Iot Unit 2 Mod 2

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINERING
OCS352- IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS L T P C

2023
Presented by
Dr. D. Binu,
Associate Professor,
EEE Department,
RCET.
April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 1

INTRODUCTION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
Parameters Transducers Sensors Actuators
Definition Converts energy from one Converts various forms Converts electrical signals
form to another of energy into electrical signals into various forms of energy,
typically mechanical
energy
Domain Can be used to represent It is an input transducer It is an output transducer

a sensor as well as an actuator
Function Can work as a sensor Used for quantifying environmental Used for converting signals
or an actuator stimuli into signals. into proportional mechanical
but not simultaneously or electrical outputs
Examples Any sensor or actuator Humidity sensors, Temperature Sensors Motors (convert electrical
Anemometers (measures flow velocity), energy to rotary
Manometers (measures fluid pressure), motion), Force heads
Accelerometers (measures the (which
acceleration of a body), Gas sensors impose a force),
(measures concentration of specific gas Pumps (which convert
or gases), and others rotary motion of shafts
into either a pressure or a
April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS fluid velocity) 2
Sensors
• Sensors can measure or quantify or respond to the ambient changes in their
environment or within the intended zone of their deployment
• Generate responses to external stimuli or physical phenomenon through input
functions and their conversion into electrical signals.
• It is insensitive to any other property besides what it is designed to detect
• A sensor does not influence the measured property
Simple Sensing Operation

6
A sensor node
 Combination of a sensor or sensors, a processor unit, a radio unit, and

a power unit.
 The nodes are capable of sensing the environment they are set to
measure and communicate the information to other sensor nodes or a
remote server.

7
The functional blocks of a typical sensor node in IoT

Sensors in a Smart
Phone

Sensing Types
 Sensing is divided into 4 categories based on the nature of the environment being
sensed and the physical sensors being used to do: 1) scalar sensing, 2) multimedia
sensing, 3) hybrid sensing, and 4) virtual sensing

Categories of sensors
Active or passive:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether they produce an energy output
and typically require an external power supply (active).

 Whether they simply receive energy and typically require no external power
supply (passive).
Invasive or non-invasive:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether a sensor is part of the
environment it is measuring (invasive)

 External to it (non-invasive).

Categories of Sensors…..
Contact or no-contact
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether they require physical contact with
what they are measuring (contact) or not (no-
contact).
Absolute or relative:
 Sensors can be categorizedbased on whether they measure on an absolute
scale (absolute) or based on a difference with a fixed or variable reference value
(relative).
Categorization based on what physical phenomenon a sensor is
measuring

11

Actuators
A machine or system’s component that can affect the movement or control the said
mechanism or the system.
Control systems affect changes to the environment or property they are controlling
through actuators.
 The system activates the actuator through a control signal, which may be digital or
analog.
 The outline of a simple actuation system.

Classification of Actuators
Actuators are divided into seven classes:
 Hydraulic
 Pneumatic
 Electrical
 Thermal / magnetic
 Mechanical
 Soft memory polymers
 Shape memory polymers.

Hydraulic actuators
 Works on the principle of compression and decompression of fluids.
 Facilitates mechanical tasks such as lifting loads through the use of hydraulic
power derived from fluids in cylinders or fluid motors.
 The mechanical motion applied to a hydraulic actuator is converted to either

linear,rotary,or oscillatory motion.
 The almost incompressible property of liquids is used for exerting significant force.
These
hydraulic actuators are also considered as stiff systems
 The actuator’s limited acceleration restricts its usage.

Pneumatic actuators
 Works on the principle of compression and decompression of gases
 These actuators use a vacuum or compressed air at high pressure and convert it into either linear or
rotary motion
 Pneumatic rack and pinion actuators are commonly used for valve controls of water pipes.
 Pneumatic actuators are considered as compliant systems and has quick response to starting
and stopping signals.
 Small pressure changes can be used for generating large forces through these actuators.
 Example: Pneumatic brakes, it convert small pressure changes applied by drives to generate the
force required to stop or slow down a moving vehicle.
 Responsible for converting pressure into force.
April
The power source in the pneumatic actuator
11, 2024 does
OCS352 - IOT not AND
CONCEPTS need to be stored in reserve for its operation.
APPLICATIONS 21
Electric actuators
 Electric motors are used to power an electric actuator by generating mechanical torque. This
generated
torque is translated into the motion of a motor’s shaft or for switching.
 For example, solenoid valves control the flow of water in pipes in response to electrical signals.
 The cheapest, cleanest and speedy actuator types

Thermal or magnetic actuators
 The use of thermal or magnetic energy is used for powering this class of
actuators.
 These actuators have a very high power density and are compact, lightweight
and economical.
 Example: shape memory materials (SMMs) such as shape memory alloys (SMAs)
 These actuators do not require electricity for actuation.
 They are not affected by vibration and can work with liquid or gases.
 Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are a type of magnetic actuators.

Mechanical actuators
 The rotary motion of the actuator is converted into linear motion to execute some
movement
 The use of gears, rails, pulleys, chains and other devices are necessary to operate.
 Used in conjunction with pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical actuators
 Also work in a standalone mode.
 Example: hydroelectric generator convert the water-flow induced rotary motion of
a turbine into electrical energy

Smart Objects
• Smart objects are, quite simply, the building blocks of IoT.

• They are what transform everyday objects into a network of intelligent objects that
are able to learn from and interact with their environment in a meaningful way.
• If a sensor is a standalone device that simply measures the humidity of the soil, it is
interesting and useful, but it isn’t revolutionary.
• If that same sensor is connected as part of an intelligent network that is able to
coordinate intelligently with actuators to trigger irrigation systems as needed based
on those sensor readings, we have something far more powerful.

Trends in Smart Objects
1. Size is decreasing:Some smart objects are so small they are not even visible to the
naked eye. This reduced size makes smart objects easier to embed in everyday
objects.
2. Power consumption is decreasing:The different hardware components of a smart
object continually consume less power.
3. Processing power is increasing:Processors are continually getting more
powerful and smaller.
4. Communication capabilities are improving:wireless speeds are
• continually increasing, but they are also increasing in range.
• 5. Communication is being increasingly standardized: There is a strong push in the
industry to develop open standards for IoT communication protocols. In addition,
there are more and more open source efforts to advance IoT
Limitations of the smart objects in WSNs
1. Limited processing power

2. Limited memory
3. Lossy communication
4. Limited transmission speeds
5. Limited power

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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINERING

OCS352- IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS L T P C

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 1

Domain Can be used to represent It is an input transducer It is an output transducer

Simple Sensing Operation

 Combination of a sensor or sensors, a processor unit, a radio unit, and

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 4

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 5

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 7

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 8

and typically require an external power supply (active).

environment it is measuring (invasive)

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 9

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 11

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 12

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 15

Actuators are divided into seven classes:

 Soft memory polymers

 Shape memory polymers.

 The mechanical motion applied to a hydraulic actuator is converted to either

 The actuator’s limited acceleration restricts its usage.

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 20

 Responsible for converting pressure into force.

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 22

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 23

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 24

• Smart objects are, quite simply, the building blocks of IoT.

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 25

1. Limited processing power

April 11, 2024 OCS352 - IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS 27

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