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Highly birefringent and low effective material loss microstructure fiber for
THz wave guidance

Article  in  Optics Communications · September 2018

DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2018.04.022

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 Optics Communications 423 (2018) 140–144

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Highly birefringent and low effective material loss microstructure fiber for
THz wave guidance
Md. Ahasan Habib a, *, Md. Shamim Anower a , Md. Rabiul Hasan b
a Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi, 6204,
Bangladesh
b Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,

Rajshahi, 6204, Bangladesh

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: A novel porous core photonic crystal fiber (PC-PCF) is proposed in this article for efficient transmission of
Terahertz guidance terahertz (THz) wave. The propagation characteristics of the proposed design are investigated by finite element
Effective material loss method based COMSOL v 4.2 software. The proposed PC-PCF offers ultrahigh birefringence of order of 10−2
Birefringence and low effective material loss (EML) of 0.07 cm−1 at an operating frequency of 1 THz. Moreover, the proposed
Bending loss
structure exhibits very low and nearly zero flattened dispersion of 1.1 ± 0.02 ps/THz/cm in the frequency ranging
Dispersion
between 0.8 and 1.2 THz. In addition, very low bending loss of 5.45 × 10−9 dB/m is observed when bending radius
is 1 cm. Other important guiding characteristics such as confinement loss, effective area etc. of the proposed fiber
is discussed rigorously. This structure can be a promising candidate for different applications in THz regime.

1. Introduction
The electromagnetic waves having frequency range from 0.1 to
10 THz is defined as terahertz (THz) radiation band. Recently the
spotlight of the researchers turned toward the narrowband frequency
range because this frequency band has the immense potential to be
used in sensing, imaging, biotechnology, security, spectroscopy and
astronomy applications [1–4]. Moreover, THz pulse signal has important
applications in non-invasive early diagnosis of skin cancer, including the
basal cell carcinoma [5], dysplastic skin nevi and melanomas of hardly-
accessible skin areas [6], minimally-invasive diagnosis of colon tissue
cancers [7], and intraoperative diagnosis of breast tumors [8]. These
promising applications of THz technology inspired the optoelectronics
researchers to make concentrated effort in the development of better
THz communication. As a result the THz source and detectors are
available in the market [9,10]. On the other hand the THz waveguide is
under research as the available THz waveguides are not enough efficient
for THz wave propagation.
At the early stage dry air is used for the propagation of THz wave
because it exhibits lowest dispersion and absorption than any other
material. Nevertheless a number of problems arise such as uncertain
absorption loss influenced by surrounding atmospheric conditions,
transmitter receiver alignment related issues etc. due to the unguided
medium. To solve this problem guided structure is proposed by the
researchers. They show that THz wave can travel through all kind
of conventional metallic waveguides [11]. The disadvantages of using
metallic waveguide are high bending loss, low coupling efficiency and
unstable guidance in complex surroundings. In order to solve this prob-
lem different guiding structures were offered by the researchers such as
metal-coated dielectric tubes [12], Bragg band-gap fibers [13], plastic
photonic band-gap fibers [14], sub-wavelength porous fibers [15], and
hollow core fibers [16]. Unfortunately all the structures showed high
absorption loss in THz radiation band. Finally, plastic sub-wavelength
fibers and photonic crystal fibers (PCF) became the focal point due to
the lower material loss, but solid core of the conventional PCF shows
a high material absorption loss [17]. The easiest solution to solve high
absorption loss is to introduce air holes in the core region. Introduction
of air holes reduces the effective material in the core region and the
EML reduces ultimately. This type of PCF is called porous core PCF (PC-
PCF). Recently the spotlight has turned to this PC-PCF, which offers
relatively lower absorption loss than solid core PCF [18,19]. Along
with the low bulk absorption loss, birefringence is another important
property for polarization maintaining waveguide. Birefringence is the
absolute difference between the two refractive index of both 𝑥 and 𝑦
polarization mode. It can be made by breaking the symmetry of the
core. Highly birefringent fiber can be applicable in different promising
applications such as sensing, communication, polarized THz filtering

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: habib.eee.116.ah@gmail.com (M. Ahasan Habib).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.04.022
Received 3 January 2018; Received in revised form 27 March 2018; Accepted 9 April 2018
0030-4018/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
M. Ahasan Habib et al.
Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of the proposed Microstructure Fiber.
etc. Numerous structures of PC-PCF were proposed by the researchers in
recent past. A PCF with square lattice sub-wavelength air holes has been
proposed in Ref. [20] that exhibits a very low birefringence of 1.26×10−3 .
Asymmetrical sub-wavelength air-hole PCF [21] has been proposed by
Atakaramians et al. that show a low birefringence of 1.2 × 10−2 at 0.65
THz. Besides Cho et al. demonstrated a triangular lattice plastic PCF [22]
that exhibits birefringence as high as 2.1 × 10−2 . However, the EML was
not reported in that article. A diamond core hexagonal lattice PCF is
proposed in Ref. [23] which offered a birefringence of 0.017 and low
EML of 0.07 cm−1 and 0.1 cm−1 at 0.7 THz and 1 THz respectively.
Though the structure is simple, the birefringence is decreasing and the
EML is increasing with the increase of frequency. That is why this PC-
PCF might not be a good choice for higher frequencies.
However, in this paper we report a novel quasi hexagonal lattice
PCF where the core is rectangular in shape. Due to the asymmetric
type core, an ultra-high birefringence of 0.018 is achieved at 1 THz
operating frequency. Moreover, a low EML of 0.07 cm−1 is shown by
the PC-PCF at 1 THz. Dispersion flattened fiber is necessary for long
distance communication and our proposed fiber offered nearly zero
flattened dispersion of 1.1 ± 0.02 ps/THz/cm in the frequency ranging
between 0.8 and 1.2 THz. Other important modal properties such as
effective material loss, bending loss, effective area, and confinement
loss are thoroughly discussed with the variation of different structural
parameters.
2. Design methodology
The cross-sectional view of the proposed PC-PCF fiber is shown in
Fig. 1. In the proposed design circular air holes are arranged vertically in
the core region. The distance between two adjacent air-holes of the same
column is called pitch (𝛬). The distance between two adjacent vertical
axes is also 𝛬 and it is kept constant throughout the whole simulation.
The cladding air filling fraction (𝑑∕𝛬) was kept fixed at 0.95 throughout
the analysis, where 𝑑 is the diameter of the cladding air holes. Such
high air filling fraction (AFF) has made the design compact. Due to the
compactness the light is well confined in the core region and the EML
and confinement loss reduces. For this particular PC-PCF, rectangular
type core is chosen because the rectangular shape breaks the symmetry
of the core which results high birefringence. Moreover, larger number
of air holes can be introduced in the core for that structure than the
circular and hexagonal structures. For any value of 𝛬 the core length
can be determined by 𝐿core = 3 × 𝛬 and the core width, 𝑊core = 𝛬.
141
Optics Communications 423 (2018) 140–144
In the core region total 33 circular air holes are arranged in 3 rows
and each row contains 11 air holes. The distance between two adjacent
air holes of same row is denoted as 𝛬𝑥 and 𝛬𝑥 = 0.275 × 𝛬 and 𝛬𝑦 =
0.35×𝛬 is denoted as the distance between two air holes of two adjacent
row. Selection of this particular values offer maximum number of air
holes without overlapping with each other. The background material
considered for this design is cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), with a
trade name of TOPAS having a refractive index of 1.5258, which is
constant over 0.1–2 THz [24]. During the simulation, the bulk material
absorption loss (𝛼mat ) of 0.20 cm−1 has been inserted. Dry air is the most
transparent medium for terahertz waves, having almost zero absorption
loss (𝛼air = 0). Therefore, at the time of calculation of various losses, 𝛼air
was not considered. This particular polymer is preferred due to some
of its excellent merits over other polymers such as PMMA or Teflon.
A circular perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary conditions outside
the outer cladding is used in order to absorb the electromagnetic field
propagating toward the surface. The PML thickness is about 10% of the
total fiber diameter.
3. Numerical results and analysis
The finite element method (FEM) based software COMSOL v4.2 has
been used to design and simulate the proposed PC-PCF. During the entire
simulation, total 46,474 triangular elements, 5590 edge elements, and
796 vertex elements are required to represent the complete structure.
The minimum element size has been taken as small as possible and
which was about 0.3887 μm. The average element quality of the design
was 0.9286. For efficient transmission of the THz wave, the electromag-
netic field should be tightly confined in the core region. The mode field
profile is shown in Fig. 2 and it is seen from the following figure is that
the light is confined in the core region.
In a polarization maintaining PCF the birefringence is one of the vital
property. It is dependent on the structure of the core. The birefringence
of any PC-PCF can be calculated by using the following expression [23]
| |
𝐵 = |𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 | (1)
| |
where B stands for birefringence, 𝑛𝑥 and 𝑛𝑦 indicates 𝑥 and 𝑦 polarization
modes of the effective refractive index respectively. If the core is
asymmetric then the birefringence is high. In the proposed design the
dimension of the rectangular core is 3 × 1, so a high birefringence
can be found from the proposed fiber. Fig. 3 shows the variation
of birefringence of the proposed PC-PCF with the variation of core
length for different core porosities. From the figure we can see that
the birefringence increases with the increase of core length. This occurs
because the change in core length is three times than the core width.
As the core becomes more asymmetric with the increase of core length
so the birefringence increases gradually. Again for a particular core
length the birefringence increases with the increase of core porosity.
This is because with the increase of core porosity the effective refractive
index difference between the two polarization modes increases. From
the graphical representation we can see that the maximum birefringence
appears for 350 μm core length at 1 THz operating frequency for 20%
core porosity. So, the optimal core length of the proposed fiber can
be considered as 350 μm and the further numerical results will be
highlighted for this particular core length. The maximum birefringence
at optimum core length is 0.031, 0.24 and 0.18 at 20%, 30% and 40%
core porosities respectively at 1 THz and it is better than the previous
reported works [20–23]. Moreover, the birefringence of the proposed
fiber at different frequencies for 20% core porosity at optimal core
length is shown in Fig. 4. From the following figure we can see that
the birefringence is high and this fiber can be used for different THz
applications where high birefringence is necessary from 0.5–1.1 THz
frequency band.
Now we analyze the most important guiding property of THz waveg-
uide is effective material loss (EML) or effective absorption loss or bulk
absorption loss. The EML indicates the total amount of light energy that
M. Ahasan Habib et al. Optics Communications 423 (2018) 140–144

Fig. 2. Mode field distributions of the proposed PCF for core length = 500 μm and 40% porosity and different operating frequencies of (a) 0.8 THz 𝑥-polarization,
(b) 0.9 THz 𝑥-polarization, (c) 1 THz 𝑥-polarization, (d) 0.8 THz 𝑦-polarization, (e) 0.9 THz 𝑦-polarization, and (f ) 1 THz 𝑦-polarization.

Fig. 5. Effective material loss (EML) of the proposed PCF as a function of core
length at 𝑓 = 1 THz.
Fig. 3. Birefringence of the proposed PCF as a function of core length at
𝑓 = 1 THz.

Fig. 6. Effective material loss (EML) of the proposed PCF as a function of

frequency at 𝐿core = 350 μm.

Fig. 4. Birefringence as a function of frequency for 20% core porosity at 350 μm

core length. and different core porosities is shown in Fig. 5 and from this figure we
can see that the EML decreases with the increase of core porosities.
This is because with the increase of the core porosity the effective
material decreases and the bulk absorption loss is also decreases. Again
is absorbed by the core material itself. The EML of a PC-PCF can be this following figure indicates that for particular core porosity the EML
quantified by using the following equation [23] increases with the increase of core length because the increased core
( )1 length increase the effective material at the core and this increases loss.
𝜀0 2
𝜇0
∫𝐴 𝑛𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑡 |𝐸|2 𝑑𝐴 As 350 μm core length is considered as the optimum design parameter
𝑚𝑎𝑡
𝛼𝑒𝑓 𝑓 = (2) so the EML at optimum condition is 0.07 cm−1 and it is lower than
2 ∫𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑧 𝑑𝐴
the previous literature [20–23]. Furthermore, the EML variation of the
where 𝜀𝑜 and 𝜇𝑜 are the permittivity and permeability of vacuum proposed design with the variation of frequency at optimum design
respectively, 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡 is the refractive index of the material used, 𝐸 is the condition is shown in Fig. 6.
modal electric field, 𝛼𝑒𝑓 𝑓 is the bulk material absorption loss and 𝑆𝑧 is Now, it is time to consider the confinement loss of the proposed
the 𝑧-component of the Poynting vector and 𝑆𝑧 = 1∕2(𝐄 × 𝐇) ⋅ 𝑧. The PC-PCF. Confinement loss is also an important figure of merit in the
effective material loss of the proposed fiber for different core lengths core area of PC-PCF. Confinement loss indicates the amount of light

142
M. Ahasan Habib et al. Optics Communications 423 (2018) 140–144

Fig. 7. Confinement loss of the proposed PC-PCF as a function of frequency at Fig. 8. Bending loss of the proposed PCF as a function of frequency at 𝐿core =
𝐿core = 350 μm. 350 μm and bend radius = 1 cm.

penetrates in the cladding region while the light is transmitted through

it. The confinement loss of a PCF can be calculated by using the
following equation [23]
2𝜋𝑓
𝛼𝐶𝐿 = 8.686 × Im(𝑛𝑒𝑓 𝑓 ) (3)
𝑐
where f is the frequency of the guiding light, c is the speed of light in
vacuum and Im(𝑛𝑒𝑓 𝑓 ) is the imaginary part of the effective index of the
guided mode. If the confinement loss is high then a large amount of
light energy will be trapped inside of the waveguide and the overall
system efficiency decreases. The confinement loss of this PC-PCF is
reported in Fig. 7 which indicates that the confinement is low for the
proposed design. It is evident from the figure is that the confinement loss
increases with the increase of core porosity because at high core porosity
the light tries to go through the relatively higher refractive indexed
cladding. That is why the light is confined within the cladding and Fig. 9. Effective area of the proposed PCF as a function of frequency at
𝐿core = 350 μm.
the confinement loss increases. The confinement loss of the proposed
structure reported in Ref. [23] is much higher and for this PC-PCF
the confinement loss (1.14 × 10−3 dB/cm) lower than reported work in
Refs. [20–23]. in Fig. 9, where it is observed that 𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓 is reduced with frequency and
Bending loss is very important for the practical implementation of 𝑦-polarization modes show larger 𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓 than 𝑥-polarization modes. It
optical fiber waveguide. When a PCF is required to bend at the time is also observed that the effective area is increased with porosity. The
of implementation of practical application, some bending loss occurs. reason is that when porosity is increased, the differential index contrast
In some particular applications (such as terahertz sensing, biomedical between the core and the cladding is reduced, which consequently
imaging, etc.) it is important to maintain minimum EML with very increases the amount of power spreading outside the core. From the
low bending loss. The bending loss can be estimated by the following following figure it is evident that the effective area of this fiber is better
formula [23] than Ref. [23].
√ ⎡ ( 2 )3
2 2 ⎤
Lastly, the dispersion of the proposed fiber is discussed now. Dis-
1 2𝜋 1 1 ⎢ 2 𝛽 − 𝛽𝑐𝑙 persion might be caused due to either the background material or the
𝛼𝐵𝐿 = 𝐹 𝑅 ⎥ (4)
8 3 𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓 𝛽 ⎢ 3 𝛽2 ⎥ structural parameters. The high dispersion limits the data transmission
⎣ ⎦
rate and for efficient transmission the dispersion must be as low as
where R is the bending radius, F (x ) = x −1∕2 𝑒−𝑥 , the propagation possible. The dispersion is calculated by the following expression [23]
constant 𝛽 and 𝛽𝑐𝑙 are defined as 𝛽 = 2𝜋𝑛𝑐𝑜 ∕𝜆 and 𝛽𝑐𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑛𝑐𝑙 ∕𝜆 for core ( )
1 𝑑𝑛 𝑑2𝑛
and cladding respectively and 𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓 is the effective area. The bending 𝛽2 = 2 +𝜔 (6)
𝑐 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝜔2
loss of the PC-PCF is shown in Fig. 8. From the following figure we
can see that the bending loss decreases with the increase of operating where 𝜔 = 2𝜋f, f is the frequency of the light wave and 𝑐(=3 × 108 m s−1 )
frequency. The bending loss of the proposed fiber at optimum design is the velocity of light in vacuum. Fig. 10 represents the dispersion
condition is 5.45 × 10−9 dB/m. The bending loss is not reported in characteristics of this PC-PCF. This following figure indicates that very
Refs. [20–22] and for the proposed design the bending loss is many small dispersion is shown by the structure over 0.8–1.2 THz frequency
times lower than Ref. [23]. range. Moreover, for 𝑦-polarization in the frequency ranges between 0.8
The effective area of a PC-PCF is essential for efficient transmission and 1.2 THz, the dispersion is only 1.1 ± 0.02 ps/THz/cm, and to the
of THz wave. The effective area can be calculated by using the following best our knowledge this is the lowest dispersion that is ever reported in
equation [23] THz regime.
[ ]2 The comparison of our proposed porous core PCF with some other
∫ 𝐼(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 remarkable designs are given in Table 1. From this comparison it is
𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓 = [ ]2 (5)
clear that our proposed design exhibits higher birefringence and lower
∫ 𝐼 2 (𝑟)𝑑𝑟
loss than that of any other references.
where 𝐼(𝑟) = |𝐸𝑡 |2 is the transverse electric field intensity distribution Finally, we wish to explore the possibility for the fabrication of
in the fiber cross section. Effective area of the proposed fiber is shown the proposed THz fiber. The proposed structure can be manufactured

143
M. Ahasan Habib et al.
Table 1
Comparison of this PC-PCF with some previous remarkable design.
Type of PCF Birefringence (optimum cond.)
Ref. [20] 1.2 ×10−3
Ref. [21] 0.012 (0.65 THz)
Ref. [22] 0.002
Ref. [23] 0.004
Rectangular core PCF 0.018
Fig. 10. Dispersion of the proposed PCF as a function of frequency for different
porosity at 𝐿core = 350 μm.
based on crystalline media and using the edge-defined film-fed growth
(EFG) technology [25,26]. Along with the high velocity of growth, the
EFG/Stepanov technique provides the minimal characteristic size of
elements in the crystal cross section of about 0.1 mm, and it allows
keeping high quality of cross section with atomically flat surfaces along
at least 1-m-length. It seems to be very appropriate technology for
practical realization of the proposed PCFs.
4. Conclusion
A rectangular shaped porous-core microstructure fiber is proposed
for transmission of polarization maintaining THz waves. The numerical
analysis indicates that with optimal design parameters the proposed
structure exhibits an ultra-high birefringence of 0.031 when the core
porosity is 20%. However, for the optimum design parameter the
proposed fiber offers a high birefringence of 0l.018 with very low
effective material loss of 0.07 cm−1 at 1 THz. Besides very low and
nearly zero flattened dispersion of 1.1 ± 0.02 ps/THz/cm has achieved
in the frequency ranging between 0.8 and 1.2 THz. Again very low
bending loss of 5.45 × 10−9 dB/m and low confinement loss of 1.14 × 10−3
dB/cm are reported by the simulation analysis at optimum design
condition and all values are reported at 1 THz. Moreover this structure is
manufacturable due to its simple design and consists of circular air holes
only. Due to excellent guiding properties, this microstructure fiber can
be considered as an effective waveguide for THz wave propagation.
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