to DRIVE

to DRIVE (verb t/i) – DROVE – DRIVEN

1. гнати (худобу), переслідувати( ворога ) – to force smb / smth to move in a particular direction

e.g. He has just driven sheep into a field.

Poor harvests have driven the farmers off the land.

2. керувати, управляти (машиною) – to operate, control and direct a vehicle

e.g. He is learning to drive.

Drive with caution.
Can you drive?
He drives a taxi (that is his job).

3. їхати (в автомобілі, екіпажі) – to come or go somewhere by a vehicle; to take smb somewhere in a

car
e.g. Could you drive me home/to the airport?

Note: with reference to travelling on a bicycle, on a horse or other animal the verb to ride is used
e.g. He jumped on his horse and rode away.
He rode over on his bicycle to see me yesterday.

Phrasal Verbs

 to drive up / away (phr.verb)– під’їхати / від'їхати – to ride up / away in a motor vehicle

e.g. We drove away from the house.
He drove right up to the front door.

 to drive at (phr.verb) – хилити до чогось, натякати – (colloq.) to mean, to imply, to be trying to

say
e.g. What are you driving at?
I wish I knew what they were really driving at.

Set Expressions

 to drive smb mad – зводити з розуму – to make smb go crazy

e.g. The pressure of work was driving her mad.
 to drive smb into a corner –загнати у кут – to leave no way out for smb
 He is driven by his own passions. – Він раб своїх пристрастей. – He takes decisions relying on
his emotions rather than common sense.
 a drive-in – a place, e.g. a cinema or a restaurant, where one is entertained, served, etc. without
leaving one’s car:
e.g. drive-in movies
 to go for a drive – прокататись – to take a ride in a car
e.g. Let’s go for a drive in the country.
 RUIN - to RUIN – RUINOUS

RUIN (noun)

1. крах, розорення, загибель – the state or process of being severely damaged or destroyed
e.g. The death of Davy’s mother was the ruin of his hopes.
The city was reduced to a state of ruin by war.

 to bring smb (smth) to ruin – розорити, погубити – to make smb lose all money
e.g. He brought his family to ruin.
He was brought to ruin by gambling and drink.

2. руїни (often plural) – the parts of a building or town that remain after it has fallen down or been
destroyed
e.g. The ruins of Rome.
The enemy left the city in ruins..
The ancient ruins of Pompeii.
The abbey is now a ruin.

to RUIN (verb t)

1. руйнувати – to damage or spoil smth severely

e.g. The crops were ruined by the late frost.

It poured with rain and shoes got ruined.
The mistake ruined his chances of ever becoming President.

 to ruin one’s life (hopes, business, constitution) – to cause the ruin of smth
e.g. You will ruin your business if you continue to be so foolish.
He knew that he himself had ruined his life by stealing the money.

2. розоряти – to make smb lose all their money or position

e.g. If she loses a court case it will ruin her.

The fellow ruined himself by gambling.

RUINOUS (adj.)

1. руйнівний, згубний – leading to ruin

e.g. This ruinous folly will cost you much.

Did you read the article about the ruinous effects of the strike?
 VACANT-VACANCY

VACANT (adj.)
вільний, незайнятий, вакантний – empty, not occupied by anyone
e.g. Apply for a vacant position.
She gazed into vacant space.
The telephone booth was vacant and I was able to telephone at once.

Note: The Ukrainian words «вільний» and «пустий» have different English equivalents:

Вільний may be translated by vacant, free, not engaged, spare, loose.

vacant means “not occupied”, as a vacant seat/room/flat, a vacant position, a vacant mind
free means “independent”, as a free country, a free person, free and open market, free will
not engaged means “not occupied, not busy”: She was not engaged in any job.
Ant. engaged, busy
e.g. She was engaged to work in public relations.

spare means ”additional to what is usually needed”

e.g. We have no spare rooms.
I have some spare time today.
Have you got a spare pen?
I’ve got spare cash about me and can lend you 3 or 5 dollars.
loose means “not tight or not fitting close”
e.g. She wears her hair loose.
He had loose clothes on.
All the window frames in my flat are loose.
Ant. tight – fixed, fastened firmly
e.g. These shoes are so tight that they hurt.
The knot was so tight that it took me some time to undo it.

Пустий has the following English equivalents: vacant, empty, blank, shallow.

empty means “having nothing inside”

e.g. Empty promises.
The house is empty.
Every room seemed empty now.
blank means “with nothing written, printed or drawn”
e.g. A blank sheet of paper.
A blank page.
A blank space.
There was a blank look on her face.
shallow means “not serious”
e.g. a shallow person (idea, interest)

VACANCY (noun)(pl.–vacancies)
вакантна посада – unoccupied position
e.g. No vacancy.
We have a vacancy on our staff.
We advertised for a secretary to fill the vacancy.