L-01

MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MAHENDHIRAPURI, MALLASAMUDRAM - 637503
Dept: ECE Semester/Year: IV/II

Lecture Handouts
Subject Name : ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 
Staff Name : M.Sweetline Sonia
Unit :I ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Topic of Lecture: Introduction to Communication System
Introduction :
Communication – Basic process of exchanging information from one location (source) to
destination (receiving end). The science of communication involving long distances is called
telecommunication. (Tele stands for long Distance)
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete learning of Topic:
 Human communication model (Sender, Medium(Channel) and Receiver)
 Signal parameter (Wavelength, Amplitude, Frequency & Phase Angle)
 Functions of basic electronic system ( Transmitter, Channel and Receiver)
Detailed content of the Lecture:
1.0 Introduction to Communication System:

 Two of the main barriers in human communications are distances and languages

Fig. (1.1) Human Communication Model Fig. (1.2) Barriers of Human Communication

 The distance problem is solved by means of Tele communication (Long distance

communication using Electronics systems)
 The two basic types of communications systems are analog and digital.
 Analog systems, both the information and the carrier are analog signals.
 In digital, the digital pulses are transferred between two or more points in a
communication system.

1.1 General Communication System:

The basic communication components are
 A transmitter,
 A communication channel or medium. and
 A receiver
 Fig. (1.3) General Communication System

Fig. (1.4) General Electronic Wireless Communication System

Information Source:
 The information signal can be analog or digital.
 The original source information can be in analog form, such as the human voice, or
music, or in digital form, such as binary coded numbers of alphanumeric codes.
Transmitter:
 A transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to convert
the information into a signal suitable for transmission over c given communications
medium.
 In addition to that it increases the power level of the signal. The power level should be
increased in order cover a wide range'
Communication Channel:
 The communication channel is the medium by which the electrical signal is sent from
one place to another.
 Depending on the type of communication channel, two types of communication systems
will exist.
Wire Communication or Line Communication:
 The line communication systems use the communication medium like the simple wires
or cables or optical fibers. Here message transmission capability is also limited.
Wireless Communication or Radio Communication:
 In wireless communication, the information signal is transmitted through free space by
electromagnetic waves called radio waves.
 Radio waves are radiated from the transmitter in open space through a device called
antenna. Example radio or TV broadcasting, satellite communication
 Wireless communication is mostly used for long distant communication as well as wide
coverage area.
Receiver:
 The main functions of the receiver are,
(i) Receive the message signal from the channel and
(ii) Reproduce the message signal from the distorted signal which is received from channel.
Noise and Distortion:
 Noise is random, undesirable electric energy that enters the communication system via
the communication medium and interferes with the transmitted message.
  Distortion is the process of changing shape of the communicating signal that may
mislead message signal instead of reaching the destination.
Drawbacks of Base band Transmission (Without Modulation)
 Excessively large antenna heights, Signals get mixed up, Short range of communication.
 Multiplexing is not possible and poor quality of reception.
The above drawbacks can be overcome by means of modulation techniques.
1.2 Modulation:
Why Modulation?
 In radio communication signals from various sources are transmitted through the free
space.
 This causes interference among various signals, and useful message is received by the
receiver.
 The problem of interference is solved by translating the message signals to different radio
frequency spectrum. This done by the transmitter by a process known as modulation.
Modulation
 Modulation is a fundamental requisite for communication to achieve long distance
communication.
 Modulation may be defined as the process by which some parameter of high frequency
signal termed as carrier, is varied in accordance with the information (modulating or
baseband) signal.
 The carrier is supposed to carry the information from transmitter to receiver.
 The term baseband designates the band of frequencies representing the signal supplied
by the source of information.
Demodulation or Detection:
 The process of extracting a modulating signal from the modulated signal is called
demodulation or detection
Need Of Modulation (Or) Advantages Of Modulation
 The advantages of modulation are,
 Easy of radiation, Adjustment of bandwidth, Reduction in height of antenna,
 Avoids mixing of signals, Increases the range of communication, Multiplexing, and
Improves quality of reception
Video Content / Details of website for further learning :
1) https://youtu.be/TPm0XSPxld8
2) https://youtu.be/qy97FIbtwxU
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
1) Electronic and Communication Systems, Kennedy-Davis, Tata McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition -
2008 (Page No: 1 To 5)
2) Communication Systems-I, J. S. Chitode, Technical Publication, Third Revised Edition – 2004
(Page No: 1 To 9)

Subject Teacher Verified by HOD