Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS

IMPORTANT 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Sub : Physics Class : II PUC

1. Derive the expression for Electric Field at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole.
Ans: Consider an electric dipole consisting charges +q and –q separated by a distance 2a as shown in
fig.

Let,
r - distance of point P on the axis
from the centre of the dipole on the
side of charge +q.
𝒑 = 𝑞 × 2𝑎, dipole moment

The magnitude of electric field at P, due to charges +q and –q of dipole is given by

1 𝑞 1 𝑞
𝐸+𝑞 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸−𝑞 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 − 𝑎 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 + 𝑎 2
Since E+q and E−q are in opposite direction, therefore net electric field at P is
E = E+q − E−q
1 𝑞 1 𝑞
E= 2
− 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 − 𝑎 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 + 𝑎
𝑞 1 1
E= 2
− 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟−𝑎 𝑟+𝑎
𝑞 𝑟+𝑎 2 − 𝑟−𝑎 2 𝑞 4𝑎𝑟
E= 2 2
=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟+𝑎 𝑟−𝑎 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2 − 𝑎2 2

𝟏 𝟒𝒒𝒂𝒓
𝐄= and net electric field is along the direction of p.
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

1 2𝑝𝑟
OR E= 𝑝 where, 𝑝 = 𝑞 (2𝑎)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 − 𝑎2
2 2

1 2p𝑟
E =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 2

1 2p
∗ For 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎, E=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3

2. Derive the expression for Electric Field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole.
Ans: Consider an electric dipole consisting charges
+q and –q separated by a distance 2a as shown in fig. 𝐄+𝐪

Let,
P 
𝑝 = 𝑞 × 2𝑎, - dipole moment 𝐄

r - distance of point P on equatorial line from the
center of dipole.
𝐄−𝐪
The magnitudes of the electric field at P, due to the two r
charges +q and –q are given by,
1 𝑞 1 𝑞
E+𝑞 = 2 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 E−𝑞 = … . . (1)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 + 𝑎 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 + 𝑎2
2
 𝒑
A B
∴ E+𝑞 = E−𝑞 … … … (2) +q O
-q
a a

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
(i) The components of fields E+𝑞 and E−𝑞, normal to the dipole axis E+𝑞 sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 E−𝑞 sin 𝜃
equal and opposite and hence they get cancel.
(ii) The field components along the dipole axis E+𝑞 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 E−𝑞 cos 𝜃 are get add up.
∴ Net electric field at P is, E = E+𝑞 cos 𝜃 + E−𝑞 cos 𝜃
E = E+𝑞 + E−𝑞 cos 𝜃 = 2E+𝑞 cos 𝜃
𝑎
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒, cos 𝜃 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 2

1 2𝑞 𝑎
∴ E= 1
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑟2 + 𝑎2 2

𝟏 𝟐𝒒𝒂
𝐄= 𝟑 and is along −p
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝐩
OR 𝐄=− 𝟑
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟐

1 p
∗ For𝑟 ≫ 𝑎, E=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
3. Obtain the expression for electric field at an outside point due to a uniformly charged spherical
shell.
Ans : Consider a uniformly charged spherical shell as shown
in figure.
Let,
R – radius of uniformly charged spherical shell
q – total charge on the shell
r – radius of the Gaussian sphere

By the spherical symmetry electric intensity ‘E’ is along the radius and is same at all points on the
surface. Further, at every point on the Gaussian surface, angle between 𝐸 and area element 𝑑𝑠 is zero.
Therefore, electric flux passing through the Gaussian surface is,
 =  E ds cos  =  E ds cos 00 =  E ds
 = E  ds
But  ds = 4r², the surface area of the spherical shell.
  = E [4r²] …...... (1)
From Gauss’s law, the total electric flux passing through the Gaussian surface is
q
 = … … … … . (2)
ε0
From Equation (1) and (2)
q
E 4r 2 =
ε0
𝟏 𝐪
𝐄 =
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫 𝟐
From the above equation.It is clear that electric intensity at a point outside the sphere is the same as if
the entire charge were concentrated at the center of the shell.

{For the point P inside the shell at a distance r (< R) from the center O, the Gaussian surface do
not enclose any charge.   q = 0
q
 = =0 ⟹  = E(4πR2 ) = 0 ⟹ E=0
ε0
i.e. Electric field inside a charged conductor is “zero”}

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
4. Obtain the expression for electrical potential at a point due to a point charge.
Ans: Consider a charge at + q located at origin O in free space as shown in figure.

The electric potential at point P is the amount of work done in carrying a unit positive charge from ∞
to the point P.
Let ‘A’ be an intermediate point on this path, small amount of work done in moving +1 C through a
distance ‘dx’ from A to B
dW = F ∙ dx = F dx cos 1800 = − F dx
1 q
But the force on + 1 C at A is, F=
4πε0 x 2
1 q
∴ dW = − dx
4πε0 x 2
∴ Total work done in moving unit positive (+1 C) charge from ∞ to point P is
r
−1 q
dW = 2
dx
∞ 4πε 0 x
r r
q −1 1 1
W= dx =
4πε0 ∞ x2 4πε0 x ∞

q 1 1 1 q
W= − =
4πε0 r ∞ 4πε0 r
By the definition, this work done is the potential at P due to the charge at O.
𝟏 𝐪
𝐕=
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫

5. Derive the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.

Ans: A parallel plate capacitor consists of two large plane parallel conducting plates separated by a
small distance.

Let,
A – area of each plate
d –distance of separation b/w plates
Q – charge on each plate of capacitor
σ = Q/A – surface charge density

Electric field in the outer region I and II is zero.

In the inner region between the plates 1 and 2, the electric field is,
𝜍 𝜍 𝜍
𝐸= + = − − − − − (1)
2𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0
The potential difference between the plates of capacitor is given by,
𝜍 𝑄𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝑑= − − − − − (2)
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴
The Capacitance C of the parallel plate capacitor is given by,
𝑄 𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴 𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝐶= = = ⇒ 𝑪=
𝑉 𝑄𝑑 𝑑 𝒅
𝜀0 𝐴

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
6. Obtain the expression for energy stored in the charged capacitor. (3/5 M)
Ans: The energy stored in the charged capacitor is the total work done in charging the capacitor to a
given potential, by transferring charges from one plate to another plate of the capacitor.
Consider an intermediate situation of charging the capacitor,
Let q → total charge on capacitor at the intermediate situation and
V → potential difference between the two plates of
capacitor so that
𝑞
𝑉′ = − − − − − (1)
𝐶
Now, the small amount of work done in transferring an additional
charge dq from the negative plate to the positive plate is given by,
𝑞
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑉 ′ 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑞
𝐶
Therefore the total work done in transferring charge from 0 to Q is given by,
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑞 1 1 𝑞2 1 𝑄2
𝑊= 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑞 𝑑𝑞 = = −0
0 𝐶 𝐶 0 𝐶 2 0
𝐶 2
𝑄2
𝑊=
2𝐶
This work is stored as electrostatic potential energy U in the capacitor.
𝑄2
∴ 𝑈=
2𝐶
7. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in series. (3/5 M)
Ans: Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series across a potential difference V, as
shown in fig.

In series combination of capacitors, the charge on each capacitor is same. Let Q be the charge on each
capacitor.
The potential difference applied across their combination is the sum of the potential differences across
each capacitor.
∴ V = V1+ V2
𝑄 𝑄
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 =
𝐶1 𝐶2
𝑄 𝑄 1 1
∴ 𝑉= + =𝑄 + − − − − − (1)
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2
For equivalent capacitor of capacitance CS , under same applied potential difference V volts,
𝑄
𝑉= − − − − − − − − (2)
𝐶𝑆
Combining (1) and (2), we obtain
𝑄 1 1
=𝑄 +
𝐶𝑆 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑪𝑺 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
8. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel.
(3/5 M)
Ans: Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in parallel across a potential difference V, as
shown in fig.

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
In parallel combination of capacitors, the potential difference across each capacitor is same and is same
as that of applied potential V.
The total charge stored in the combination is the sum of the charges on each capacitor.
∴ 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄1 = 𝐶1 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 = 𝐶2 𝑉
∴ 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑉 + 𝐶2 𝑉 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑉 −−−−− 1
For equivalent capacitor of capacitance Cp , under same applied potential difference V volt,
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑉 −−−−−− 2
From equation (1) and (2), we have
𝐶𝑝 𝑉 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑉
𝑪𝒑 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐

9. Derive the expression for current in a conductor in terms of drift velocity. And hence arrive at
the expression for electrical conductivity of material of a conductor. (Assume the expression for
drift velocity)
Ans: Consider a conductor carrying steady current.
Let, x – length of a element of a conductor
A - uniform cross sectional area of conductor
n - number density of free electrons in the conductor
(free electron density)

Total number of free electrons in the element is, N =(Charge density) (volume )= n(A x)
Magnitude of charge due to these electrons is q = (nAx) e -------- (1)
Where, e - charge of electron.
If t is the time taken by this charge to pass through the element of conductor, then current through the
conductor is
∆𝑞
𝐼=
∆𝑡
nA𝑥e ∆𝑥
𝐼= = 𝑛𝐴𝑒
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑥
But = 𝑣𝑑 the drift velocity (magnitude) of conduction electrons
∆𝑡
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑣𝑑 -------- (2)
𝑒𝐸
Magnitude of drift velocity is 𝑣𝑑 = 𝜏
𝑚
Where, E- electric field in the conductor, m is mass of electron & τ is relaxation time.
𝑒𝐸
𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝜏
𝑚
𝐼 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 𝐼
= 𝐸 but current density 𝑗 =
𝐴 𝑚 𝐴
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
∴ 𝑗= 𝐸 − − − − − (3)
𝑚
From Ohm’s law (vector form) 𝑗 = 𝜍𝐸 − − − − (4)
Where,  is electrical conductivity.
From equation (3) and (4) we get
𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉
𝝈=
𝒎
1 𝑚
 Electrical resistivity, 𝜌 = =
𝜍 𝑛𝑒2 𝜏

10. What is equivalent resistance? And obtain the expression for effective resistance of two
resistors connected in parallel. (3/5 M)
Ans: A single resistance which produces same effect (allows same current) as the combination of
resistances under the similar conditions (same potential difference) is called equivalent resistance.

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS

Consider two resistors of resistance R1 and R2 connected in parallel across a potential difference of V
volts. In parallel combination, the potential difference (V) across each resistor is same. Let the steady
current I in the circuit divide into I1 ad I2 through the resistors R1 and R2 respectively.
Hence, 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑉 𝑉
From Ohm’s law: 𝐼1 = 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 𝑅
1 2
𝑉 𝑉
∴ 𝐼= +
𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1
𝐼=𝑉 + −−−−− (1)
𝑅1 𝑅2
For the equivalent circuit of resistance RP , under same potential difference V volt,
𝑉
𝐼= −−−−− (2)
𝑅𝑃
From equations (1) and (2)
𝑉 1 1
=𝑉 +
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑹𝑷 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

11. Derive the expressions for equivalent emf and equivalent internal resistance of parallel
combination of two cells.
Ans: Consider two sources of emf (cells) connected in parallel as shown in figure.

Let, 1 and 2 − emf of two cells

r1, r2 − Internal resistance of two cells
I1 and I2 – Currents through the branches of cells 1 and 2 respectively
I – Net current in the branch AB,
The total current due to this combination of cells is
I = I1 + I2 − − − − − (1)
Terminal potential difference across the first cell, V = 1 – I1r1
ε1 − V
⇒ I1 =
r1
Terminal potential difference across the second cell, V = 2 – I2r2
ε2 − V
⇒ I2 =
r2
ε1 − V ε2 − V
∴ I= +
r1 r2
ε1 ε2 1 1
I= + −V + − − − − − (2)
r1 r2 r1 r2
If the combination of cells is replaced by an equivalent cell of emf eq and internal resistance req, then
terminal potential difference of that cell is

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
V = eq − Ireq
εeq 1
I= −V − − − − − (3)
req req
From equation (2) and (3)
𝛆𝐞𝐪 𝛆𝟏 𝛆𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + and = +
𝐫𝐞𝐪 𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 𝐫𝐞𝐪 𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐

12. Deduce the balancing condition for Wheat stone’s network using Kirchhoff’s rules.
Ans: If the current through the galvanometer is zero (Ig = 0), the network is said to be balanced. In
this case, the galvanometer shows no deflection.
Consider the Wheatstone’s network as shown in figure.
Condition for balance:
At balanced state of network i.e. Ig = 0,
Applying Kirchhoff’s node rule for nodes B and D, we get
I1 = I3 and I2 = I4 …………. (1)
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the mesh ABDA,
I1 P + 0 – I2 R = 0
 I1P = I2R ……….… (2)
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the mesh BCDB,
I3Q – I4S – 0 = 0
I3Q = I4S …………. (3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3)
𝐼1 𝑃 𝐼2 𝑅
=
𝐼3 𝑄 𝐼4 𝑆
Using equation (1), the above equation changes to
𝑷 𝑹
=
𝑸 𝑺
This is the condition for balance of Wheatstone network.
13. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
Ans: Consider a circular coil carrying
current as shown in figure.
Let,
R – radius of current loop
I – current in the loop
dl – length of current element AB
x – distance of point P on the axis
from the center of current loop O

Magnetic field at P due to current element ‘AB’ of length ‘dl’ is

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑎2
Here, 𝜃 = 900 , sin 900 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
∴ 𝑑𝐵 = − − − − − (1)
4𝜋 𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2
This magnetic field 𝑑𝐵 can be resolved into two components, 𝑑𝐵⊥ = 𝑑𝐵 cos 𝛼 and 𝑑𝐵𝑥 = 𝑑𝐵 sin 𝛼.
If the magnetic field at P is summed over the entire loop,
(a) all the perpendicular components 𝑑𝐵⊥ are cancelled out and
(b) the components 𝑑𝐵𝑥 is adds up.
Hence the magnetic field at P due to entire current loop is

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑩 = Ʃ 𝑑𝐵𝑥 = Ʃ 𝑑𝐵 sin 𝛼 = Ʃ sin 𝛼
4𝜋 𝑅 + 𝑥 2
2

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑅 𝑅
𝑩=Ʃ ∵ from fig. sin 𝛼 =
4𝜋 𝑅 + 𝑥 2
2 𝑅2 + 𝑥2 1/2 𝑅2 + 𝑥2 1/2

𝜇0 𝐼𝑅 𝜇0 𝐼𝑅
𝑩= Ʃ 𝑑𝑙 = 3 2𝜋𝑅 ∵ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 Ʃ 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑅
4𝜋 𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2 3/2 4𝜋
𝑅2 + 𝑥2 2
𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝑰
𝑩=
𝟒𝝅 𝑹𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟑/𝟐

14. Derive the expression for the force between two infinitely long straight parallel conductors
carrying currents and hence define ampere.
Ans: Consider two infinitely long straight parallel conductors a and b
carrying currents I1 and I2 respectively and separated by a
perpendicular distance ‘d’ as shown in the figure.
The magnetic field at each point on conductor ‘b’ due to current I1 in
conductor ‘a’ is
𝜇0 2𝐼1
𝐵1 =
4𝜋 𝑑
Now the current carrying conductor ‘b’ is in uniform magnetic field B1.
Hence magnetic force on the segment L of conductor ‘b’ is
𝐹1 = 𝐼2 𝐿 𝐵1 sin 𝜃
𝐹1 is directed towards the conductor ‘a’ and here 𝜃 = 900 , sin 900 = 1
𝜇0 2𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐹1 = 𝐿
4𝜋 𝑑
Similarly conductor ‘a’ also experience same magnitude of force but in opposite direction. Magnetic
force on segment L of conductor ‘a’ is
𝜇0 2𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐹2 = 𝐿
4𝜋 𝑑
𝐹1 𝐹2
The mutual force per unit length on conductors ‘a’ and ‘b’ is, 𝐹 = 𝒐𝒓
𝐿 𝐿
𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
∴ 𝑭=
𝟒𝝅 𝒅
Definition of ampere: Thus “If two very long, straight, parallel conductors of negligible cross section
carrying same steady current are placed 1 m apart in free space (vacuum) experience a mutual force of
2 × 10−7 newton per meter length of these conductors, then the current in each conductor is said to be
1 A”.
15. Derive the Mirror formula.
OR Obtain the relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal length (f)
of a spherical mirror.
Ans: The geometry of formation of image B’A’ of object BA by a concave mirror is as shown in figure.

MPN = spherical mirror,

AB = linear size of the object,
A’B’ = linear size of the image,
BP = u = object distance
B’P = v = image distance
FP = f =focal length
CP= R = radius of curvature

In triangles A′ B′ F and MPF,

∠A′ B ′ F = ∠MPF = 900 and ∠A′ FB ′ = ∠MFP

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
Hence the triangles A′ B′ F and MPF are similar
B ′ A′ B ′ F
∴ =
PM FP
B ′ A′ B ′ F B ′ P − FP
Using PM = BA, we get, = = −−−−− 1
BA FP FP
In triangles A′B′P and ABP, ∠A′ B ′ P = ∠ABP = 900 and ∠A′ PB ′ = ∠APB ,
Hence the triangles A′B′P and ABP are also similar.
B ′ A′ B ′ P
∴ = − − − − − −(2)
BA BP
Comparing Equations (1) and (2),
B ′ P − FP B ′ P
we get, = − − − − − − − (3)
FP BP
Applying the sign conventions, B′P = –v, FP = –f, BP = –u, to equation (3) we get,
−v + f −v
=
−f −u
v−f v
⇒ =
f u
⇒ uv − fu = fv,
Dividing through out by uvf and rearranging, we get
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
This relation is known as the mirror equation.
16. Derive the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R for refraction through the spherical surface.
Where the symbols have usual meanings.
Ans: Consider a an object O placed on the principal axis of a spherical surface with centre of curvature
C and radius of curvature R, which forms an image I. The geometry of formation of image of an object O
placed on the principal axis of a spherical surface is as shown in figure.

OM = u = object distance
MI = v = image distance
MC = R = radius of curvature
Angle i = angle of incidence
Angle r = angle of refraction
ON = incident ray
NI = refracted ray
NC = normal to surface at N &
n1, n2 are the refractive indices
For small angles,
MN
tan ∠NOM = ≈ ∠NOM
OM
MN
tan ∠NCM = ≈ ∠NCM
MC
MN
tan ∠NIM = ≈ ∠NIM
MI
In ΔNOC, i is the exterior angle and  NOM &  NCM are interior opposite angles,
Therefore, i =  NOM +  NCM
MN MN
𝑖= + … … … … … (3)
OM MC
Similarly, In ΔNIC,  NCM = r +  NIM

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
r =  NCM −  NIM
MN MN
r= − … … … … … (4)
MC MI
Now, by Snell’s law, n1 sin i = n2 sin r
for small angles, n1 i = n2 r (since sin i  i and sin r  r)
Substituting i and r from Equations (3) and (4),
 MN MN   MN MN 
n1    = n2   
 OM MC   MC MI 
n1 n1 n2 n2
⇒ + = −
OM MC MC MI
n1 n2 n2 − n1
⇒ + = − − − −(5)
OM MI MC
Applying the Cartesian sign convention, OM = – u, MI = + v, MC = + R
Substituting these in Equation (5) and rearranging, we get
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
− = − − − −(𝟔)
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹
Equation (6) gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the
medium and the radius of curvature of the curved spherical surface.
RI of image space RI of object space RI of image space − RI of object space
− =
image distance object distance Radius of curvature

17. Derive of Lens Maker’s Formula.

Ans: Consider a thin convex lens of RI
n2 is placed in medium of RI n1.
Let,
R1 – radius of curvature of surface ABC
R2 – radius of curvature of surface ADC
O – point object on principal axis
I – final image of the object

The geometry of image formation by a double convex lens is as shown in figure.

The image formation can be seen in terms of two steps:-
(i) Refraction at surface ABC: The refraction at the surface ABC, forms the real image I1 in medium of
RI n2 of the point object placed in medium n1.
n2 n1 n2 − n1
∴ − = − − − − − (1)
v′ u R1
(ii) Refraction at surface ADC: The image I1 (in medium of RI n2) acts as a virtual object for the
second surface ADC that forms the final real image at I in medium of RI n1.
n1 n2 n1 − n2
− ′ =
v v R2
n1 n2 n2 − n1
− ′ =− − − − − − (2)
v v R2
Adding Equations (1) and (2), we get
n1 n1 1 1
− = n2 − n1 −
v u R1 R 2
1 1 n2 1 1
− = −1 −
v u n1 R1 R 2

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
1 1 1 1 𝑛2
⇒ − = 𝑛21 − 1 − ∵ 𝑛21 =
v u R1 R 2 𝑛1
Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., u → ∞ then, v → f
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ = 𝐧𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏 − − − − − − (3)
𝒇 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐
This is lens maker’s formula

18. Derive expression for equivalent focal length of the two thin convex lenses in contact with each
other.
Ans:
Let,
A and B – two thin convex lenses
f1 – focal length of lens A
f2 – focal length of lens B
O – point object placed beyond focus of lens A

The geometry of image formation by combination of lenses is as shown in figure.

The image formation takes place in two stages.
(i) The first lens forms the real image at I1 of the object O. For the image formed by the first lens A,
1 1 1
− = − − − − − (1)
v1 u f1
(ii) The image I1 acts as virtual object for the second lens B and the lens B forms final image I. For the
image formed by the second lens B,
1 1 1
− = − − − − − (2)
v v1 f2
Adding Equations (1) and (2), we get
1 1 1 1
− = + − − − − − (3)
v u f1 f2
If the two lens-systems is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then,
1 1 1
− = − − − − − (4)
v u f
From equations (3) and (4)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + − − − − − (5)
𝐟 𝐟𝟏 𝐟𝟐

19. Derive the refractive index of material of prism in terms of its refracting angle A and angle of
minimum deviation Dm.
Ans: The refraction of a ray of light through
prism is as shown in figure.
Let, ABC = principal section of the prism
A = Refracting angle of the prism
PQ = incident ray
QR = refracted ray
RS = emergent ray
i = angle of incidence
e = angle of emergence
r1 & r2 angles of refraction
In the quadrilateral AQNR,
 A +  QNR = 1800

From the triangle QNR,

r1 + r2 +  QNR = 1800
Comparing these two equations,

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r1+ r2 = A ....…..... (1)
The angle between the emergent ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ is called the angle of
deviation . The total deviation  is equal to the sum of deviations at the two faces,
δ = 1 + 2
δ = (i – r1) + (e – r2) = i + e – (r1+ r2)
i.e.,  = i + e – A ............. (2)

A plot between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is

shown in Figure.
At the minimum deviation Dm,
We have,  = Dm, i = e which implies r1= r2
Equation (1) gives, 2r = A or r = A/2
(𝐴+𝐷𝑚 )
Equation (2) gives, Dm = 2i – A or 𝑖 = 2
The refractive index of the prism from Snell’s law is
(𝑨 + 𝑫𝒎 )
𝒏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
𝒏𝟐𝟏 = = =
𝒏𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓 𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐

20. Derive the expression for fringe width of interference fringes using Young’s double slit
experiment.
Ans: Consider Young’s double slit arrangement for
obtaining interference fringes as shown in figure.
Let,
S1 and S2 - two coherent sources (Young’s double slits)
d – distance between slits
D – distance of screen from coherent sources/slits
O – center point on the screen and is equidistant from
S1 and S2

The path difference between the two light waves from S1 and S2 reaching the point O is zero. Thus the
point O has maximum intensity.
Consider a point P at a distance x from O.
The path difference between the light waves fromS1 and S2 reaching the point P is,  = S2P – S1P
2
 d
From the figure,  S2 P    S2 F    FP 
2 2 2
 D x  
2
 2
2
S1P 2  S1E 2   EP 2  D2   x 
d
Similarly 
 2
  d  
2
 d 
2
  S2 P    S1P    D 2   x      D 2   x   
2 2

  2     2  

 d2  d   d2  d 
  D2 + x 2   2  x       D2  x 2   2  x     = 2 xd
 4  2    4  2  
S2 P  S1P S2 P + S1P  = 2 x d
2xd
S2 P  S1P  
S2 P  S1P 
Since P is very close to O and d<< D, therefore  S2 P + S1P   2D
2xd xd
Path difference,  S2 P  S1P  = = ……………… (1)
2D D

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Equation (1) represents the path difference between light waves from S1 and S2 superposing at the
point P.
For constructive interference, S2P – S1P = n λ ; where, n = 0, 1, 2 ...
xd  λ D
= n λ or x  n  
D  d 
 D 
i.e., The distance of the nth bright fringe from the centre O of the screen is xn  n  
 d 
 D 
The distance of (n + 1)th bright fringe from the centre of the screen is xn 1  ( n  1 )  
 d 
The distance between the centers of any two consecutive bright fringes is called the fringe width of
bright fringes. The fringe width is given by,
 λ D  λ D  λD
β = x n+1  x n = (n+1)    n =
 d   d  d
𝛌𝐃
∴ 𝛃=
𝐝
Similarly for dark fringes also we obtain the same expression for fringe width.

21. Write the experimental observations of photoelectric effect. ( 3/5 M )

Ans: The experimental observations of photoelectric effect are,
1) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
2) For every photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum cut-off frequency of the
incident radiation below which there is no photoelectric emission. This minimum frequency is
called the threshold frequency.
3) Above threshold frequency, the photo current is directly proportional to the intensity of
incident light.
4) Above the threshold frequency, the stopping potential or the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons is directly proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation, but is
independent of its intensity.
5) Above the threshold frequency, saturation current is proportional to the intensity of incident
radiation.
6) The photo current decreases with increase in negative potential of collector and reaches zero at a
negative potential known as stopping potential.
22. Write the Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Using the equation, explain any two experimental
observations of photoelectric effect. (3/5 M)
Ans: Albert radiation energy is built up of discrete units called quanta of energy of radiation. Each
quantum of radiation has energy E= hν,
Where, h is Planck’s constant and ν- the frequency of light.
In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hν) of radiation and the electron is
emitted with maximum kinetic energy:
Kmax = hν – ϕo where, ϕo – work function
This is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
(i) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, Kmax depends linearly on frequency ν and Kmax is
independent of intensity of radiation.
(ii) Since Kmax must be non-negative, photoelectric emission is possible only if hν > 𝜙0 or ν > ν0. Thus,
there exists a threshold frequency νo for every metal surface, below which no photoelectric
emission is possible.
(iii) Intensity of radiation is proportional to the number of photons per unit area per unit time. The
greater the number of photons available, the greater is the number of electrons coming out of the
metal.
Therefore, (for frequencies ν>νo) photoelectric current is directly proportional to intensity of
incident radiation.

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(iv) According to Einstein, the photoelectric effect is instantaneous process. This is because
photoelectric effect process involves absorption of light quantum by single electron, which takes
place instantaneously.
In this way Einstein’s theory successfully explains the experimental observations of photo electric
effect.

23. Obtain the expression for radius of nth orbit of H-atom, by using the postulates of Bohr atomic
model.
Ans: Consider a atom with effective nuclear charge +Ze. Let an electron revolves around the nucleus
with speed v in the orbit of radius r as shown in figure.
The necessary centripetal force on electron is provided by the electrostatic force between the electron
and the nucleus. Therefore we have,
centripetal force = electrostatic force
𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑍𝑒. 𝑒
=
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑍𝑒 2
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟 = −−− 1
4𝜋𝜀0
From Bohr’s angular momentum quantization rule,
𝑛𝑕
𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋
𝑛 2 𝑕2
𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑟 2 = − − − (2)
4𝜋 2
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) we have,
𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑟 2 𝑛2 𝑕2 4𝜋𝜀0
= ×
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟 4𝜋 2 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑛2 𝑕2 𝜀0 𝑛2 𝑕2 𝜀0
𝑚𝑟 = ⟹ 𝑟=
𝜋𝑍𝑒 2 𝜋𝑚 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑛2 𝑕2 𝜀0
For nth orbit, 𝑟𝑛 =
𝜋𝑚 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑛2 𝑕2 𝜀0
For H atom Z = 1 and for nth orbit, 𝑟𝑛 =
𝜋𝑚𝑒 2

24. Obtain the expression for energy of the electron in the nth orbit of H-atom, by using the
postulates of Bohr atomic model.
Ans: Consider a atom with effective nuclear charge +Ze. Let the electron revolves around the nucleus
with speed v in the orbit of radius r as shown in figure.

The necessary centripetal force on electron is provided by the electrostatic force between the electron
and the nucleus. Therefore we have,
centripetal force = electrostatic force.
𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑍𝑒. 𝑒
=
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 1 1 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 1 𝑍𝑒 2
𝐾𝐸 = −−− 1
2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
PE of the electron = ( potential at a distance r from the nucleus) (-e)
1 𝑍𝑒
𝑃𝐸 = −𝑒
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

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2
1 𝑍𝑒
𝑃𝐸 = − −−− 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Total energy of the electron in the orbit of radius r is, E = KE + PE
1 1 𝑍𝑒 2 1 𝑍𝑒 2 1 𝑍𝑒 2 1
∴ E= − = −1
2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 𝑍𝑒 2
E=−
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
n2 h2 ε0
The radius of the orbit is given by, r=
π m Ze2
1 𝑍𝑒 2 1 π m Ze2
E=− =− 𝑍𝑒 2
8𝜋𝜀0 n 2 h 2 ε 0 8𝜋𝜀0 n2 h2 ε0
π m Ze2
π m Z 2 e4
E=−
8 ε0 2 n2 h2
π m Z 2 e4
For nth orbit, En = −
8 ε0 2 n2 h2
For hydrogen atom Z = 1 & for nth orbit
me4
En = −
8ε0 2 n2 h2
25. Write a note on spectral series of hydrogen atom.
Ans: On the basis transition of electrons between orbits, the radiations emitted are classified into five
spectral series as follows.
1. Lyman series: Spectral lines of Lyman series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 1st orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by the relation,
1 1 1
=𝑅 2− 2 𝑛 = 2, 3, 4 ….
𝜆 1 𝑛
This series lies in UV region.
2. Balmer series: Spectral lines of Balmer series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 2nd orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by the relation,
1 1 1
=𝑅 2− 2 𝑛 = 3, 4, 5 ….
𝜆 2 𝑛
This series lies in Visible region.

3. Paschen series: Spectral lines of Paschen series are obtained when the electrons make transitions
from higher orbits to the 3rd orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by the relation,
1 1 1
=𝑅 2− 2 𝑛 = 4, 5, 6 ….
𝜆 3 𝑛
This series lies in near Infrared region.
4. Bracket series: Spectral lines of Bracket series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 4th orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by relation,
1 1 1
=𝑅 2− 2 𝑛 = 5, 6, 7 ….
𝜆 4 𝑛
This series lies in middle Infrared region.
5. Pfund series: Spectral lines of Pfund series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 5th orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by relation,
1 1 1
=𝑅 2− 2 𝑛 = 6, 7, 8 ….
𝜆 5 𝑛
This series lies in far Infrared region.

26. State radioactive decay law and hence deduce the expression, 𝑵 = 𝑵𝟎 𝒆−𝛌𝒕 .
Ans: “The rate of radioactive disintegration is directly proportional to the number of radioactive
nuclei present in the sample at that instant of time”.
Let N be the number of atoms present in a radioactive sample at any instant of time t. If dN is the
number of atom disintegrating in a short interval of time dt, then according to decay law
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Rate of disintegration ∝ number of atoms present
𝑑𝑁
∝ 𝑁
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
= −λ 𝑁
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
= −λ 𝑑𝑡 − − − − − (1)
𝑁
Where, λ −decay constant and –ve sign shows that number of radioactive nuclei in the radioactive
sample decrease with time.
On integrating the equation (1)
𝑑𝑁
= −λ 𝑑𝑡
𝑁
ln N = −λ 𝑡 + 𝑐---------- (3) Where ‘c’ is constant of integration
Let initialy at time t = 0, the nuclei in the sample N = N0
Then ln N0 = −λ 0 + 𝑐 ⇒ c = ln N0
∴ eqn. 3 changes as
ln N = −λt + ln N0 or ln N − ln N0 = − λt
N
ln = −λt
N0
taking exponential on both sides
N
= 𝑒 −λ𝑡
N0
𝑵 = 𝑵𝟎 𝒆−𝛌𝒕
27. Define half life of radioactive sample and obtain the expression for half life. (3/5 M)
Ans: Half-life of a radioactive sample is defined as ‘the time during which number of nuclei in a
radioactive sample reduce to half the original value’.
From law of radioactive decay we have, N = N0 e−λt -------- (1)
Where, N – number of radioactive nuclei in the sample at time t
N0 – number of nuclei at time t = 0
λ – decay constant
N0
When, during time t = T1 half life , number of radioactive nuclei in the sample, 𝑁 =
2 2
N0 −λT 1
∴ = N0 e 2
2
1 1
⟹ = λT 1
2 e 2
λT 1
⟹ e 2 = 2,
taking log e on both sides
λT1 = log e 2
2
𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑
𝐓𝟏 =
𝟐 𝛌

28. Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. Using band theory differentiate between
conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
Ans: In an isolated atom the electron exist in discrete energy levels. But when the atoms come together
to form a solid, the outer orbits of electrons from neighbouring atoms would come very close or could
even overlap. Because of this, energy levels of each electron will be very close to each other. The group
of such energy levels forming continuous energy variation are called energy bands.
 The energy band which includes the energy levels of the valence electrons is called the valence band.

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 The energy band above the valence band is called the conduction band. The conduction band will be
filled by conduction electrons.
 The gap between the top of the valence band and bottom of the conduction band is called the energy
band gap (Energy gap Eg). It may be large, small, or zero, depending upon the material.
Conductors Semiconductor Insulator
Conduction and Valance band Conduction and Valance band are Conduction and Valance band
are overlapped separated by small energy gap (Eg< are separated by large energy
3 eV) gap (Eg> 3 eV)
Conduction band is largely Conduction band is partially filled Conduction band is
filled by conduction electrons by conduction electrons completely empty
Their electrical conductivity is Their electrical conductivity lies The electrical conductivity is
very high between conductors and insulators not possible.
Their Conductivity decreases Their Conductivity increases with Their Conductivity is
with increase in temperature increase in temperature independent of temperature
Ex: Metals and their alloys Ex: Si, Ge Ex: Plastic, rubber, glass
Conduction
Band
Conduction Eg > 3
Conduction
Energ

Band
Energ

Energ
eV
Band Eg < 3 eV
Valence Valence Band Valence Band
y

y
Band
Conductor
Valence Band Semiconductor Insulator
29. What is half wave rectifier? Describe with a circuit diagram, the working of a diode as half wave
rectifier.
Ans: The device that converts half cycle of ac input into dc is called half wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier circuit is as shown in figure.

The ac to be rectified is applied to the primary (P) of the transformer and induced ac appears across
the secondary. A diode D and the load resistor RL are connected in series to the free ends of the
secondary of the transformer. The output is taken across RL.
 During positive half cycle of the induced ac, the end A of secondary is positive thus the diode D is
forward biased. Hence the diode conducts and the output appears across RL.
 During negative half cycle of the induced ac, the end A of secondary is negative, thus the diode D is
reverse biased. Hence the diode do not conducts and no output appears across RL.
 The cycle of rectifications repeats and the graphical representation of input and out wave forms as
in fig.
Thus the diode conducts only positive half cycles of input ac cycle and hence it acts as half wave
rectifier.

30. What is full wave rectifier? Explain how diodes can be used as a full-wave rectifier.
Ans: A device that converts both the half cycles of ac into dc is called full wave rectifier.

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Full wave rectifier circuit is as shown in figure.

The ac to be rectified is applied to the primary (P) of the transformer and the induced ac appears
across the secondary. The diodes D1 and D2 are connected to the free ends of the secondary of the
transformer. The n-regions of the diodes are connected to the center tap of the transformer through a
load resistance RL.
 During positive half cycle of the ac input, the end A of secondary is positive relative to center tap
and the end B is negative. Thus the diode D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. Hence the
diode D1 conducts and the output appears across RL.
 During negative half cycle of the ac input, the end A of secondary is negative relative to center tap
and the end B is positive. Thus the diode D1 is reverse biased and D2 is forward biased. Hence the
diode D2 conducts and the output appears across RL.
 The cycle of rectifications repeats and the graphical representation of input and out wave forms as
in fig.
Thus both the halves of input AC is converted into DC and hence the device works as full wave rectifier.

IMPT. ADDITIONAL 3/5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

Sub : Physics Class : II PUC

1. Show that the magnetic field at an outside axial point of the current carrying solenoid is
equivalent to a bar magnet.
Ans: Consider a solenoid consisting of n turns per
unit length carrying a current I. Let its length be 2l
and radius a.
Consider a circular element of thickness dx of the
solenoid at a distance x from the center of solenoid.
It consists of ndx turns.
We know that, the magnitude of the magnetic field
on the axis of a circular coil is given by,
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼𝑅 2
𝑑𝐵 =
2 𝑥 2 + 𝑅 2 3/2
Where N is the number of turns in the coil, R is the radius of the coil and x is the distance of the point on
the axis of the coil. Here, N  n dx, R  a and x  (r-x)].
The magnitude of the field at point P due to the circular element is
𝜇0 𝑛𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑎2
𝑑𝐵 =
2 (𝑟 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑎2 3/2
The magnitude of the total field is obtained by summing over all the elements — in other words by
integrating from x = – l to x = + l. Thus,

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+𝑙
𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝐵=
2 (𝑟 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑎2 3/2
−𝑙

Let us consider the point P very far from the solenoid, i.e., 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 and 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙. Then the denominator is
approximated by, (𝑟 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑎2 3/2
≈ 𝑟 3 and
+𝑙
𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼𝑎2 𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼𝑎2 +𝑙
𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼𝑎2 𝜇0 𝑛 2𝑙 𝐼𝑎2
𝐵= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑙 = 𝑙 − (−𝑙 ] =
2𝑟 3 2𝑟 3 2𝑟 3 2𝑟 3
−𝑙

𝜇0 2 (𝑛 2𝑙 𝐼 𝜋𝑎2 )
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟3
The magnetic moment of the solenoid is,
𝑚 = total no. of turns × current × area of cross section = 𝑛 2𝑙 𝐼 𝜋𝑎2
𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝒎
∴ 𝑩=
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑
This is same as the far axial magnetic field of a bar magnet. Thus, a bar magnet and a solenoid produce
similar magnetic fields. Therefore a bar magnet is equivalent to current carrying solenoid.

2. What is an ac generator? Give the principle of generator. Derive the expression for generation
of sinusoidal emf by an ac generator. Draw the graph showing the variation of the induced emf
with time.
Ans: An ac generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle: One method to induce an emf or current in a loop is
through a change in the loop’s orientation or a change in its
effective area. As the coil rotates in a magnetic field 𝐵 , the effective
area of the loop (the face perpendicular to the field) is 𝐴 cos 𝜃,
where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵. This method of producing a
flux change is the principle of operation of a simple ac generator.
Construction: It consists of a coil mounted on a rotor shaft. The
axis of rotation of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field. The coil (called armature) is mechanically rotated
in the uniform magnetic field by some external means. The
rotation of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change,
so an emf is induced in the coil. The ends of the coil are connected
to an external circuit by means of slip rings and brushes.

Working/Theory: When the coil is rotated with a constant

angular speed ω, the angle θ between the magnetic field vector 𝐵 and the area vector 𝐴 of the coil at
any instant t is θ = ωt (assuming θ= 00 at t = 0). As a result, the effective area of the coil exposed to the
magnetic field lines changes with time, and the flux at any time t is
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is then,
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑
𝜀 = −𝑁 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 (cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Thus, the instantaneous value of the emf is
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
Where, NBAω is the maximum value of the emf, which occurs when sin 𝜔𝑡 = ±1 and is denoted as 𝜀0 ,
then 𝜺 = 𝜺𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
The direction of the emf and hence current changes periodically and therefore the current is called
alternating current (ac).
Since ω = 2πν, then we can write, 𝜺 = 𝜺𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛑𝛎 𝒕
where ν is the frequency of revolution of the generator’s coil.

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS

3. Explain the construction, working and theory of a transformer.

Ans: A transformer is a device used to vary (step up or step down) AC voltages.
It works on the principle of mutual induction.
Construction
A transformer consists of two sets of coils, insulated from each
other. They are wound on a soft-iron core, either one on top of the
other or on separate limbs of the core as in Fig. One of the coils
called the primary coil has Np turns. The other coil is called the
secondary coil; it has Ns turns. The primary coil is the input coil and
the secondary coil is the output coil of the transformer.
Working
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting
current produces an alternating magnetic flux which links the
secondary and induces an emf in it. The value of this emf depends
on the number of turns in the secondary.
Theory of transformer/Expression for turns ratio
Consider an ideal transformer in which the primary has negligible resistance and all the flux in the core
links both primary and secondary windings.
Let φ be the flux in each turn in the core at time t due to current in the primary when a voltage vp is
applied to it. Then the induced emf or voltage εs, in the secondary with Ns turns is
𝑑𝜑
𝜀𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠 − − − −(1)
𝑑𝑡
The alternating flux φ also induces an emf, called back emf in the primary. This is
𝑑𝜑
𝜀𝑝 = −𝑁𝑝 − − − −(2)
𝑑𝑡
But 𝜀𝑝 = 𝑣𝑝 . If this were not so, the primary current would be infinite since the primary has zero
resistance (as assumed). If the secondary is an open circuit or the current taken from it is small, then to
a good approximation 𝜀𝑠 = 𝑣𝑠
where vs is the voltage across the secondary. Therefore, Eqs. (1) and (2) can be written as
𝑑𝜑
𝑣𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠 −−−− 3
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜑
𝑣𝑝 = −𝑁𝑝 − − − −(4)
𝑑𝑡
Dividing eq. (3) by (4), we have
𝒗𝒔 𝑵𝒔
= = 𝑻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 called turns ratio.
𝒗𝒑 𝑵𝒑
 If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no energy losses), the power input is equal to the
𝑖𝑝 𝑣
power output, and since 𝑝 = 𝑖𝑣, ∴ 𝑖𝑝 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑠 ⟹ 𝑖𝑠
= 𝑣𝑠
𝑝
Step-up transformer: For step up transformer, turns ratio T > 1, that is, the secondary coil has a
𝑵𝒔
greater number of turns than the primary (Ns > Np), the voltage is stepped up (as 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑵𝒑
𝑽𝒑 and
hence Vs > Vp). This type of arrangement is called a step-up transformer. However, in this arrangement,
there is less current in the secondary than in the primary (Np/Ns < 1 and Is < Ip).
Step-down transformer
For step down transformer, turns ratio T < 1, that is the secondary coil has less turns than the primary
(Ns < Np), we have a step-down transformer. In this case, Vs < Vp and Is > Ip. That is, the voltage is stepped
down, or reduced, and the current is increased.

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS

4. Using phasor diagram, derive the expression for current in the series LCR circuit in terms of
impedance Z and phase difference 𝝋.
Ans: Consider a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source ε.
Let the voltage of the source to be,
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 -------- (1)

If q is the charge on the capacitor and I the current, at time t,

we have, from Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐶 + 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣
𝑞 𝑑𝑖
𝑖𝑅 + 𝐶 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 -------- (2)
Let the current in the circuit be 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 -------- (3)
Where, φ - phase difference between voltage across the source and the current in the circuit.
The phasor diagram for circuit at some instant of time t is as shown in figure.

Let,
𝐼 - phasor representing the current in the circuit
𝑉𝑹 - phasor representing voltage across resistor
𝑉𝑳 - phasor representing voltage across inductor
𝑉𝑪 - phasor representing voltage across capacitor
𝑉 - phasor representing voltage across the source

The length of these phasors (or amplitude) of 𝑉𝑅 , 𝑉𝐶 and 𝑉𝑳 are:

𝑣𝑅𝑚 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑅, 𝑣𝐶𝑚 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑋𝐶 , 𝑣𝐿𝑚 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑋𝐿 ------ (4)

We know that 𝑉𝑅 is parallel to 𝐼 , 𝑉𝐶 is π/2 behind 𝐼 and 𝑉𝑳 is π/2 ahead of 𝐼 .

The phasor relation for these voltages is 𝑉𝑳 + 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉 --------- (5)
Since 𝑉𝐶 and 𝑉𝑳 are always along the same line and in opposite directions, they can be combined into a
single phasor 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝐿 , which has a magnitude 𝑣𝐶𝑚 – 𝑣𝐿𝑚 .
Using the Pythagorean Theorem for fig. (b) we have:
2
𝑣𝑚2 = 𝑣𝑅𝑚 + 𝑣𝐶𝑚 − 𝑣𝐿𝑚 2
Substituting the values of 𝑣𝑅𝑚 , 𝑣𝐶𝑚 , and 𝑣𝐿𝑚 from Eq. (4) into the above equation, we have
𝑣𝑚2 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑅 2
+ 𝑖𝑚 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑖𝑚 𝑋𝐿 2 = 𝑖𝑚
2
𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 2

𝒗𝒎 𝒗𝒎
⟹ 𝒊𝒎 = = − − − − (6)
𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 𝟐 𝒁

Where, 𝒁 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 𝟐 − − − − (7) is called the impedance of the ac circuit.

Since phasor 𝑰 is always parallel to phasor 𝑽𝑹 , the phase angle φ is the angle between 𝑽𝑹 and 𝑽 and
can be determined from Fig. (b):
𝒗𝑪𝒎 − 𝒗𝑳𝒎 𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝋 = = − − − − (8)
𝒗𝑹𝒎 𝑹
Equation (6) gives the amplitude of the current and Eq. (8) gives the phase angle. With these, Eq. (3) is
completely specifies the current in the circuit.

5. Using Huygens principle show that angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for a
reflection of plane wave front at a plane surface.

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
Ans:
MN – reflecting surface
AB – Incident plane wave front
i – angle of incidence
v – speed of light in the medium

If v represents the speed of the

wave in the medium and if τ represents the time taken by the wave front to advance from the point B to
C then the distance BC is, BC= vτ ----------- (1)
In order the construct the reflected wave front, a sphere of radius = vτ, is drawn from the point A as
shown in the adjacent figure. The tangent plane CE drawn from the point C to this sphere represents
reflected wave front.
 AE = BC = vτ , ABC= CEA = 90o , AC is common.
Triangles EAC and BAC are congruent.
 i = r ----------- (2)
This is the law of reflection.

6. Explain the refraction of plane waves using Huygens principle and hence arrive at Snell’s law of
refraction. ( 5 M )
Ans:

PPl - surface separating medium-1 and

medium-2
v1 and v2 - speed of light in medium-1
and medium-2 respectively.

Consider a plane wave front AB incident in medium-1 at angle ‘i’ on the surface PPl . According to
Huygens principle, every point on the wave front AB is a source of secondary wavelets.
Let the secondary wavelet from B strike the surface PPl at C in time .
Then BC = v1.
The secondary wavelet from A will travel a distance v2 as radius; draw an arc in medium 2. The
tangent from C touches the arc at E. Then AE = v2 and CE is the refracted wave front. Let r be the angle
of refraction.
In the figure, BAC = i = angle of incidence and ECA = r = angle of refraction
BC = v1 and AE = v2
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐸
From triangle BAC, sin 𝑖 = 𝐴𝐶 and from triangle ECA, sin 𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝑣1 𝜏 𝑣1
∴ = = = = − − − − − (1)
sin 𝑟 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝑣2 𝜏 𝑣2
𝑐
Now, refractive index (n) of a medium: 𝑛 = 𝑣 where c – speed of light in vacuum.

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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
𝑐 𝑐 𝑛2 𝑣1
For the first medium: 𝑛1 = and for the second medium: 𝑛2 = ⟹ =
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑛1 𝑣2
sin 𝑖 𝑛2
Equation (1) becomes, = 𝑜𝑟 𝑛1 sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin 𝑟
sin 𝑟 𝑛1
This is the Snell’s law of refraction.

7. Give the theory of interference and hence arrive at the conditions for constructive and
destructive interference.
Ans: Consider two coherent sources of light S1 and S2.
Let the displacement produced by source S1 is, y1 = a cos (t)
and the displacement produced by source S2 is, y2 = a cos (t + )
where, a – amplitude of waves
 - phase difference between the waves.
The resultant displacement is, y = y1 + y2
y = [ a cos (t) +a cos (t + )]
y = a [cos (t + )+ cos (t)]
 t +   
y = 2a cos   cos   ; Using cos C + cos D = 2cos  C+D  .cos  C  D 
 
 2  2  2   2 
  
y = 2a cos   cos  ωt + 
2  2
 
y = R cos  ωt +  ----------- (1)
 2

The amplitude of the resultant displacement is R = 2a cos   --------- (2)
2
The intensity at a point is, Intensity ∝ (amplitude)2

∴ The intensity at that a point will be, I = 4I0 cos2   ---------- (3)
2
Where, I0 – intensity of interfering individual wave
Conditions for Constructive Interference:
For the constructive interference at an arbitrary point P, the intensity of light at that point is to be
maximum, i.e. Imax = 4I0
 
⟹ cos2   = +1 ⟹ cos   = ± 1
2 2
OR phase difference,  = 0,  2,  4 …. Or  =  𝟐𝐧
OR path difference:  = 𝐧 , (Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3…..)
Conditions for Destructive Interference:
For the destructive interference at an arbitrary point P, the intensity of light at that point is to be
minimum, i.e. Imin = 0
 
⟹ cos2   = 0 ⟹ cos   = 0
2 2
OR phase difference,  =  ,  3,  5 …. Or  =  (𝟐𝐧 + 𝟏) 
𝟏
OR path difference: 𝜹 = 𝒏 + 𝟐 𝛌 , (Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3…..)

8. What is diffraction of light? Explain diffraction of light at single slit. (3/5 M)

Ans: The phenomenon of bending of light waves around the edges (or corners) of the obstacles and
entering into the expected geometrical shadow of the obstacle is called diffraction of light.
Consider a parallel beam of light falling normally on a single narrow slit LN of width a. The different
parts of the wave front at the slit act as secondary sources of disturbance. The secondary waves
(diffracted light) from the slit, interfere producing diffraction pattern on the screen.

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When single narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic source, a broad pattern with a central bright
region is seen. On both sides of central fringe, there are alternate dark and bright regions; the
intensity becomes weaker away from the centre, as shown in intensity distribution curve.
The path difference between the two edges of the slit L and N at a point P on screen is,
NP – LP = NQ = a sin θ ≈ aθ
Formation of central fringe:
At the central point O on the screen, secondary waves from corresponding parts of the slit arrive in
phase (the all path differences of secondary waves are zero) and this gives maximum intensity at O.
Hence the intensity has a central maximum at θ = 0.
Conditions for Secondary maxima:

1λ
The Secondary maxima are produced at θ   n+ , n = ±1, ±2, ±3, …

2a
3λ
For first secondary maximum: n=1, this implies, θ   
2a 
nλ
Condition for minima: The Minima (zero intensity) is produced at θ  , n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ....
a

9. Define Brewster’s angle and hence arrive at the Brewster’s law of polarisation.
Ans: The tangent of the Brewster’s angle (iB) is equal to refractive index (n) of the material of the
reflector, i.e., n=tan iB
When the angle of incidence on a surface is equal to the Brewster’s angle, the reflected and refracted
rays are perpendicular to each other.
Proof: Consider a beam of an unpolarised light incident at an angle equal to the Brewster’s angle i B on
the surface of a transparent material having refractive index n.
PO is the ray of light incident on the surface of glass slab of refractive index n at an angle iB, the
Brewster’s angle. OQ is the reflected ray, which is completely polarized. OR is the refracted ray and is
partially polarised. Let r be the angle of refraction.
It is observed that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other.
i.e. QOR = 90 -------- (1)
From laws of reflection, POM =MOQ = iB
From the figure,
MOQ + QOR + RON = 180
iB + 900 + r = 1800
 r + iB = 900
 r = 90  iB --------- (2)
sin i sin i B
From Snell’s law, n = =
sin r sin r
sin i B sin i B
 n= 
sin (90o  i B ) cos i B
 n = tan iB
This is Brewster’s law.

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