Reacts

Towards The Breaking Of Law
SOCIOLOGICAL
Societal Reaction Theorists
Social Response Theorists
Normative Theorists
Relativity Of Crime Researchers
Criminologists Of Criminal Justice
REACTION TOWARDS THE BREAKING OF LAWS…
Justifications And Consequences Of Different Styles

Of Reacting To Crime
Lock em up Vs. Mediation
Norms and Mores

Other meaning of Criminology…
Tradio (1999)
Is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency
And crime as a social phenomenon.
Study of crimes and Criminals and the attempt of

analyzing scientifically their causes and control
And the treatment of criminals

Other meaning of Criminology…
Curt and Ann Bartol (1995)

Multidisciplinary Science
Many Disciplines are involved…
Psychology,
Sociology,
Anthropology,
Biology,
Neurology,
Political Science and Economics.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY (SAND)
It is an APPLIED SCIENCE.
(INSTRUMENTATION)
It is a SOCIAL SCIENCE.
Crime is a social creation
social phenomenon.

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY (SAND)
It is DYNAMIC.
Criminology changes as a social condition changes.
concomitant with the advancement of other sciences tha
t have been applied to it.
It is NATIONALISTIC.
relation with the existing criminal law within a territory
or country.
The question as to whether an act is a crime is
dependent on the criminal law of a state.

Important Areas of Interest to Criminology…
Sociology of Law
The study of law and its application
Criminal Etiology (CRIMINOGENESIS)
The scientific analysis of causes of crime
Penology or Correction
Punishment and treatment of criminals
Criminalistics or Forensic Science
One or more area concerned in crime detection
and investigation

Study of the origin and development of criminal law
Study of the causes of crimes and development of

criminals.

Study of the different factors such as:

a)Criminal demography – the study of the relationshi
p between criminality and population
b)Criminal epidemiology – the study of the relations
hip between environment and criminality
c)Criminal ecology – the study of criminality in relatio
n to the spatial distribution in a community
d)Criminal physical anthropology – the study of cri
minality in relation to physical constitution of men

e)Criminal psychology – the study of human

behavior in relation to criminality
f) Criminal psychiatry – the study of human mind
in relation to criminality
g)Victimology – the study of the role of the victim
in the commission of a crime

Criminal Etiology is the study of the cause or origin

of crime. primary reasons for crime commission.
Sociology of law attempt at scientific analysis of the
condition which the penal/criminal laws has
developed as a process of formal or social control.
Sociology It is the study of human society, its
origin, structure, functions and direction.
Criminological research study of the crime correlated t
o with antecedent variables, state of crime trend.

Sociological Criminology
the study of crime focused on the group of people
and society as a whole.
Psychological Criminology
the science of behavior and mental processes of
the criminal
Psychiatric Criminology
the science that deals with the study of crime
through forensic psychiatry,

CRIME
An act or omission in violation of a public law

forbidding or commanding it.
SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
FELONY
OFFENSE
INFRACTION

Classes of Crimes
Crime Mala in Se Acts that are outlawed because

they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder, a
ssault and robbery?
a. Intentional felony (IFI)
b. Non-intentional felony (IFN)
Crime Mala prohibita acts that are outlawed because

they clash with current norms and public opinion, suc
h as tax, traffic and drug laws.

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
As to the manner crimes are committed

by means of dolo or deceit
by means of culpa or fault
As to the stages in the commission of crimes:

consummated crime
frustrated crime
attempted crime

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
According to plurality:
simple crime – single act constituting only one
offense
complex crime – single act constituting two or

more grave felonies or an is a necessary mea
ns for committing the other

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
According to gravity:
a)Grave felonies – those to which the law attaches
the capital punishment or afflictive penaltiesor fine
more than 6000 pesos
b)Less grave felonies – those to which the law
attaches correctional penalties or fine more than
2000 but less than 6000 pesos
c)Light felonies – those to which the law attaches
the penalty of Arresto menor or a fine not exceeding
P200.00
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
According to the result of the crime:
acquisitive crime – the offender

acquires something ex. Estafa, Theft
extinctive crime – the consequence of the act is

Destructive ex. Arson, Malicious mischief

According to the time or period of the commissio

n of the crime:
a)Seasonal crime – committed only during a certain
period of the year
b)Situational crime – committed only when the situ
ation is conducive to its commission

According to the length of time of the commission

of the crime:
a)Instant crime – committed in the shortest possible
time
b)Episodial crime – committed by a series of acts in
a lengthy space of time

According to the place or location:
Static crime – committed in only one place
Continuing crime – committed in several places

According to the use of mental faculties:
a)Rational crime – committed with intent and the

offender is in full possession of his sanity(Normal)
b)Irrational crime – committed by an offender who

does not know the nature and quality of his act on
account of the disease of the mind (Abnormal)

According to the type of offender:
a)White-collar crime – committed by a person

belonging to the upper socio-economic class in th
e course of his occupational activities
b)Blue-collar crime – committed by ordinary

professional criminal to maintain his livelihood

Upper World and Underworld Crimes

the upper class of society/lower or under privilege class
Crimes by Imitation
duplication of what was done by others
Crimes by Passion
fit of great emotions.
Service Crimes
rendition of a service to satisfy desire of another.

Other types of crimes
Bias crimes violent acts directed toward a particular p

erson or members of a group merely because the
targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious or
gender characteristics. Also called hate crimes.

Cleared crimes two ways by which crimes are cleared:
(1) when at least one person is arrested,

charged, and turned over to the court for prosecution,
(2) by exception means, when some element

beyond police control precludes the physical arrest
of an offender e.g. when he/she leaves the country.

Corporate crimes white collar crime involving a

legal violation by corporate entity, such as price
fixing, restraint of trade, or hazardous waste dumping.
Crime of reduction crimes that are committed when

the offended party experiences a loss of some
quality relative to his her present standing such as
when they become victims of robbery or theft, but
they may also be victimized if their dignity is stripped
from them when they are taunted by racists.
Crimes of repression
crimes that are committed when members of a gro
up are prevented from achieving their fullest
potential because of racism, sexism, or some status
bias.
Cyber-crime
the commission of criminal acts using the instruments
of modern technology such as computers or the
internet.
Economic crime
an act in violation of the criminal law that is designed
to bring financial gain to the offender.
Enterprise crime
the use of illegal tactics by a business to make profit in
the market place.
Expressive crime
a crime that has no purpose except to accomplish
the behavior in their hand such as shooting someone.

Hate crimes
acts of violence or intimidation designed to terrorize or
frighten people considered undesirable because of t
heir race, religion, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation
Inchoate crimes
Incomplete or contemplated crimes such as criminal
solicitation or criminal attempts.

Mission hate crimes

violent crimes committed by disturbed individuals who
see it as their duty to rid the world of evil.
Organizational crimes
crimes that involves large corporations and their effor
ts to control the market place and earn huge profits
through unlawful bidding, unfair advertising,
monopolistic practices, or other illegal means.

Organized crimes
illegal activities of people and organizations whose
acknowledged purpose is profit through illegitimate
business enterprise.
Public Order crimes
acts that are considered illegal because they threaten
general well-being of society and challenge its
accepted moral principles. Prostitution, drug use, and
the sale of pornography are considered public order
crimes.
Reactive hate crime

perpetrators believe they are taking a defensive stand
against outsiders who they believe threaten their
community or way of life.
Retaliatory hate crime
offense committed in response to a hate crime, real
or perceived.
Statutory crimes
crimes defined by legislative bodies in response to c
hanging social conditions, public opinion, and custo
m. P. Ramos
Charlemagne James
Trill-seeking hate crime

Hate mongers who join forces to have fun by bashing
minorities or destroying property; inflicting pain on
others give a sadistic thrill.
Victimless crimes
crimes that violate the moral order but in which there is
no actual victim or target. In these crimes which
include drug abuse and sex offenses, it is society as a
whole and not an individual who is considered the
victim.
White-collar crimes
illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in
the market place. It may involve theft, embezzlement
, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade,
and false advertising.

Other terms referring to crimes
Crime of Rape
Acquaintance rape acquainted with one another.
Aggravated rape rape involving multiple offenders, we
apons and victim injuries.
Date rape forcible sex during the courting relationship.
Gang rape forcible sex involving multiple attacker.
Marital rape legally married to each other.
Serial rape multiple rapes committed by one person
over time.
Statutory rape underage minor female
Crime of killing
Homicide.
Parricide
Infanticide
Sororicide
Fratricide
Matricide
Patricide
Uxorcide
Eldercide
Crime of killing
Abortion
Suicide
Regicide
Vaticide
Euthanasia
Involuntary manslaughter
Voluntary manslaughter
Mass murder
Murder
Serial murder
Crimes against Property
Acquaintance robbery
Arson
Arson for profit
Arson fraud
Burglary
Carjacking
Churning
Commercial theft
Grand Larceny.
Crimes against Property
Larceny
Petit (petty) larceny
Pilferage
Robbery
Shoplifting

TRIAD OF CRIME / TRIANGLE OF CRIME

CRIME PREVENTION
ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION AND APPRAISAL OF C

CRIME RISK…
MEASURES
SOCIAL PREVENTION
SITUATIONAL PREVENTION
Primary, secondary, tertiary LEVELS

Note: agencies of the government in charged with campaign of crime prevention

THE CRIMINAL…
In the legal sense, a criminal is any person who has

been found to have committed a wrongful act in the
course of the standard judicial process;
there must be a final verdict of his guilt.
In the criminological sense, a person is already

considered a criminal
the moment he committed a crime.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
On the basis of etiology:

Acute criminals fit of passion or anger.
chronic criminals deliberated thinking, such as:
Neurotic criminals
intra-psychic conflict
social and anti-social components of his personality.
Normal criminals
normal individual
he identifies himself with criminal prototype.

On the basis of behavioral system:

Ordinary criminals
which require limited skill.
Organized criminals
high degree of organization.
Professional criminals
highly skilled

On the basis of activities:

a)Professional criminals – those who earn their living
through criminal activities.
b)Accidental criminals – those who commit criminal a
cts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.
c)Habitual criminals – those who continue to commit
criminal acts for such diverse reasons due to
deficiency of intelligence and lack of control.
d)Situational criminals not criminals commit crimes
intermixed with legitimate economic activities.
Active Criminals
aggressiveness.
Passive Inadequate Criminals
by reward or promise.
Socialized Delinquents
defective in their socialization process or development
Habitual Delinquent.
RECIDIVIST
VICTIMOLOGY
The Criminal Law…
that branch of public law which defines crimes, treats

of their nature and provides for their punishment
ACT NO 3815
RPC
Effectivity Jan 1, 1932
Approved De 08, 1930

The Criminal Law…
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL LAW
GENERALITY
TERRITORIALITY
PROSPECTIVITY
LEGALITY

EVOLUTION OF CRIMINAL LAWS
PREHISTORIC CRIME AND PUNISHMENT…
Primitive Tribes
Punishment
ostracism and expulsion
Adultery may be punished by the aggrieved husband
avenge

EVOLUTION OF CRIMINAL LAWS
PREHISTORIC CRIME AND PUNISHMENT…
THE EARLY CODES

CODE OF HAMMURABI
THE HITTITES
CODE OF DRAKON
LAWS OF SOLON
ROME’S TWELVE TABLES

DETERMINISM OF CRIMINALITY
THE TWO APPROACHES
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
exist in the individual criminal
Anthropological Approach, Medical Approach,
Biological Approach, Physiological Approach,
Psychological Approach, Psychiatric Approach,
Psychoanalytical Approach.

DETERMINISM OF CRIMINALITY
THE TWO APPROACHES
OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
study of groups, social
Geographic Approach, Ecological Approach,
Economic Approach, Socio – Cultural Approach

CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
DEMONOLOGY
Good and Evil Spirits
Classical School of Criminology
Utilitarianism, Hedonism, Freewill
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
Children and Lunatics
Positivist/Italian School of Criminology
Crime as a Social Phenomenon
Criminals are sick person that needs treatment
PERSONALITIES…
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarian
“The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number of
People”
Hedonism
the theory, which explains that a person always acts
in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

PERSONALITIES…
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
Cesare Beccaria
“ESSAY on Crimes and Punishment”
abolition of torture as a legitimate means
of extracting confessions.
Freewill
a philosophy advocating punishment severe enough
for people to choose

PERSONALITIES…
POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909)
father of modern criminology”
scientific approach to the study of criminal behavior
and to reform the criminal law.
“CRIME: Its Causes and Remedies”

PERSONALITIES…
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso:
Born Criminals - criminal behavior is inherited.

Criminal by Passion -great emotions like fit of anger.
Insane Criminals- abnormalities or psychological
Criminoloid –less physical stamina/self self control.
Occasional Criminal –insignificant reasons /
given occasion.
Pseudo-criminals –kill in self-defense.
PERSONALITIES…
Enrico Ferri (1856 – 1929)

Lombroso’s associate.
rational decision to commit the crime.

PERSONALITIES…
Raffaele Garofalo (1852 – 1934)

he rejected the doctrine of free will and supported th
e position that the only way to understand crime w
as to study it by scientific methods.
atavistic stigmata
man’s inferior/ animalistic behavior
“moral anomalies”

PERSONALITIES…
David Emile Durkheim (French, 1858 - 1917)
“Anomie Theory”
the absence of norms in a society provides a setting
conductive to crimes and other anti-social acts.
it does not lies with the individuals

PERSONALITIES…
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1969)
Psychoanalytical theory
Id
Ego
Super Ego

PERSONALITIES…
Robert Ezra Park (1864 - 1944)

“Human Ecology Theory”
interrelationship of people and their environment
crime is a function of social change
that occurs along with environmental change
isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social cont

ract, interaction and social hierarchy of people

PERSONALITIES…
Ernest Kretschmer (1888 – 1964)
Somatotyping
Asthenic – lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders
Athletic – medium to tall, strong, muscular, course
bones
Pyknic – medium height, rounded figure, massive
neck, broad face
Pyknic to manic depression
asthenics and athletics to schizophrenia.

PERSONALITIES…
William H. Sheldon (1898 – 1977)

Somatotyping Theory
inheritance as the primary determinants of behavior and
the physique is a reliable indicator of personality.

PERSONALITIES…
Endomorphy
soft, roundness, low specific gravity, relaxed and com
fortable disposition.
Mesomorphy
athletic type, muscle, bone and
active and aggressive and they are the most likely to
commit crimes.
Ectomorphy
thin physique, flat chest, delicacy through the body, sl
ender, poorly muscled.
PERSONALITIES…
Edwin Sutherland (1883 - 1950)

“Dean of Modern Criminology”
He said that crime is learned and not inherited.
Differential Association Theory

criminal behavior is learned and not inherited. It is
learned through the process of communication,
and learning process includes technique of committing
the crime, motive and attitude

PERSONALITIES…
Walter Reckless (1899 - 1988)

Containment Theory
external structure
poverty, unemployment and blocked opportunities
internal structure
person’s self control ensured by strong ego, good se
lf image, well developed conscience, high frustrati
on tolerance and high sense of responsibility.

PERSONALITIES…
Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, Willem Bonger
Social Class Conflict and Capitalism Theory

capitalist society is responsible for the creation of
criminal law.

PERSONALITIES…
Robert King Merton (1910)

Strain Theory
failure of man to achieve a higher status of life caused
them to commit crimes
crime is a means to achieve goals
the social structure is the root of the crime problem.
people are law abiding but when under great pressure

will result to crime…

PERSONALITIES…
Albert Cohen (1918)

Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency
lower class cannot socialize
gathered together share their common problems
forming a subculture
rejects middle class values
reaction formation
subculture is called a gang
kids are called delinquents.
PERSONALITIES…
Gresham Sykes (1922)

Neutralization Theory
individual will obey or disobey societal rules
ability to rationalize
protected from hurt or destruction
People become law abiding if they feel they are ben

efited by it and they violate it if these laws are not f
avorable to them…

PERSONALITIES…
Lloyd Ohlin (1928)

DOT – Differential Opportunity Theory
lower class want things
there is differential opportunity,
or access, to success goals
legitimate and illegitimate
lower class groups are provided with greater
opportunities for the acquisition of deviant acts…

PERSONALITIES…
Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker
Labeling Theory
no behavior is intrinsically criminal, behavior
becomes criminal if it is labeled as such.

PERSONALITIES…
Earl Richard Quinney (1934)

Instrumentalist Theory
state exist as a device for controlling the
exploited class
upper classes create laws that protect their interest
major contribution
shift in focus from looking for the causes of crime
from the individual to the examination of the
Criminal Justice System for clues…
Board Question
Who advocated the “Theory of Human Evolution”?
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Cesare Becarria
C. Charles Goring
D. Charles Darwin
Answer- D

PERSONALITIES…
Charles Darwin’s Theory (1809 - 1882)

theory of evolution
humans, like other animals, are parasite
animalistic behavior
that is dependent on other animals for survival
man kills and steal to live…

PERSONALITIES…
Charles Goring’s Theory (1870 - 1919)

accepts the Lombroso’s challenge
that body physique is a determinant to behavior
no such thing a physical chemical type
Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be seen through
features alone.
physically inferior
criminals tend to be shorter
have less weight than non-criminals.
PERSONALITIES…
Earnest Hooton’s Theory (1887 - 1954)

reexamined the work of Goring and found out that
Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud
undersized men are thieves and burglars
short heavy person commit assault, rape,sex crimes
mediocre (average) physique flounder around among
other crimes.
criminals are originally inferior and that crime is the
result of the impact of environment…

PERSONALITIES…
Adolphe Quetelet (1796 - 1874)

Carthographical School of Criminology
social statistics
crimes against persons
increased during summer
crimes against property
tends to increase during winter.

Other VIPs on Theories…
Felicific Calculus
Factors into equation
Crime is worth committing or not
Rational Choice theory

Law violating behavior occurs when the offender
Decides to risk breaking the law after considering
Both personal factors and situational factors.

Human Physiognomy
Giambattista Dela Porta
Johann Kaspar Lavater
Franz Joseph Gall

Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
Cranioscopy/Phrenology

Endomorphy
Viscerotonic
Mesomorphy
Romotonic
Ectomorphy
Cerebrotonic

HEREDITY AS A FACTOR OF CRIMINALITY

Richard Dugdale
Jukes Family
Ada jukes (MARGARET) “mother of all criminal”
280 paupers, 60 thieves, 50 prostitutes,300 premature infants, 7 murderers, 440
sexual diseases,30 bastardy
Henry Goddard
Kallikak Family
Martin Kallikak
143 feeble minded, 46 normal
2 alcoholic, 1 convicted of religious offense, all are mentally normal

Psychosexual stages of human Development

Eros/Thanatos
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Latency
Fixated Person
TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDER

MENTAL DISORDER
Criminogenic Processes
Experience And Human Behavior
Criminal Psychodynamics
Mental processes of criminal in action

MENTAL DISORDER
1. NEUROSES
ANXIETY
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR
OBSESSION
COMPULSION
PHOBIA
DEPRESSION
IMPULSE DISORDER

MENTAL DISORDER
2. PSYCHOSES
SCHIZOPRENIA
PARANOIA
DELUSION
HALLUCINATION
DELUSIONS OF GRANDEUR
DELUSIONS OF PERSECUTION

MENTAL DISORDER
Erotomania
Episodiac Criminal
Kleptomaniac
Masochism
Sadochism
Melancholia
Megalomania
Anthropology

MENTAL DISORDER
ALBERT ALDER
INFERIORITY COMPLEX
ERIK ERIKSON
IDENTITY CRISIS
GABRIEL TARDE
THEORY OF IMITATION

SOCIAL NORMS
SOCIALIZATION
CULTURE

THEORY& MOTIVE
Demonology (5,000 BC-1692 AD)

Demonic Influence
Astrology (3500 BC-1630 AD)

Zodiac/Planetary Influence
Theology (1215 BC-present)

God's will

THEORY& MOTIVE
Medicine (3000 BC -present)

Natural illness
Education (1642-present)
Academic underachievement/bad teachers
Psychiatry (1795-present)
Mental illness

THEORY& MOTIVE
Psychoanalysis (1895-present)
Subconscious guilt/defense mechanisms
Classical School of Criminology (1690--)

Free will/reason/hedonism
Positive School of Criminology (1840--)

Determinism/beyond control of individual

THEORY& MOTIVE
Phrenology (1770-1875)
Bumps on head
Cartography (1800-present)
Geographic location/climate
Mental Testing (1895-present)

Feeble-mindedness/retardation/low IQ

THEORY& MOTIVE
Osteopathy (1892-present)
Abnormalities of bones or joints
Chiropractics (1895-present)
Misalignment of spine/nerves
Imitation (1843-1905)
Mind on mind crowd influences

THEORY& MOTIVE
Economics (1818-present)
Poverty/economic need/consumerism
Case Study Approach (1909-present)

Emotional/social development
Social Work (1903-present)

Community/individual relations

THEORY& MOTIVE
Sociology (1908-present)
Social/environmental factors
Castration (1907-1947)
Secretion of androgen from testes
Ecology (1927-present)
Relation of person with environment

THEORY& MOTIVE
Transexualism (1937-1969)
Trapped in body of wrong sex
Psychosurgery (1935-1959)
Frontal lobe dysfunction/need lobotomy
Culture Conflict (1938-1980)

Conflict of customs from “old” country

THEORY& MOTIVE
Differential Association (1939-present)

Learning from bad companions
Anomie (1938-present)
State of normlessness/goal-means gap
Differential Opportunity (1961-present)

Absence of legitimate opportunities

THEORY& MOTIVE
Alienation (1938-1975)
Frustration/feeling cut off from others
Identity (1942-1980)
Hostile attitude/crisis/sense of sameness
Identification (1950-1955)
Making heroes out of legendary criminals

THEORY& MOTIVE
Containment (1961-1971)
Outer temptation/inner resistance balance
Prisonization (1940-1970)
Customs and folkways of prison culture
Gang Formation (1927-present)

Need for acceptance, status, belonging

THEORY& MOTIVE
Behavior Modification (1938-1959)

Reward/Punishment Programming
Social Defense (1947-1971)

Soft targets/absence of crime prevention
Guided Group Interaction (1958-1971)

Absence of self-responsibility/discussion

THEORY& MOTIVE
Interpersonal Maturity (1965-1983)

Unsocialized, subcultural responses
Sociometry (1958-1969)
One’s place in group network system
Dysfunctional Families (1958-present)

Members “feed off” other’s neurosis

THEORY& MOTIVE
White-collar Crime (1945-present)

Cutting corners/bordering on illegal
Control Theory (1961-present)

Weak social bonds/natural predispositions
Strain Theory (1954-present)

Anger, relative deprivation, inequality

THEORY& MOTIVE
Subcultures (1955-present)
Criminal values as normal within group
Labeling Theory (1963-1976)

Self-fulfilling prophecies/name-calling
Neutralization (1957-1990)
Self-talk, excuses before behavior

THEORY& MOTIVE
Drift (1964-1984)
Sense of limbo/living in two worlds
Reference Groups (1953-1978)

Imaginary support groups
Operant Conditioning (1953-1980)

Stimuli-to-stimuli contingencies

THEORY& MOTIVE
Reality Therapy (1965-1975)

Failure to face reality
Gestalt Therapy (1969-1975)

Perception of small part of "big picture"
Transactional Analysis (1961-1974)

No communication between inner parent-adult-child

THEORY& MOTIVE
Learning Disabilities (1952-1984)

School failure/relying on "crutch"
Biodynamics (1955-1962)
Lack of harmony with environment
Nutrition and Diet (1979-present)

Imbalances in mineral/vitamin content

THEORY& MOTIVE
Metabolism (1950-1970)
Imbalance in metabolic system
Biofeedback (1974-1981)
Involuntary reactions to stress
Biosocial Criminology (1977-1989)

Environment triggers inherited "markers"

THEORY& MOTIVE
The "New Criminology" (1973-1983)

Ruling class oppression
Conflict Criminology (1969-present)

Structural barriers to class interests
Critical Criminology (1973-present)

Segmented group formations

THEORY& MOTIVE
Radical Criminology (1976-present)

Inarticulation of theory/praxis
Left Realism (1984-present)

Working class prey on one another
Criminal Personality (1976-1980)

Errors of thinking

THEORY& MOTIVE
Criminal Pathways Theory (1979-present)

Critical turning/tipping points in life events
Feminism (1980-present)
Patriarchial power structures
Low Self Control Theory (1993-present)

Impulsiveness, Sensation-seeking

THEORY& MOTIVE
General Strain Theory (1994-present)

Stress, Hassles, Interpersonal Relations

Board Question
This theory emphasizes on the state of individual of

living in two worlds
A. Drift theory
B. Left Realism
C. Conflict Criminology
D. Transexualism
Answer- A

Other V.I.Ps
Present theories
Biological-psychological organism
Personality-feeblemindedness causes crime
Primary social groups-societal variables such as;
bad neighborhood etc…
Broader social process- loop holes of the penal
system

PART 2

PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

(CJS)
machinery which society
uses in the prevention and control of crime.
The process is the totality of the activities of
law enforcers, prosecutors, defense lawyers,
judges and corrections personnel, as well as those
of the mobilized community in
crime prevention and control.

Board Question
The United states Criminal Justice System are:
A. Police, Prosecutor, Judge

B. Police, Courts, Community
C. Police, Courts, Corrections
D. Police, Jury, Corrections
Answer- C

Three Pillars of the American Justice System
LAW ENFORCEMENT/POLICE
COURTS
CORRECTIONS

PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
What are the major components of the CJS?
• Police or Law Enforcement

• Prosecution
• Courts
• Corrections
• Mobilized Community
PPCCC (2Ps & 3 Cs)…

What are the functions of the major components
of the CJS?
1. To prevent and control the commission of crime

2. To enforce the law;
3. To safeguard lives, individual rights, and properties;
4. To investigate, apprehend, prosecute and sentence
those who violated the rules of society; and,
5. To rehabilitate the convicts and reintegrate them
into the community as law-abiding citizens.

The Police or Law Enforcement Pillar
THE FIRST PILLAR

Police/Law enforcement
Philippine National Police (PNP)
the prevention and control of crimes, enforcement of
laws, and affecting the arrest of offenders,
including the conduct of lawful searches and seizures
to gather necessary evidences so that a complaint
may be filed with the Prosecutor’s Office.

History of Philippine Policing System
Ancient Roots
Practice of barangay chieftains
Spanish Period
Carabineros de Seguridad Publica
1712
Carries regulation of the department state
Mounted police
Port, harbor and river police
Guardrilleros
Rural police
Royal Decree 18 jan 1836
5% of able bodied man
3 years
Guardia Civil
Feb 12 1852
Filipino Policemen
Alcalde Mayor
American Period
General Howard Taft
Act No. 70 of Taft Commision
Jan 9, 1901
Metropolitan Police Force of Manila

Act no. 175- “An Act Providing For The Organization

And Government Of An Insular Constabulary”
July 18, 1901
Act no. 255 - “The Act Renamed The Insular

Constabulary Into Philippine Constabulary”
October 3, 1901

Executive Order 389 – PC as one of the four serv

ices of the AFP. Dec 23 1940
RA 4864
POLCOM
(Police Professionalism Act 1966)
Sept. 8 1966

PD 765
Integration Act of 1975
August 8 1975
E.O. 1012
Transfer of INP supervision and direction
City and Municipal Government

RA 6975
Dec 13 1990
RA 8551
Feb 25 1998
RA 9708
“National in Scope Civilian In Character”

Prosecution Pillar
The second pillar

investigation of the complaint
Once a prima facie case has been determined
Regional Trial Court
warrant of arrest for the accused will be issued by
the court once the information has been filled.

Courts Pillar
The third pillar of the CJS
is the forum where the prosecution is given the

opportunity to prove that there is a strong evid
ence of guilt against the accused
“day in court” to disprove the accusation against

him.

Courts Pillar
• Court
• The court is an entity
• The court possess the element of stability and
permanency
• Judge
• The judge is a person appointed to a court
• The judge may come and go anytime

Regular Courts in the Philippines
Supreme Court (SC)

Court of Appeals (CA)
Regional Trial Courts (RTC)
Municipal Trial Courts (MTC)
Metropolitan Trial Courts
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MCTC)
Sandiganbayan (SB)

Corrections Pillar
The fourth pillar

takes over once the accused, after having been fou
nd guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he
committed.
non-institutional or institutional agency or facility for

custodial treatment and rehabilitation

Community Pillar
The fifth pillar

two-fold role
First, partners of the peace officers in reporting the cri
me incident, and helping in the arrest of the offender
.
Second, it has the responsibility to participate in the
promotion of peace and order through crime preventio
n or deterrence and in the rehabilitation of convicts
and their reintegration to society.

What is Citizen’s Arrest?
Rule 113 sec. 5
Flagrante Delicto
Hot Pursuit
Escapee/Refugee of law

BARANGAY COUNCILIATION
RA 7160
Local Gov’t Code of 199
What is superseded PD 1508?

It was superseded by Chapter 7, Section 399 to 422
of RA 7160

Cases over which the lupon of each barangay may
take cognizance
Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding

one (1) year or a fine exceeding Five Thousand
Pesos (P 5,000.00);

Offenses cognizable by the Lupon include:
Alarms and Scandals (Art. 155)

Use of false certificates (Art. 175)
Concealing one’s true name and other personal circumstances
(Art. 178, part 2)
Physical injuries committed in a tumultuous affray (Art. 252)
Slight physical injuries and maltreatment (Art. 266)
Other forms of trespass (Art. 281)
Other light threats (Art. 285)
Other light coercion or unjust vexations (Art. 287)

Some forms of thefts (Art. 208, par. 3, and Art 30

98, par 8)
Altering boundaries or landmarks (Art. 313)
Other deceits (Art. 318)
Arson of property of small value (Art. 323)
Social cases of malicious mischief (Art. 328)
Other mischief’s (Art. 329)
Slight slander (Art. 358)

Slander by deed not of a serious nature (Art. 359)

Intriguing against honor (Art. 364)
Theft, swindling or malicious mischief committed
or caused mutually by certain relatives, where t
here is no criminal but only civil liability.

Board Question
It is the process by which the Lupon chairman meets

with the parties together with their witnesses to
mediate with their conflicting interest?
A. Mediation
B. Conciliation
C. Settlement
D. Amicable Agreement
Answer- A
The law “creating a katarungan pambarangay
commission to study the feasibility of resolving
disputes in barangay level?
A. P.D. 1293
B. P.D. 1508
C. P.D. 7160
D. R.A. 9344
Answer - A
P.D. 1508 – the law establishing a system of amicably
setting disputes at the barangay level
R.A. 7160- Local Government code
Lupong Tagapamayapa
-it is a body of men created to settle disputes within
the barangay level. It is also called as LUPON

PART 3
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY…
Anti-Social Act or Behavior
Delinquent
Is one whose behavior brought to a minor or child
in repeated conflict with the law

Laws Governing Minors
E.O. 209
R.A. 6809
R.A. 7610
P.D. 603
R.A. 7658
R.A. 9231
R.A. 9344

BOARD QUESTION
The following are trial segments of the criminal justice

process EXCEPT:
A. Initial contact C. pre-trial

B. Post-trial D. trial
ANSWER- B

JUVENILE
MINOR
CHILDREN
A person of tender year
Not emancipated with the law
Below the age of maturity
Below 18 years of age
Those unable to fully take care of themselves
because of their Physical/mental conditions
Types of Delinquent Youths
Social (Socialized)
Association with people in the society
They learned DEVIANT behavior and become
aggressive type
Recent Authority of anyone

Make an effort to control their behavior…

Neurotic
Distortion of personality
Ideas and perception
Internalize conflict and pre-occupied with his

own feelings…

PSYCHOTIC
Personality disorders
Distorted perception
Acts Violence
MURDER

SOCIOPATHIC
Egocentric Personality
No compassion with others
Gangsters

ACCIDENTAL
LESS identifiable in Character
Wrong place
Wrong time
Delinquent acts are not his typical behavior…

APPROACHES TOWARD DELINQUENCY
Biogenic Approach
Faulty Biology
Psychogenic approach
Personality Disorder
Sociogenic Approach
Social structure and Learning Process

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
Abandoned Child vs. Neglected Child
Deserted for 6 continuous months
Basic needs are unattended or inadequately

unattended

Illegitimate child vs. legitimate child

parents are legally married
Legally married
Spurious children
Adulterous children
Incestuous children
Manceres children
Artificial insemination(surrogate mother)
Detention home vs. rehabilitation center

24 hour child caring institution
awaiting court disposition
Receives and rehabilitate
Involuntary vs. voluntary commitment

Effected by the court
Relinquishment of guardianship right
BOARD QUESTION
What is the first rehabilitation center for delinquent

boys?
A. Vicente Madrigal Rehabilitation Center

B. Marilao Hills
C. Acacia group home
D. Youth residence
Answer- A
Social disorganization vs. social disintegration
Break down of organizational structures
Deviation or departure from societal norms

Community vs. anomie
Prostitution vs. promiscuity
Impotency vs. sterility

Vicente Madrigal Rehabilitation Center
First rehabilitation for delinquent boys
Marilao Hills
Accredited center for delinquent girls
Acacia group home
Temporary home fro minor delinquents
Located at Quezon City
Youth residence
Halfway houses
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
FAMILY
ENVIRONMENT
POVERTY
MASS MEDIA
POLICE
PEERS, COMPANION
SCHOOL
Other factors such as: unemployment, emotional
immaturity, ego, psychopath personality…
PART 4
Human Behavior
& Crisis Management

Human Behavior vs. Psychology
Neurological- human actions, events that are
taking place inside the body.
Behavioral- external activities
(observed and measured)
Cognitive- brain process (information)
Psychoanalytical-unconscious motives
Humanistic- subjects experience (freedom of cho
ice and motivation for self actualization)

Psychology of human adjustment
3 elements of adjustment process:
a. A need which arises
b. Purposive behavior – leading toward
c. A goal – which satisfies the need

Hierarchy of needs (A.H. Maslow)
self-actualization
Self esteem
Love and belonging
Safety needs
Physiological needs

Why some people fail to reach their goal?
A. Unrealistic goal
B. Harmful anti-social goal
C. Conflicting goal
D. Environmental difficulties

FRUSTRATION
PERSON IS BLOCKED IN THE SATISFACTION

OF HIS NEEDS
Fight-fight reaction

Anxiety – apprehension of tension, uneasiness
from anticipation of danger the source is unknown
or recognized
Phobia – irrational fear
Obsession and compulsion
regression – attempts to experience them again in

the memory
Memory disorder or amnesia– painful memories
(shocking experience) repressed and cannot be
recalled.
Delusion - a false belief
Hallucination - false perception (absence of

external stimulus)

Defense mechanism
Unconscious psychological processes
Safety valve to provide relief
Self-deception

Normal vs. abnormal person
Neurosis
Psychotic
anti-social, psychopath, sociopath

Criminal

HOMEOSTASIS
Defense mechanism
Psychosomatic reactions
Psychoneurotic reactions
Psychotic reactions
Delinquency or criminality

Disturbance of mentality
Insanity
Persistent inability of the individual through men
tal cause to adapt himself to the environment
Mental deficiency
Incomplete development before the age of 18

IDIOT
IMBECILE
FEEBLE MINDED
Morally defective – devoid of moral sense

(alcoholism, drugs)
Other types of mental disturbances…
Somnanbulism
Semisomnolence/somnolencia
Hypnotism/mesmerism
Delirium- confusion of the mind

CRISIS/CRISES
Riot, lawless violence, disturbance, hostage taking

situation et al… that need police reaction or action
Crisis management
Proper way of dealing with crisis…

Hostage negotiation
1. Hostages are not important for the hostage taker

2. authority must come not to be the victor
3. Preservation of life need to live on the part of the
hostage taker

Possible hostage taker
a. Mentally deranged
b. Personality disorder
c. Severely depressed
d. Sociopath-anti social

3 types of hostage taker
1. Psychological needs/wants
2. Professional attention
3. Terrorist/prisoner – wants publicity and attention
REACTION TIME

PART 5
POLICE ETHICS
AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS

RA 3019
RA 6713
RA 7080
PLEB

MISFEASANCE
MALFEASANCE
NONFEASANCE

• “As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental
duty is to serve mankind”
• “To safeguard lives and property; to protect the
innocent against deception, the weak against
oppression or intimidation; and the peaceful against
violence or disorder”
• “To respect the constitutional rights of all men to
liberty, equality and justice”

• “I will keep my private life unsullied as an example
to all”
• “ Maintain courageous calm in the face of danger,
scorn or ridicule and develop self restrain”
• “ Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or
that is confided to me in my official capacity will be
kept secret unless revelation is necessary in the
performance of my duty”

• “I will never permit personal feelings, prejudice,
animosities or friendship to influence my decisions”
• “I will never act officiously”
• “With no compromise for crime and with relentless
prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law
courteously and appropriately without fear or favor,
malice or ill-will”
• “I will never employ unnecessary force or violence
”

• “I will never accept gratuities”
• “ I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of
public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be
held so long as I am true to the ethics of police
service”
• “I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives
and ideals dedicating my self before God, to my
chosen profession… Law Enforcement”

The Police Officer’s Pledge
 I will love and serve God, my country and people.

 I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders
of duly constituted authorities.
 I will oblige myself to maintain high standard of
morality.
 I will respect the customs and traditions of the
police service.
 I will live a decent and virtuous Life to serve as an
example.
PART 5-A
Seminar on Contemporary Police Problems

AREAS OF CONCERN ABOUT POLICE
PROBLEMS:
A. POOR PNP CREDIBILITY
-LEADERSHIP CRISIS
-CONTINUING PUBLIC SKEPTICISM ABOUT

GOVERNMENT ANNOUCEMENT ABOUT
CLEANSING PROCESS OF RANKS OF THE PNP

PROBLEMS:
-PERCEIVED AND AKCNOWLEDGE PRESENCE

OF SCALAWAG
-POOR SENSE OF COMMITMENT AND ATTITUD

E

PROBLEMS:
B. POLICE APATHY AND LACK OF

INVOLVEMENT BY THE COMMUNITY

PROBLEMS:
C. LOW MORALS
D. POLICE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION

AND CONTROL

PROBLEMS:
CATEGORIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF

POLICE PROBLEM:
-RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MILITARY

-RELATIONSHIP WITH LOCAL EXECUTIVES
-RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER AGENCIES OF
POLICE FUNCTION
- RELATIONSHIP WITH CSC

PROBLEMS:
1. UNDER RA 6975
2. MAYORS AND GOVERNORS SELECTION
OF COP AND PDs
3. NBI
4. COAST GUARD,MARINES,
5. NAPOLCOM AND DILG

PROBLEMS:
RECRUITMENT PROBLEM
PROBLEM IN PROMOTION
PROBLEM N APPOINTMENT
PROBLEM IN TRAINING
PROBLEM IN ASSIGNMENT
LATERAL ENTRY
PROBLEM IN DISCIPLINE
UNIONISM, ASSOCIATION OVERTIME PAY
ETC….
PROBLEMS:
VACANCIES RA 7041
BATA BATA SYSTEM
CORRUPTION
DISCIPLINE
RETIREMENT
PNP GSIS
CRIMINOLOGISTS

PROBLEMS:
E. PROBLEMS ON OPERATIONS
RECORDS MANAGEMENT
POLICE MOBILITY
COIN
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
CRIMES
PEOPLE SHY AWAY

PART 6
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH

BOARD QUESTION
A research technique wherein a group who share

some common characteristics is observed over a
period of time.
A. Observation C. Experimental
B. Survey D. Cohort
ANSWER- D

Cohort
a sample of subjects whose behavior is followed
over a period of time
attitude survey
surveys that measure the attitudes, beliefs, and
values of different groups
chivalry hypothesis
The idea that low female crime and delinquency
rates are a reflection of the leniency with which
police treat female offenders.
cross-section research
Uses survey data derived from all age, race, gender,
and income segments of the population measured
simultaneously. Since people from every age
group are represented, age-specific crimes rates can
be determined. Proponents believe this is a
sufficient substitute for the more expensive
longitudinal approach that follows a group of
subjects over time to measure crime rate changes.

deconstruction analysis
An approach that focuses on the use of language by
those in power to define crime based on their
own values and biases; also called postmodernist,

dialectic method
For every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing
argument, or antithesis. Since neither position can
ever be truly accepted, the result is a merger of the
two ideas, a synthesis. Marx adapted this analytic
method for his study of class struggle.
synthesis A merger of two opposing ideas.

retrospective cohort study
A study that uses an intact cohort of known
offenders and looks back into their early life
experiences by checking their educational, family,
police, and hospital records.
retrospective reading The reassessment of a

person’s past to fit a current generalized label.

self-report survey
A research approach that requires subjects to
reveal their own participation in delinquent or
criminal acts.

BOARD QUESTION
Murder cases numbered 180 in 2010 and 220 in

2011 what was the percent increase?
A. +20.2% C. +22.2%
B. +22.0% D. +20.1%

If Metro Manila accounts for 26% of the national
total crime volume of 84, 875, How many crimes
were reported to the police?
a. 22, 868
b. 22, 068
c. 20, 250
d. 32, 644

With a population of 195,000 and a volume crim
e of 2,540, in Municipality A, What is its crime
rate?
a. 1465.2
b. 1203.5
c. 1230.6
d. 1302.6

END…
And my motivational Story

The Story of the Tiger
The tiger was
wandering and
wondering
He ask:
how could I find
happiness?

The other
tiger readily
replied:
Try to
chase your
tail…
Just go
forward and
happiness will
follow you…


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V.I.P.

Charlemagne James P. Ramos

Criminal Sociology, Ethics and Human Relations (15%)

Charlemagne James P. Ramos

What was the first school to offer Criminology

A. City College of Manila

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Plaridel College (Known now as PCCr)

The first College to offer Criminology in the Philippines

City College of Manila

The date of effectiveness of R.A. no 6506 an act

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repudiated by George Wilkins

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complex crime – single act constituting two or