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Data Mining for Smart Agriculture

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25085.18403

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 Data Mining for Smart Agriculture
DAP Madhubhashini
Faculty of Information Technology, University of Moratuwa
piyumi.m.dasanayaka@gmail.com
Abstract— Data mining has been engaged with different
kind of fields such as medicine, super markets, education.
Agricultural field is one of the fields data mining has been
emerged. Data mining uses for taking decisions related to
several issues in agricultural field. Due to some reasons the
agricultural data increases day by day. Data mining
enables farmers to identify potentially interesting and
unknown patterns in large volume of datasets. This paper
discusses about what are the techniques related to data
mining and usage of those techniques in agriculture field to
overcome the existing barriers and to pick out the further
developments to enhance the performance in agricultural
field.
Keywords— Data mining, Knowledge discover in
database(KDD), Knowledge Discovery in Precision Agriculture
(KDPL), k-means Approah, Biclustering, Bayseine classifier
I. INTRODUCTION
Data mining is the knowledge discovering technique by
analyzing the potentially interesting and unknown patterns in
large volume of datasets from summarizing the useful
information in various perspectives [1]. Extracted knowledge
from different data sets is used for better decision making at
critical situations. Knowledge discover in database (KDD),
often called data mining,[1], Extract knowledge which are
included in dataset and transfer that data in to human
understandable form to further use is an objective of the Data
mining. Three areas are related to the development of
techniques in data mining. That are machine learning, artificial
intelligence and statistics [16].
Figure 1 Representation of classification of data mining
techniques.
Agriculture is defining as a most influential area in the both
kind of countries such as developing and developed countries.
Information technology plays a main role in various level of
modern agriculture. Time between selection of seeds and
produce the marketed products, technology enhance the
quality of the pre and past harvest. As well as technology is
used for enhancing the productivity, diseases recovery and
preventing the attack by microorganism of the various
production areas in agriculture [2].
By using the modern technologies in agriculture, yield and
take decision stages are become better and more acceptable.
When the Take decision related on field of agriculture, data
mining gives solution for several inconvenient situations. This
study supposed to discuss how data mining is act in
agricultural field. Nowadays areas were irrigated are less.
Therefore, as the percentage, the productivity is less. Because
of the less productivity demand of the market is increasing.
Therefore, people who are interesting to agriculture field put
more effort and advanced techniques to increase the
productivity to supply the demand. Result of that extra effort,
the agricultural data increases day by day. Therefore, there
should be involuntary mechanism to extract the data when
required. However nowadays, the number of farmers who are
using new techniques and methods to do the production in an
efficient manner is very few. Data mining is more suitable for
the predicting the longer-term development of processes in
field of agriculture [4].
The order of the paper is as follows. Overview of the data
mining and agriculture is described under second section.
In the third section major researches related to data mining in
agricultural field is described. Current issues of data mining
under agriculture field and the applications of data mining are
discussed under section four and section five. Section six and
section seven are carried the discussion and future directions.
II. OVERVIEW OF DATA MINING AND SMART
AGRICULTURE
Data mining is identifying and visualizing the pattern in large
volume of datasets. The goal is defining as abstract
knowledge from large data set, analyze those data and
transform those data to form of human understandable for
further use. When analyzing the data set consider the different
perspectives in different manner and do not have any restrict
method to analyze the data. Descriptive and Predictive data
mining are two different categories in data mining to classify
the data. Descriptive data mining set out the data according to
general properties and Predictive data mining helps to predict
future values considered the past results [4].
 To extract the patterns and models from large volume of data
set involves applications which consisting algorithms and set
of steps such as preparing data, selection of the data, cleaning
the data, interpret the useful data. Data mining is used to
identify and display the statistical information according to
soil, climate situations, history of crop yield, government
strategies related to agricultural field. Clustering, Regression
and Association rules are the main data mining techniques that
have been used to address the agricultural problem.
Association rules mainly use to find the relationships on
transactional databases. Also find the elements that occur in
repeatedly. Partition, Pruning (DHP), Apriori Algorithm (AA)
are examples for association rule data mining algorithm. In
agricultural field, association rules used to identify diseases
which are spreading by insect. Clustering is a data mining
technique which used to shift the elements through set of data
to extract the relevant information that has been used to take
decisions. Farmers use clustering to find most suitable data for
development and management of crops. Regression is a data
mining technique that has been used to predict and estimate
the probabilities of a data item. It is used to predict the
demand of the products. Likewise, field of agriculture were
encouraged to use data mining to discover the knowledge
[4][15].
8 is not suitable for the for-row cropping. Data mining
classification includes two main groups. First group consists
techniques which contains instructions to complete the task in
ordered way. In second group consists instructions which
show how to perform or complete the task. Classification of
Naïve Bayes deals with Bayesian statistics to make the
decisions based on probabilities [7].
Surabhi Chouhan , Divakar Singh and Anju Singh were done
the survey to discuss about all the exsisting data mining
techniques , advantages of those techniques , limitations of
those techniques and most efficience techniques among those
exsisting techniques for Agricultural crop classification.
Clustering, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Bayesian network,
P- Tree algorithms and FP-Growth algorithm are discussed in
this paper. This research proposed classification methodology
which used Fuzzy Conclusion Tree [26].

III. MAJOR RESEARCHES IN DATA MINING IN SMART

AGRICULTURE
A number of research woks have been done based on the use
of data mining and data mining techniques in agricultural
field. Weather forecasting, soil characterization, crop
prediction and diseases identification are the sub categories
which are combined with data mining.

According to A. Mucherino, P. Papajorgji and P.M. Paradalos

k-means method used to weather forecasting, to study about
soil characteristics, to check the apples before release to the
market. Also mentioned how to recognize the pig coughs
using neural network and how to detect bone meal and meat
by using vector machine. As well as mentioned about some
further development such as using complex techniques to get
high performance in field of agriculture [3].

A.K. Tripathy, J. Adinarayana, D. Sudharsan, S. N. Merchant,

U. B. Desai, K. Vijayalakshmi, D. Raji Reddy, G. Sreenivas,
S. Ninomiya, M Hirafuji,T. Kiura and K. Tanaka presented a
viable model to reduce the pest by identifying hidden
relationship. Also discussed the further development of the
Regression model [11].

V. Ramesh and K. Ramar discussed about different

classifications for predict the soil characteristics and
Figure 2 Control flow of proposed classification methodology.
behaviors. USDA soil taxonomy, UNESCO system and
French system are the different kind of classification systems
which were discussed. According to soil classification of
Kanchipuram district soils are categorized to the 8 classes. When considering Knowledge Discovery in Precision
Class 1 defined as the best category for row cropping and class Agriculture (KDPL) which was conducted by S.W Lee and L.
Kerschberg is a combination of Bayesian classification and
inductive rules. That systems are unsupervised and supervised
systems. The key attribute of this approach is integrating the
data mining and knowledge discovery in large (KDL) to until
provide the KDD approach. In this experiment they found 10
classes from sample data set. This approach is useful for learn
relationships, concepts and characterize the knowledge in
particular data set [10].
C. Bauckhage and K. Kersting presented the methods for solve
problems when occurred pests or water shortage. That methods
are combinations of artificial intelligence and data mining. That
methods completed by the use of mobile and wireless
technologies, new computational intelligence and sensors [9].
V. Rajeswari and K. Arunesh were done the research work to
identify best classification algorithm for analyses the soil type.
They used three algorithms like JRip, J48 and Navie Bayes for
predicted the best algorithm. Among these classification
algorithms, JRip gives the more reliable and better result.
Therefore, JRip is most suitable for predict the soil types [22].
Han-Wen Hsiao,Meng-Shu Tsa And Shao-Chiang Wang
discussed about how two-phase hierarchical clustering
technique apply for the process of Colocation pattern mining.
It is very difficult to analyze the data in different themes and
find relationships. Colocation pattern mining is gives solutions
for this problem. Two phase Hierarchical clustering
techniques used for addressing the problem [23].
IV. CURRENT ISSUES OF DATA MINING IN SMART
AGRICULTURE
There are still some challenges in data mining application that
need to be overcome.
A. More generalization
Data mining or data mining techniques is not specified for the
particular field or data. They are applicable for the any type of
data in any field. However, when algorithms applied to
various type of databases such as transactional database, data
warehouse are differed from each situation [5].
B. Require special Knowledge
B.1 Another major issue that attached with the data mining is
the results which obtained the applications are need to special
knowledge or experience for identify and utilized the given
data volume [15].
B.2 At present most of the existing approaches are used the
k-means and other basic approaches for provide the solutions.
Because most of the researchers and expertise in computer
science and agricultural field have only basic knowledge.
Also, some complex data mining techniques such as
biclustering technique still have not been used to address the
agricultural problem. As well as approach of parallel
computing have not been used to agricultural application.
Parallel computing is a technique which consumes less time
period to perform the tasks [3].
B3. The results of these prediction mechanism are more
complex. Therefore, need expert knowledge or expert person
to understand and analyze those results [14].
C. Test against small size of data
Most of the existing systems considered only part of the
dataset or small size of dataset to determine the result. It is
limiting the efficiency of crop yield prediction. Therefore,
there is a vacancy for approaches which are increasing the
efficiency of crop yield prediction by considering the entire
data set [18].
D. High Computational Cost
D.1 Another issue is to address the agricultural problems
presents set of the data mining techniques such as clustering
and classification, k-Nearest Neighbor, k-Means. Problem of
k-Means algorithm is there can be choice of various parameter
‘k’. Also, it takes cost of computational [12].
D.2 The WEKA system has not supported to handle multiple
algorithms at a same time. It needs more times and high
computational cost [13].
E. Limited resources
In India, most of the farmers have small area of land. It is
difficult to use applications, machines produced for large
agricultural field. Less coverage of the Internet limit the usage
of IT application. Less availability of the infrastructure
facilities [2].
V. APPLICATIONS OF DATA MINING
Data mining techniques and systems have been used in
agricultural field by addressing the various problems in
diverse fields such as soil characterizing, diseases
identification, identify demand in a market.
Neural network has been used to weather forecasting. The
system is developed to record the parameters which are
relevant to weather situation such as speed and direction of the
wind, temperature and humidity of area, rainfall size and time
range. If there were any change in those parameters, can be
predict the upcoming weather situation by using Neural
network. Prediction can be done for the large area by
increasing the result of small area [4]. Also, a system to
identify the bad apples from good apples and a system to
classify the eggs have been developed by using neural network
[12]. Another Artificial neural network’s application is a
system to find the relationship between yield measurements Research Problems Challenges Directions
and limiting factors [24]. Paper Addressed
Information Top rank In India, most Information
Pakistan researchers was built the system to check whether the Technology within the of the farmers technology
and Indian countries have small has been
usage of pesticide is maximized the yield prediction. In this
Agriculture which have area of land. It opened new
system data perform through the unsupervised clustering. As highest is difficult to space to do
the result system gave negative relationship between yield agricultural use the
prediction and pesticide usage. when the usage of pesticide is productivity applications, innovations
increased it was harmful for farmers in financially, healthy have been machines that helps to
and environmentally [6]. achieved by produced for growth of the
Helps of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique the India. Due large agriculture.
developed a system to recognize the sounds of birds, a system to that reason agricultural But at present
to classify the spread of source on pizza, a system to measure necessity of field. Less there are
the new coverage of considerable
the nitrogen pressure in corn and a system to classify the crops
technologies the Internet number of
[12]. has raised. limit the issues
The aim of usage of IT connected
k-means approach is used to build a system to solve the this research application. with those
fermentation problem which could be slow or get stuck when was identified Less technologies.
occurred the wine making process [20]. Also, k-means usage of the availability of That issues
approach is applied to identify the unknown parameters information the could be
related to water in soil. That parameters includes clay, carbon, technology in infrastructure addressed by
other organic characteristic and textures. k-mean approach field of facilities. taking
agriculture. government
used to identify soil parameters by identifying the similar
participation.
textures [3].
Data Mining Nowadays Current data This paper
Trend In Past, data that mining discusses the
An automated system to improve the process of soil Current And associated techniques are future trends
classification was developed. Fertility of the soil sample is the Future with human not supported that addressed
key point of that system. According to fertility, soil samples activities have to identify the the challenges
labeled as very Low, Low, Moderate, Moderately High, High, been raised. data patterns by using data
Very High. The system helps to label the soil samples. For Therefore, which are mining. It
further comparative study, use classification algorithms [25]. take the novel. Also, includes the
decision by current data standardizatio
analyzing mining ns, data pre-
Applications of Naive Bayes classifier such as Unified Soil
those data is a algorithms processing,
Classification System (USCS), AASHTO Soil Classification formidable and patterns apply data
System and the Modified Burmister, French Soil Reference task. It are work only mining
System are used to soil classification process in different consumes lot data which techniques for
countries. There are three main classification groups in USCS of time and looks like a complex data
like Highly organic soils, Fine-grained soils, Coarse-grained also it has less traditional. object such as
soils [21]. accuracy. high speed,
Data mining dimensional
provides data streams,
VI. CONCLUSION solutions for graph, web
above issue. mining etc.
At present, due to vast development of the technology and The aim of
related area non technological area becoming easier. Data this research
mining and agriculture is a most interesting research area that paper is to
has been popular among research people. Therefore, the discusses the
limitations in data mining application with respect to applications
agricultural field are also pick out. Due to those limitations of data mining
more future developments are identified for the rapid in past,
development of this addressed field. present and
future trends.
Following table shows comparison of some related researches
Classification Acquisition One of the This
that used to cover this paper. of and main recommend
Agricultural exploitation of problem is the
TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF SOME RELEVANT Land Soils: A the when the Implication of
RESEARCHES Data Mining agricultural training cases data mining in
Approach knowledge is were huge data set
Title of the Aim and Limitations/ Future a huge unlabeled, which
problem. To there can be associate with
 prevent that unsupervised soil science. related to
problem classification. agricultural
currently uses Also, usage of data to get the
the method of Bayesian suggestions
classification. Analysis is and decisions.
The aim of not considered Applying Due to wide To analyze As the future
this research as problems Data Mining availability about the development
is access and which are Techniques in and large pesticides suggests the
applies the associated in The Field of number of used the computer
various type practice. Agriculture data, data clustering tool science based
of data mining And Allied mining which named multidisciplin
to establish Sciences attracted with the COF. It ary approach
the information cannot only to forecast and
relationship in industry. This used for manage the
soil science. article pesticide data. agricultural
A Find the System of As the further supposed to crops in
Methodology interesting Bayesian development discuss the effective
and Life patterns in the classification suggests to data mining manner.
Cycle Model large database founded 10 use the applications
for Data is not an easy classes by intelligent which are
Mining and task. It analyzing the software to associating
Knowledge consumes Idaho data. retrieval and with the
Discovery in huge The rules negotiation of agricultural
Precision considerable which used to the high field and
Agriculture time. The aim analyze the quality data allied science.
of this data described mining. Data Mining - By The results of Nowadays
research paper only within a An considering these there are
is showing the class. Evolutionary the previous prediction many
methodology View of data, farmers mechanism applications
which are Agriculture solved the are more that used data
used to yield complex. mining
discover the prediction Therefore, techniques to
knowledge problem. But need expert address some
associated it is not an knowledge or agricultural
with easy task. So, expert person problem.
heterogeneous there should to understand But still
and be proper and analyze remain some
distributed mechanism to those results. techniques
database. predict. The like GPS
Data Mining Because of Algorithms For future aim of this technique
Techniques: A the resources and direction, research is to have not
Tool for change approaches suggest the find applied to
Knowledge Agriculture which applied multidisciplin applicable suppressive
Management data was to predict the ary approach model which the problems
System In diversified. data were in information has highest such as soil
Agriculture Therefore, to acted in technology accuracy to identification.
develop the different ways help to the yield As the future
field there when apply to forecast and to prediction. development
should be the different manage the this paper
knowledge databases, agricultural proposed it.
management. warehouses processes. A survey of The aim of K-means This research
It consists such as. data mining this research algorithm is suggests to
extraction, Therefore, techniques is presents utilizing the develop the
retrieval, prediction is applied to about data basic complex
utilization and not an easy agriculture mining algorithm project by
transformatio task. techniques only. Because getting
n. The aim of which are these research knowledge
this research mostly used in teams have form
is to discusses agricultural only limited multidisciplin
about the field. It number of ary team to
characteristic discusses 4 expertise. address the
of the techniques Therefore, agricultural
computational and their knowledge problem. Also
needs with practical area which suggests to
 applications. was used is develop clustering spherical the entire data
limited. application by technique and shapes. Also set.
As well as using the Multiple suggested
some data remaining Linear models were
mining techniques Regression tested with
techniques such as technique are respect to full
such as biclustering used to of Andhra
biclustering and so on. achieve that Pradesh but
technique issue.The evaluated
haven’t been system to considering
used. Also, forecast the only one
there is not a atmosphere’s district in
single pollution, the Andhra
application system to Pradesh.
which was describe the
used parallel soil profile are
computing systems which
technique for are mentioned
addressed the on literature
agricultural review.
problem. Analysis As the aim, This research This research
Developing The aim of The data of agriculture paper focuses was limited analyses the
innovative this research which used to data using to find only to climate data
applications in is to discusses WEKA data mining parameters external and measured
agriculture about process model, require techniques: which are quality the parameters
using data model which cleansing application maximize the metrics and related to
mining called WEKA method in of big data productivity did not climate such
used for time to time. of crop. For measure the as best and
analysing the Because need that used the internal worst
data. It to detect the data mining quality temperature,
includes mine missing techniques metrics. rain fall
and perform values and such as measurements
the research erroneous Multiple . As the
information values. Also, Linear further
by using the this paper Regression, improvement,
combination discusses the DBSCAN, suggests to
of data limitations of PAM and analyse the
mining and data mining CLARA. other factors
newly algorithms Agricultural and data such
developed when those data such as as soil, water
algorithms used in climate, soil, for increase
related to practically. crop the
machine One is in production productivity
learning. frequently, used to of crop.
occurs the analyse and to
missing take the
values in real decisions.
datasets. And Applying It is very In this Compare to
also, it is Naive Bayes difficult to experiment, the other
difficult to Data Mining extract and considered classifications,
handle the Technique for analyse the only small Naïve Bayes
multiple Classification data in large size of dataset classifier
algorithms at of volume of to determine classified the
a same time. Agricultural data set. The the data in 100%.
ANALYSIS The aim of The idea is As the future Land Soils aim of this effectiveness. Also, it
OF CROP this paper is presented by development research is consumes less
YIELD addressed the Density- base suggest the presenting the time to build
PREDICTIO major issue clustering approaches way to apply and gives less
N USING related to crop technique is which are the data size of relative
DATA production lied on the increasing the mining and absolute
MINING which was assumption efficiency of techniques for error.
TECHNIQUE yield which is all crop yield soil Therefore, this
S prediction. clusters are prediction by classification Naïve Bayes
Density based regular or considering and find the classification
 meaningful is mining.
relationship. recommended HYPERSPEC Hyperspectral In this To increase
In this to apply on TRAL remote research, the accuracy
research, large scale of IMAGE sensing is the measure the suggests the
Naive Bayes data for DATA technique derivatives sensor design
classification comparison. MINING which between band which
identified as FOR BAND produces large and included
the effective SELECTION scale of data wavelength. narrow
technique IN from small When wavebands to
rather than AGRICULTU information comparing the address the
other RAL area. That derivatives environmental
classifying APPLICATIO data included take and
techniques. NS in different decisions. But agricultural
Analysing The aim of In this This paper band levels. comparison is problem.
Soil Data this research research, suggests the The aim of done based on
using Data is build a compare to problems in this research derivatives of
Mining model to the JRip Big Data can is to find a bands in more
Classification prognosticate technique be solve by way to extract than one steps
Techniques the soil type Naïve Bayes using the knowledge away from
in particular and J48 enhancement form those each is not an
soil sample techniques are of data mining band levels by accurate.
using data given less techniques. using data
mining and accuracy. That data mining
related mining techniques.
techniques enhancement Basically, it is
such as Naive can be applied done usage of
Bayes, J48 to the large supervised
and JRip. In volume of soil and
this case soil data set. unsupervised
are divided in approaches.
to two types Soil Data This research Linear As future
such as Red Analysis has focused regression work this
and Black. Using on soil technique is research is
Spatial Data It is very This system The current Classification classification not suitable proposed
Mining of difficult to does not issue of this Techniques problem when for data a system
Colocation analyse the consider the system which and Soil occurred the dependency called
Patterns for data in rigorous does not Attribute agricultural which is non- Fertilizer
Decision different method in consider the Prediction works. The linear. In that Recommendat
Support in themes and first phase’s rigorous aim of this case used ion for
Agriculture find threshold method in first research is least median recommend
relationships. selection. The phase’s analyse soil square the suitable
Colocation key issue is threshold data use of technique. fertilizer for
pattern mining occurred in selection will different kind Compare with selected soil
is gives clustering addressed as of algorithms the Linear sample.
solutions for problem the further and predict regression
this problem. called development. soil attributes technique,
It is helps to threshold use of median square
discover the selection regression technique
relationships techniques consumes
between and develop more time (67
different types the automate * time taken
of data set. system to by Linear
The aim of classify the regression
this paper is soil sample. technique)
discussed and more
about how computational
two-phase cost.
hierarchical
clustering
technique VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF DATA MINING IN SMART
apply for the AGRICULTURE
process of
Colocation Due to technology become a main role in field of agriculture
pattern there are a lot of methods and approaches to easier the
agricultural related tasks. But there are some complex data
mining techniques such as biclustering and parallel computing
have not been applied until nowadays. Therefore, suggests to
build the approaches related to biclustering and parallel
computing [3]. As the future development suggests the
computer science based multidisciplinary approach to forecast
and manage the agricultural crops in effective manner [6][17].
Also suggests the multidisciplinary approach in information
technology help to the forecast and to manage the agricultural
processes [5]. Also suggests to build persons who can cover
the complex theories and knowledge to advanced development
of the agricultural area. Systems like Knowledge Society
Agriculture build a strong relationship among government and
farmers in huge geographical areas. It helps to share
information, solutions and knowledge among farmers. As the
further development suggests to extend the systems like KSA
and introduce new techniques in field of agriculture [27].
There is an existing system to analyses the climate data and
measured the parameters related to climate such as best and
worst temperature, rain fall measurements. As the further
improvement, suggests to analyse the other factors and data
such as soil, water for increase the productivity of crop [19].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to specially thank K.A. Dilini T. Kulawansa,
senior lecturer, Department of Computational Mathematics for
providing great support and supervision during this research.
Also, my deepest thank goes to my parents for their support
and the people who have dedicated their lives to research on
these areas and who have published their papers.
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