Lecture Note 6 - Inductive - Piezoelectric Based Element Sensor

Lecture notes
Instructor: Ha Le Nhu Ngoc Thanh, Ph.D.
Mechatronics Sensors and

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Engineering Actuators
Lecture 6:
Inductive based element sensor,
Piezoelectric Transducer
1. Basic concept of Inductive based element sensor,
2. Inductive proximity sensor
3. Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
4. Piezoelectric Transducer

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Inductive element based sensor
1. Basic concept:
- Inductive element based sensors operate under the electrical principle of
inductance. The inductance is the phenomenon in which, the magnetic field
produced in the coil of wire, will oppose the flow of current in it. So thus the
inductance will restrict the current flow and reduces the circuit performance.

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1. Basic concept:
- Inductive displacement sensors
not only detect the presence of a d
target but also measure the
distance to a target.
- As the target approaches the
sensor head, the Eddy current loss
increases and oscillation amplitude
becomes smaller accordingly. This
oscillation amplitude is rectified to
obtain DC voltage variations.
- The rectified signal and distance
have an approximate proportional
relationship. The linearization
circuit corrects the linearity to
obtain a linear output that is
proportional to the distance.

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1. Basic concept: An inductive displacement sensor that can offer an analog
voltage or analog current output.
Metallic object
Metallic object Metallic object

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1. Basic concept:

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- Inductive proximity switch is an
inductive displacement sensor which
basically used for detection of metallic
objects.
- The Figure shows the construction of

inductive proximity switch which has
four components: the coil, oscillator,
detection circuit and output circuit.

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When a metal object moves into the inductive proximity sensor’s field of detection,
Eddy circuits build up in the metallic object, magnetically push back
Thus, the Inductive sensor’s own oscillation field is reduced.

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Operational principle

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- Application and installation: source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEOCHrnotrk&t=305s

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- Application and installation: source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR_xkSuWgR4

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- Datasheet reading and using: source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO5IF5tfuGk
-

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- Sensor connection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYdKN0jaxLs

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- Connection PNP and NPN for sensor

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- Datasheet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=YeXlmdlXp2s&feature=youtu.be

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- A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a displacement sensor that
looks like a transformer. This transformer has primary and two secondary
windings (coils) with the magnetic connection between them depending on the
position of the core, which is made of a ferromagnetic material. The position of
the core changes with the displacement to be measured.
Two secondary coils having equal number of turns

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3. Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT)
Operational principle:
An AC input sinusoidal voltage is
applied to the primary of the
LVDT. When the core moves right,
the magnetic coupling between the
primary and the right secondary (S2)
becomes stronger, and therefore the
induced voltage (E2) is increased. At
the same time, the connection
between the primary and the left
secondary gets weaker, and the
induced voltage (E1) in that circuit
becomes smaller. Thus:
Eout = Es1 − Es 2 → Eo If Core moves left
Eout = Es1 − Es 2 → Eo If Core moves right

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3. Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT)
The differential voltage in the secondary coil
determines the distance moved, and the
direction of movement. If we convert
Eout into a DC signal, we can determine the
amount of the core displacement.
Es1
Es 2

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The voltage from the first secondary (Vs1 =Es1) is rectified by means of the half-
wave rectifier created by D1 and the upper R and C. Similarly, the rectified version
of Vs2 =Es2 appears at node B. The output is the difference between these two DC
voltages, i.e., Vout = V1 - V2.
Vs1
Vs 2

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Eo = Es 2 − Es1

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Application
The following are the major applications of LVDTs:
1. It is used for measuring the displacement having a range from few mm to
cm. The LVDT directly converts the displacement into an electrical signal.
2. It is also used as the secondary transducer. The LVDT is used as a device
for measuring the force, weight and pressure. Some of the LVDT used for
measuring the load and pressure.
The LVDTs are mostly used in servo mechanisms and other industrial
applications

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1. Piezoelectric effect
The piezoelectric effect consists of the
appearance of a voltage in a material subject to
deformation. This is due to the change in the
internal distribution of the electric charge of an
asymmetric crystal structure.
This redistribution of electric charge gives rise
to the appearance of an excess of positive and
negative electrical charges on opposite faces of
the material

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1. Piezoelectric effect
- Conversely, if any time varying electric potential is applied across the two ends
of the piezoelectric material, the material undergoes deformation and vibrates
with a certain frequency. This is call piezoelectric effect.
- Piezoelectric crystal are of two types:
a) Natural crystals – Quartz, Tourmaline, etc.
b) Synthetic Crystals – Rochelle Salt, Lithium Sulphate, Polymers, etc.

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1. Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Piezoelectric materials can be used
to create acceleration sensors. This
type of sensor uses a test mass which,
under acceleration, causes a force on
the piezoelectric material. This force,
in turn, causes a deformation that
results in a voltage that is proportional
to acceleration.
* Working principle:
* Constructed components: When the base is subjected to acceleration,
a in any direction, the whole device is
- Piezoelectric crystal accelerated. The mass attached with the
- Seismic mass crystal is also accelerated.
As a results, the mass m exerts a force, F
- Measuring electrodes
on the crystal given by:
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂

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1. Piezoelectric Accelerometer
• When force acts on the crystal, it
undergoes deformation and produces
an output voltage as per piezoelectric
effect given by:
𝑭
𝑬 = 𝒈𝒕 = 𝒈𝒕𝑷
𝑨
Or
𝒎𝒂
𝑬 = 𝒈𝒕
𝑨 K
where : g =
t
𝑨 g : Voltagesensitivity ( Vm N ) → const
➔ 𝒂= 𝑬 K : piezoelectric constant → const
𝒈𝒕𝒎 t : thickness of crystal → const
➔ E and a are directly proportional to m : mass
each other F : force applied (N)
( )
A : area of the crystal surface m 2 → const
(
P : pressure = F N m 2
A )
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1. Piezoelectric pressure sensor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQvIdZi8_Lk

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HCMUTE Univ. - FME
https://fme.hcmute.edu.vn/
Lecture notes info

Sensors and Actuators
Fall 2021
Ha Le Nhu Ngoc Thanh, Ph.D.

thanh.hlnn@hcmute.edu.vn
Sites: https://sites.google.com/view/halenhungocthanh/courses?authuser=0
The End of Lecture 6

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Lecture notes

Instructor: Ha Le Nhu Ngoc Thanh, Ph.D.

Mechatronics Sensors and

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- The Figure shows the construction of

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Two secondary coils having equal number of turns

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Lecture notes info

Ha Le Nhu Ngoc Thanh, Ph.D.

The End of Lecture 6

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