APPENDIX |

Beta and Gamma Functions

We have already discussed the convergence of the improper integrals

(1 x) d, and| d

for m-1<0, and n- 1 <0 in chapter 11 Sections 3.4 and 4.4 respectively.
second converges for m> 0.
We have seen that the first integral converges if m >0,n>0 and the
and denoted by B(m, n) and
These integrals are named as Beta and Gamma functions, respectively

r(m), respectively.

=2 sin2m-l0 cosn-e de, (x sin 6)

=

i.., B(m, m) | (1- x)*- d

and
dr (t=r)
r(m)= e d* =2
have established a relation between them, viz.,
chapter 17, example 25,
we
Also in
B ( m,
, n)=m)r()

Formula
We shall now give Legendre's Duplication
T r(2m) =22m-l r(m) r (m+.
we have
/2 sin2m- cos d9 (1)
r(mr)_
T(m +n)
B(m, n) =2 |

=
we have
Taking n m,
T/2
(Tm)) B(m, m) =2sin 0 cos 0 de
T(2m)
T/2
-
22m-2Jo
sin2m- 20
de
s i n - " o do (20 =0) .(2)
840 MathematicalAnalysis
In (1) taking n = ", we get
2

r(m)r/2)-2
r(m+ ) , sin-0de .(3)
From (2) and (3), we obtain

(T(m)) Ir(m)rG)
r(2m) 9 2m-1 T(m+)
or

23Tm)T r(2m), since

rv
This proves the required duplication formula.

Ex. Prove that r(1/4) r(3/4) V27.=

Next, employing integrating by parts to the Gamma function

r(m) = d, m>0
we obtain

Tm +1) = limx" e dr
bo a
a0+

= lim -b e+a" e" + m e" dr

boo
a0+

=mT(m), since b e 0 , as b - , and

ae 0, as a > 0+ (: m> 0)
(m + 1)= ml(m), Ym>0.
Further, since r(1) = 1, so it can be easily shown that

r(n + 1) = n!, VneN.

Ex. 1. Show that

2(p + 1)
Ex. 2. Show that

r(m) r(1 -m) =r/sin mx, 0<m<l

[Hint: B (m, 1 - m) = (m) r(1- m)-
r(m) T(1- m)
T()
Appendix Beta and Gamma Functions
841
and

B(m,1-m) = 1x" d

- Jo 1+ydy. taking x = y/(1 + y).

Evaluate this improper integral, and use
exercise 8, chapter 14.]
Example 1. Show that

o (1+x) m* =B(m, n), for m, n> 0

Put

dt
dx =
(1- 12' Wnen r varies from 0 to o, t varies from 0 to 1.

m-1
- at
(1-1)

11 d =B(m.m
Example 2. Show that for l> 0, m>0

-a (b- x)" de =(b -a)*m BU, m)

Put x= py +
q, where p and q are such that whenx =
a, y =
0 and when x =
b, =
1. This
p=b-a, and a a=

and the integral becomes

y gives

-So-a)y+a-a]" (b-(6-a)y- a)"" (b-a) dy

=
(b-a-elem- y- (1-y)- dy =(b- am B(1, m)
Example 3. Show that

1-1)" (1+2x) d= 93 B2/3.1/3)

at
Put 1 where a is a constant to be chosen so that the given integral becomes Beta
function
at

1-(1-a)
 Appendix -Beta and Gamma Functions
841
and

B(m,1 m) = (1 - x)" dx

d y . taking x = y/(1 + y)
Evaluate this improper integral, and use exercise 8, chapter 14.]
Example 1. Show that

J.0 (1+ x)
mtn dr = B(m. n), for m, n> 0

Put

dt
dx =-
when x varies from 0 to , varies from 0 to 1.

- 1

.
Jo (1+ x " - t)
1-1
(1-1) dt

=
(1 -

)- dt =
Bm, )
Example 2. Show that for l> 0, m>0

x- a) (b -

x)- dx =
(b -

a)em-1 B(l, m)
Put x= py + q, where p and q are such that when
p - b - a, and a = a and the integral becomes
x =
a, y=0 and when x =
b, y =
1. This gives

=b-a) y+a -al' (6-(b-a)y -a)- (b - a) dy

=
b-a-1-l+m=-1 y-l (1-y"= dy =(b -a)- B(1, m)
Example 3. Show that

1-x)*2 (1+2x)" de =a 9V3

B(2/3. V3)
at
Put , where a is a constant to be chosen so that the given integral becomes Beta

function
at

x1-(1-a
842 Mathematical Analysiss
2dt when x = 0, 1 = 0
dx =
[-(1 a)t]

1- 1-1+ 3at adt

|1-(1 -a)] 1-1-a)] 1-(1-a) [-(-a)

a23V[1- (1 -3a)] dt
(1-)

Ifwe choose a = then the integral becomes a Beta function and therefore taking a =we have
3

E /9)-(111)3)- dt =9B(2/3.
3
1/3)

Example 4. Ifn is a positive integer, prove that the ratio of the areas enclosed by the curves

+y =1, x + y =l is n2/(n + 1)
For area under the 1st curve

Put " = cos 0. y = sin^ 0

then the area is

A 4sine cosm)0(
(-sin) do
4 sin cosn)0 de

-2 r3/2)r/2n)
n T(1/2n + 3/2)
Similarly putting x" = coss 6, y" = sins 6, the area under the 2nd curve is

A-4sin e cosn)- 0 sin 0 de

n

-
sin(/m)+1g cosllin)-ede

4 )E)
Appendir2Beta and Gamma Functions 843

* )

(2

2n
n+l,

Using duplication formula,

2m-
we get

2nn

n+1
( +1) 2-n1 r
Example 5. Evaluate the integrals

cos cos bx dr, and ea x- sin bx dx, m>0

Hence or otherwise show that

(mt/2)
cos bx dx =cos and sinbxd= sin

Now

Taking k=a - ib, |k|>0

T(m)
-a-ib)x - dx =
(a ib)"

T(m) (a + ib)"
e bx d =
(a ib)" (a + ib)"

(cos bx +i sin bx)x"- dr = (m) (a + ib)"

e (a +b
844 Mathematical Analysis
Writing a + ib = r (cos + i sin 0), and separating the real and imaginary parts, we get

T(m) cos m
eea cos bx x"- dr =
where 6 = tan-'2a
(a +b2m/2
and

sin br - 1 dr m) sin me 0 tan- O

e =
where =

(a +b2)m/2 a

Taking a =0,0 r/2

m)cos(mz/2)
cos br r- dr =

and
=(m)sin(mt/ 2)
sin bx - 1 dr

EXERCISE
1. Show that
qn+m+l

p-x'yde =-
>0.
ifp>0, q>0, m +1>0, n+1
2. Prove that

d r = B(m, n).

m-1
dx
Hint: Bm, n) =Jo(l+ x)m*n = o
(1+ x)
d++, 1 +x" dx

Put r=in the second integral.|

(xM+x d 2ß (m, n).

=

(1 x "
3. Show that for m, n>0,

d k =Bm,
(b+ e"n)b"
Jo (b+ cr)*" (b+c)" b"

Hint: Put y = 0 +c)r|

b+ cx
ADpendix EBeta and Gamma Functions 845
4. Show that

d t =n B(x, n + 1), where x >0.

5. Show that for m>0,

(B(m, m) = 2-2 B(m, }).

() B(m, m) B(m +. m+})= xm'2m

6. Prove that

( nz/2 dxJ, sin de=.

4 2

7. Show that

12 V

(i) x')2 dx =2Cm)-l r(/P/»T(2/n).

o

2a 20 is
8. Show that the perimeter ofthe lemniscate
= cos

9. Show that the perimeter

of a loop of the curve

" = a" cos ne

bounded by the
curve r" =d', and the co-ordinate axes in the first quadrant is
10. Show that the
area

(T(/)/2nT(2/m)