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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3000786, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
1 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. X, NO.X, FEBRUARY 2020
Flexible and transparent W-band absorber fabricated
by EHD printing technology
Yanghui Wu, Chen Fu, Songsong Qian, Zhiyuan Zong, Xingyi Wu, Yutao Yue and Wenhua Gu*
Abstract—A mechanically-flexible and optically-transparent
millimeter-wave broadband absorber was proposed and
fabricated. The absorber showed >90% absorption in (73.5-110)
GHz, covering the whole W-band. The key frequency selective
surface (FSS) used a concise metal mesh structure fabricated by
the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) printing technology, which
formed a classic sandwich structure together with a transparent
dielectric layer and a transparent and conductive backplane. The
transmittance of the sample in the visible light region was 58.1%.
To testify the flexibility, the absorber was conformed to cylinders
with radius of 34 mm and 16 mm, respectively. The measured
normalized S11 increased with bending. Simulation results also
showed that the absorption over W-band was >80% within
(0-45) ° incident angle, and was insensitive to the polarization
angle.
Index Terms—W-band absorber, EHD printing, metal mesh,
flexible, transparent.
I. INTRODUCTION
n the recent years, with the fast development of technologies
I including radar, automatic driving, 5G communication,
virtual reality, and things-of-internet, millimeter waves are
attaining more and more attentions and applications [1-3]. This
also increases the demands for millimeter wave absorbers with
better mechanical and optical characteristics, as well as broader
band coverage, so as to realize millimeter radiation absorption
or stealth in more complex environments [1-2]. One of the
representative devices is the flexible and transparent W-band
absorber, which has important applications in TV/millimeter
wave combined guidance, stealth of vehicle/aerocraft windows,
and electromagnetic compatibility.
Current studies on the broadband millimeter absorbers can
be roughly classified into two types of approaches [1-6]. The
first approach usually involves with composite materials. For
example, Yoshiyuki Suda and coworkers placed carbon
nanocoil composite materials on the aluminum board, and
The date on the submission: February 17, 2020. This work was supported in
part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant
61871225, in part by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China under
Grant 2017ZF59005, and in part by the Key Research and Development Plan of
Jiangsu Province under Grant BE2018728.
Yanghui Wu (e-mail: YHWu@njust.edu.cn), Chen Fu (e-mail:
FuChen@njust.edu.cn), Songsong Qian (e-mail: QianSS@njust.edu.cn),
Zhiyuan zong (e-mail: zongzhiyuan@sina.com), Xingyi Wu(e-mail:
94xingyi@163.com), Wenhua Gu (e-mail: guwenhua@njust.edu.cn) are with
the School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of
Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
Yutao Yue (e-mail: yueyutao@idpt.org) is with Institute of Deep Perception
Technology, Wuxi, China.
Corresponding author: Wenhua Gu
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achieved >80% absorption in (18-23) GHz and (70-88) GHz at
the same time [1]. Toshihisa Kamei and coworkers used porous
carbon made from rice chaff and soybean hulls, and
achieved >90% absorption in (75-110) GHz [3]. The second
approach usually involves with complex 3D structures. For
example, Matthew Petroff and coworkers used 3D-printed
broadband millimeter absorber with ramping refractive index
[2], which could achieve <-10 dB reflection within (10-200)
GHz. Hailong Huang and coworkers fabricated broadband
absorbers with U-shape 3D metal foils, which covered
(60.4-100) GHz [4]. At the same time, the classic sandwich
structure absorbers in millimeter waveband usually work for
narrow bands only [5, 6]. For example, Guangsheng Deng and
coworkers used copper-based frequency selective surface (FSS)
and sandwich structure for millimeter absorbers, and
achieved >88% absorption at 101.25 GHz, 108.75 GHz, and
129 GHz [5]. Zhiping Yin and coworkers used
indium-tin-oxide (ITO) based FSS and sandwich structure and
achieved >80% absorption in (115-127) GHz. The
above-mentioned and many other millimeter-wave absorbers
have shown very good performance, but in general, there are
few, if any, absorbers that can satisfy the requirements of
broadband, transparent, and flexible at the same time.
This work proposes to use a concise metal-mesh-based FSS
and sandwich structure for the millimeter absorber. With proper
design of the dielectric material and conductive backplane, as
well as the metal mesh FSS, the absorber can achieve >90%
absorption within (73.5-110) GHz, covering the whole W-band,
and is mechanically flexible and optically transparent at the
same time. The electrohydrodynamics (EHD) printing
technology [7-10] is used to fabricate the metal mesh FSS.
Compared to the other fabrication technologies, the EHD
printing technology has the advantages of low cost, high
precision, and capability to print on flexible or curved surfaces
[10]. The metal mesh FSS design, together with the EHD
printing technique, provides a useful approach for broadband,
flexible and transparent absorbers.
II. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE ABSORBER
The proposed millimeter-wave absorber has a classic
sandwich structure: silver metal mesh FSS top layer –
polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) dielectric middle layer –
indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive bottom layer, as illustrated
in Fig. 1. All the three layers have excellent flexibility and
transparency. The metal mesh has a fixed ratio of spacing d to
linewidth w: D=d/w=25, so that the theoretical optical
transparency of the metal mesh is fixed to be 92.5%. The
structure parameters as well as the silver conductivity were
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3000786, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
Yanghui Wu et al.: Flexible and transparent W-band absorber fabricated by EHD printing technology
optimized using HFSS software simulation. The optimized
parameters are listed in TABLE I: metal mesh linewidth w=20
μm, spacing d=500 μm, thickness h-Ag=1 μm, silver
conductivity σ-Ag=7.5*10^4 S/m (corresponding to metal mesh
surface resistance Rs-Ag=13.4 Ω/square), PET thickness
h-PET=525 μm, bottom ITO surface resistance Rs-ITO=8
Ω/square, and ITO thickness h-ITO=185±5 nm.
Fig. 1. Illustration of the absorber structure.
TABLE I
THE OPTIMIZED PARAMETERS OF THE MILLIMETER WAVE ABSORBER
w d h-PET h-Ag σ-Ag Rs-ITO h-ITO
(μm) (μm) (μm) (μm) (S/m) (Ω/square) (nm)
20 500 525 1 7.5*10^4 8 185±5
Apart from the paragraph comparing the oblique incidence
for both TE and TM modes, only the results of the TE polarized
incident waves are discussed in this paper. HFSS simulation
results showed that S21<-27 dB within (0-160) GHz, so that the
microwave and millimeter wave transmission were about 0.
Also the cross-polarization reflection was <-60 dB within
(0-160) GHz, so that the impact of cross polarization can be
ignored. Using the relationship that
2 2
absorption A  1  S11  S 21 , the absorption spectrum of the
absorber can be calculated, as shown in Fig. 2 (a). It can be seen
that >90% absorption can be achieved in (73.5-110) GHz,
covering the whole W-band, and the relative bandwidth is
~40%.
The loss tangent of PET is generally between 0.053-0.072
[11]. It can be seen from Fig. 2 (b) that the greater the dielectric
loss, the wider the absorption bandwidth. In the simulation of
this paper, the loss tangent value is set to 0 to obtain a more
conservative result.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. (a) The simulated and measured absorption spectrum of the proposed
absorber; (b) The impact of the loss tangent of the dielectric substrate to the
absorption spectrum.
To provide guidance for fabrication technique control, the
impact of the design parameters to the absorption spectrum was
simulated. The spectrum variation with a single parameter was
simulated and summarized in Fig. 3, for metal mesh surface
resistance Rs, dielectric thickness h-PET, metal mesh line
width w, and line spacing to width ratio D, respectively. Fig. 3(a)
shows that the spectrum peak would have a blue-shift with
smaller silver metal mesh surface resistance. To cover the
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2
whole W-band, the surface resistance should be controlled
within (8~20) Ω/square, corresponding to the silver
conductivity of (5*10^4~1.2*10^5) S/m, which can be
controlled through adjusting the sintering temperature after the
EHD printing. Fig. 3(b) shows that the absorption frequency
band can be adjusted by changing the dielectric thickness, and
thicker dielectric leads to lower frequency. Fig. 3(c-d) shows
that variations of line width w or line spacing/width D within
certain range would not lead to significant change of the
absorption spectrum.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 3. The impact of different design parameters to the absorption spectrum: (a)
metal mesh surface resistance Rs; (b) dielectric thickness h-PET; (c) metal mesh
line width w; and (d) line spacing to width ratio D.
The metal mesh was printed on 400 μm thick PET directly.
The homemade EHD printing system is illustrated in Fig. 4 (a)
[7-10]. The printing nozzle was fixed in a 3D high-precision
mechanical platform, and the relative movement between the
nozzle and the substrate was controlled by a computer to realize
printing of any given pattern. The silver nanoparticle based ink
was sprayed onto the substrate through a syringe, and the flow
rate was controlled by a precision syringe pump. A
high-voltage DC power supply was connected to the printing
nozzle to provide ~kV voltage, to generate the so-called Taylor
cone and then micron-size liquid jet for high-precision printing.
A laser range finder was used to measure the nozzle-substrate
distance for real-time feedback control. The EHD printing
technology can print micron-precision patterns on top of
flexible and/or curved-surface substrates, and provides a
versatile technique for the fabrication of devices in the area of
microwave, millimeter wave and terahertz.
The EHD-printed sample had a silver mesh linewidth of
about 20 μm, line spacing about 500 μm, and an average
surface resistance of 13.4 Ω/square, corresponding to silver
conductivity of 7.5*10^4 S/m, satisfying the requirements
specified in Fig. 3. Details of the surface resistance
measurement has been reported before [10]. The sample size
was 20mm*20mm (about 5 times of the maximum wavelength
used), which satisfies the size requirements of the measurement.
A microscope picture of the fabricated silver mesh is shown in
Fig. 4(b), proving the continuity and uniformity of the printed
mesh. A commercial ITO-PET film with PET thickness 125 μm,
ITO thickness 185±5 nm and ITO surface resistance 8 Ω/square
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3000786, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

3 Yanghui Wu et al.: Flexible and transparent W-band absorber fabricated by EHD printing technology

lwas carefully stuck to the bottom of the 400 μm-thick PET attributed to the increased reflection at larger incident angle, as
with silver mesh printed on top, then a sample of the designed previously discussed in [14] for microwave.
sandwich-structure absorber was obtained.
The transmittance in the visible light range was measured by
the WGT-S transmission/haze meter from Shanghai INESA
Physico-Optical Instrument Co., Ltd, and the transmittance of
the sample was measured to be 58.1%, mainly limited by the
transparency of the ITO-PET film. The absorber sample was
placed on top of a piece of white paper with the following
sentence printed: “The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.”
Fig. 5. The normalized S11 in the W-band measured at different bending radii.
The picture is shown in Fig. 4(c), and the letters can be clearly
seen, demonstrating the optical transparency of the sample. Fig.
4(d) shows the sample can be easily bent by fingers. IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
An equivalent circuit model of the absorber was built up, as
shown in Fig. 6(a). The metal mesh can be equalized to an RL
serial circuit [15], where the R1 and L1 can be directly
calculated from the design parameters [15,16]:
 L1 Z 0  ( p  )  ln csc( w (2 p ))
 (1)
 R1  Rs (1   )
(a) (b) Here L1 stands for the inductance value of the equivalent
circuit, Z0 is the free space impedance 377 Ω,  is the incident
wavelength, p is the mesh period (p=w+d),   ( p  w) / p is
the effective length ratio, and R1 is the resistance value of the
equivalent circuit. This is another beauty of using the concise
metal mesh FSS-sandwich structure: the equivalent parameters
can be directly related to the design parameters, and vice versa,
(c) (d) so that the design can be predictable and greatly simplified.
Fig. 4. (a) Illustration of the EHD printing system; (b) Microscope picture of the
Using the design parameters in Table 1, it can be calculated
silver mesh (the scale bar is 200 μm); (c) Picture of the sample covering a piece
of paper printed with “The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.” (font 8, from Eq. (1) that L1 =220 pH, R1=346.58 Ω. The Zd in the
Times New Roman); (d)Picture of the sample which was easily bent by fingers. equivalent circuit stands for the grounded dielectric layer, and
Z  377 /  r =217 is the characteristic impedance of the
III. MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA
dielectric PET layer. The equivalent resistance R2 is the surface
The Agilent E8363B vector network analyzer was used for resistance of the ground layer [17], which is 8 Ω for the ITO
the measurement of S parameters in (50-110) GHz, and the film. Substitute necessary parameters (PET thickness
frequency-expansion modules and corresponding standard h-PET=525 μm, relative permittivity  r =3 ) into the ADS
hone antenna of (50-75) GHz and (75-110) GHz were used. The
simulation software, the S11 curve of the equivalent circuit can
hone antennas were kept far enough from the absorber to satisfy
be calculated. The simulation results by ADS (equivalent
the far field condition. A copper foil with the same size was
circuit model) and HFSS (full-wave simulation) are shown in
used as the reference reflection plane [12], and the absorber
Fig. 6(b) for comparison, and the absorption/S-parameter
sample was then placed at the same location to measure the S
curves obtained from the two different approaches matched
parameters. The simulation and experiment results are
well with each other, proving the effectiveness of the
compared in Fig. 2(a), which complied reasonable well. The
equivalent circuit model.
small errors may come from the noise of the signal source, the
environment noise, the fabrication error, and other
measurement errors.
To evaluate the bending effect of the sample, it was
conformed to two cylinders with radius of 34 mm and 16 mm,
respectively. The reference copper foil was also bent to the
same radius to measure the normalized S11 [13], which is the
ratio of the reflected power from the bent sample to that of the
reference copper foil at the same radius. The normalized S11 (a) (b)
spectrum in the W-band was shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that Fig. 6. (a) Equivalent circuit diagram of the absorber; (b) Comparison of the
equivalent circuit model calculation (ADS) and the full-wave simulation
the smaller the radius, or the more the sample was bent, the
(HFSS) results.
larger the normalized S11 would be. The reasons why bending
leads to worse normalized S11, though intuitively correct, can In practice, the electromagnetic wave usually incidents to the
be complex in physics. At least part of the reasons can be absorber with certain incident and polarization angles, whose

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Yanghui Wu et al.: Flexible and transparent W-band absorber fabricated by EHD printing technology 4

impact was studied by HFSS simulation. Oblique incidence absorption in the spectrum. Here we can find that current
should be separately studied for TE mode and TM mode. When density on some lines, including the central one, is small.
the polarization angle is   0 , vary the incident angle  , the However, removing these lines will affect precise absorption
absorption spectrum variation is shown in Fig. 7(a-b). It can be adjustment in the W-band. For example, if central lines in both
seen from the simulation results that for the TE mode, as the the longitudinal and horizontal directions were removed, the
incident angle increases, the peak absorption gradually W-band absorption spectrum will drop to just above 70%.
decreases. For the TM mode, when the incident angle is larger,
the absorption bandwidth becomes narrower. However, the
absorption is >80% in the whole W-band within (0-45) °. When
the incident angle is   0 , change the polarization angle  , the
absorption spectrum variation is shown in Fig. 7(c). It can be
seen that the polarization angle has almost no impact to the
absorption spectrum, which is because of the geometric
symmetry of the metal mesh structure. Therefore, the proposed
absorber can cover the whole W-band within (0-45) ° incident Fig. 8. The electric current density distribution profiles on the top (left) and
angle, and is insensitive to the polarization angle. These bottom (right) surfaces of the absorber at 94.17 GHz.
characteristics can greatly enhance its practical application Finally, for easy comparison and reference, the main
potential. parameters of some recent related studies are listed in TABLE
II. Here the relative bandwidth is defined as
2( f max  f min ) / ( f max  f min ) , the relative thickness is defined as
H/λmax, and fmax and fmin are the highest and lowest frequency
points within the >90% absorption band, H is the total thickness
of the absorber, and λmax is the maximum wavelength within
the >90% absorption band.
TABLE II
(a) (b) COMPARISON OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS FOR SOME RECENTLY REPORTED
MILLIMETER ABSORBERS
>90%
Relative Relative Optical
Reference absorption
bandwidth thickness transmittance
band /GHz
[1] 19-21, 10%, 0.13 0
75-84 11.3%
[3] 75-110 38% 0.5 0
[20] 117-123 5% 0.42 70%
[4] 60.4-100 49.4% 0.64 0
(simulation
only)
(c) [21] 65.28 -67.86 3.7% 0.14 0
Fig. 7. The impact of the incident angle to the absorption spectrum when in (simulation
(a)TE mode and (b) TM mode; (c) the impact of the polarization angle to the only)
absorption spectrum. This work 73.5-110 40% 0.13 58.1%
To further explore the physical mechanism of high
absorption, the electric current density distribution of the V. CONCLUSION
absorber was simulated by HFSS at the peak absorption A flexible and transparent broadband millimeter wave
frequency 94.17 GHz, as shown in Fig. 8. The silver grid absorber was proposed and fabricated, using a concise sandwich
designed on the upper layer acts as a resonance structure layer. structure with metal mesh FSS. The absorber showed >90%
When electromagnetic waves are perpendicularly incident on absorption in (62.5-110.6) GHz, covering the whole W-band.
the surface of the structure, the surface current of the top The transmittance in the visible band was 58.1%. The
resonant structure can cause electric field resonance. It can be experiment results, full-wave simulation results, and calculation
seen that the direction of the electric current density along the results from the equivalent circuit model all complied with each
silver lines on the top is reverse to that in the bottom surface, other. Simulation also showed that the absorber could cover the
thereby forming magnetic resonance. Through optimization of whole W-band within (0-45) ° range of the incident angle, and
the geometric dimensions and distribution of the resonance was insensitive to the polarization angle. The EHD printing
structure on the top surface, the electrical resonance and technique used to fabricate the silver mesh has the merits of low
magnetic resonance can be overlapped in the W waveband, so cost, easy operation, and capability to print on flexible and
that the electric field energy and magnetic field energy are curved substrates. In general, this work provides a useful
mostly bound inside the absorber, or strongly absorbed in the W approach for the design and fabrication of flexible and
waveband [13, 18-19]. This explains the physical mechanism transparent broadband millimeter wave absorber.
for the strong resonance in the equivalent circuit and high

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1 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. X, NO.X, FEBRUARY 2020

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