Physics Passing Package Notes 2021

Science Academy (Regd.
) II PUC – Physics PASSING PACKAGE-2021
Aditi Educational Trust (R.)

SCIENCE ACADEMY P.U.COLLEGE
P.J. EXTN, DAVANGERE
Delivering the NEEDFULL

By: Vinay Y.V.
SCIENCE ACADEMY P U COLLEGE

(A UNIQUE CENTRE FOR PU CLASSES)
# 307/ 2.B, 1st Floor, 2nd main , PJ Extn, Near District Stadium, Davanagere –4.
Phone: Office: - 08192 – 257546, Mobile: 94481 – 78087.
SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 1

Science Academy (Regd.) II PUC – Physics PASSING PACKAGE-2021
SCIENCE ACADEMY (Regd.)

(A Unique Centre for PU classes)
ELECTROSTATICS
1. Write the Properties of electric charges.
i) Charges possess additive property. [Q = q1 + q2 + q3 …….. ]
ii) Charges are quantized , (Q = ± e)
iii) Charges are conserved [Charges can never be created nor destroyed.
2. State and explain Coulomb’s law of electrostatics or Inverse square law
This law states that “The force of attraction or repulsion between two point
stationary charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges
and inversely proportional to square of the distance between them”.
F12 F21
Q1 Q2
d

i.e. F∝

F=K
∴

F= x
)ℰ
3. Obtain an expression for electric field at a point on the axis of a dipole.

Let P be a point on the axis of a
→
dipole of Moment and length 2a -q a o a +q p
P
at a distance ‘r’ from the mid point r

Electric – field at ‘P’ due to +ve charge is E1 = x
along OP.
ℰ ()

Electric – field at ‘P’ due to -ve charge is E2 = x along PO.
ℰ ()
Electric – field at ‘P’ due to the dipole = EA = E1 – E2.

∴ EA = q
-
ℰ () ()

EA = xq
ℰ ( )

Q x 2a = P EA = x = x
ℰ ( ) ℰ ( )

EA = x along the axis from –ve charge towards +ve charge.
ℰ ( )
when a < < d, a2 can be neglected.

%&
EA = x = x .
ℰ !"#$ '(
Electric field is along the direction of dipole moment

PACKAGE
4. Derive an expression for electric – field at a point on the bisector line

of dipole. (Equatorial plane)
Field at P due to +ve charge,

charge

E1 = x along
along PA
P
πℰ ( )
Field at P due to -ve

ve charge
charge,

E2 = x along
along PB
π
E1 along PA is resolved into two components as E1cosθ and E1sinθ

s
|E1| = |E2|
Field at ‘P’ due to the dipole
d is
EB = Ecosθ
Ecos + Ecosθ = 2Ecosθ

EB = 2x x x cosθ cos θ
θ=
ℰ ( ) ( )/

EB = x x
ℰ ( ( )/
*
EB = x along PR ∥el to axis
ℰ ( )0/
Directed from +ve charge towards –ve charge of dipole.
When a <<d, a2 can be neglected.
+ →
EB = x or → *
!"#$ ,(
-2 = ℰ x 0
Electric field is opposite to the direction of dipole moment.
5. Derive an expression for torque acting on a dipole placed in a uniform

Electric – field.
Force acting on the + ve charge F1 = E q
in the direction of field.
Force acting on the -veve charge F2 = E q
in opposite to the direction of field.
|F1| = |F2|
These two equal and unlike parallel forces
constitute a couple which tends ten to rotate the
dipole in the direction of the field.
The moment of the couple ple or torque acting
a on the dipole is given by
τ = F x 3 distance between forces.
r
BC
τ = Eq x BC. .. . In the ABN, sin θ 5 AB
τ = E x q x 2 l sin θ C = AB sin θ
BC
B = 2a sin θ
BC
τ = E x p sin 4 (... q x 2l = p )
SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

), Davange
Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 3
PACKAGE
6. Write any three Properties of electric field lines. [lines of force]

1. Field lines are always starts from +ve charge and ends at –ve– charge.
2. Field lines never intersect each other.
3. Field lines will not form a closed path.
4. Field lines do not pass through a conductor.
5. Field lines are equidistant and parallel to one another in uniform EF.
7. Derive an expression for electric fields at a point due to infinitely long straight charged wire.
The electric flux through two end faces will be
→
zero because & E are ┴er to each other
9:
[θ = 900, cos θ = 0]. Electric flux is only on the
curved surface.
This flux is given by
Φ = E ds cos θ
θ = 0, cos 0 5 1
Φ = E x ds
Φ = E x 2@ɤ x ℓ ------- (1) (For a cylinder, ds = 2@ɤ
2 xℓ)
By Gauss theorem

Φ = ℰ A But, Q = λ ℓ

Φ = x λ ℓ --------- (2)

From the equations (1) and (2)we get

E x 2 @ ɤ ℓ = ℰ
x λ ℓ
Q
E=
%R#$ ɤ.
8. Obtain the relation between Electric intensity and Electric potential
When a unit positive charge is taken along perpendicular
distance from the surface B to the surface A against the
electric field, the work done is
GGGGH 5 E dr cos 180°° 5 NE dr …………… (1)

GH ∙ dr
dW 5 E
This work done equals the potential difference

between the surfaces A and B.
∴ dW 5 VM N VO 5 V N V N dV
dV 5 dV ……………….(2)
From equations (1)

1) and (2) ,
NE dr 5 dV
TU
P 5 N TV
The negative sign shows that the direction of the electric field GEH is in the direction of decreasing
potential.

), Davange
PACKAGE
9. Derive an Expression for electric potential energy of a system of two point

charges in the absence of electric field.
Q1 d. Q2
A B
Let us consider a system of two point charges Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance
‘d’ in air.
No work is done in bringing Q1 to A, because there is no electric field .
Now the charge Q2 is brought from ∞ to the point B against the field of Q1.
Work is done in this process.
W = V x Q2
W
Where ‘V’ is the potential at B Due to charge Q1 & is given by V= x
)
)ℰ
W
∴ W= x x Q2
)
By def, W = electric potential energy = U.
∴ U= x
W W
)ℰ
Electric potential energy = U.

d = distance between two charges
10. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential energy of

a dipole placed in an uniform electric field.
The torque acting on the dipole is given by : τ = PE sin θ

If the dipole is rotated through a small angle d ϑ
d against the Torque.
The wonedone is given by
d = τ x dθ = [- sinθ x d θ
dw
Total work done in rotating the dipole from the initial
in position θ1 to the final
position θ2 is given by
^ ^
X 9Y = X^ [- sin θ . dθ= PE - cos θ ^
[ cos θ + cos θ _ = PE [cos θ - cos θ _

W = PE [-
By definition, W = U
[cos - cos θ _
U = PE [cos θ
When θ1 = 90 and θ2 = θ then
U = - PE cos θ

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PACKAGE
11.. What are polar and non polar molecules? Give examples.
1) Polar molecules :
Molecules in which centers of +ve and –ve ve charge concentration are
separated by a small distance are called polar molecules..
They have permanent dipole moment.
Ex: NH3 , H2O, CO etc.
2) Non-polar
polar molecules:
In non-polar
polar molecules the centers of +ve and –ve
ve charge distributions
coincide.
They have no no permanent dipole moment.
Ex: O2, N2, H2 CO2 etc.
12.. Derive an Expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
The electric intensity between the plates is given by

` W
E=ℰ Where d is surface charge density σ =
a
W
E= a
------ (1)
b
w.k.t, E = ----
---- (2) where ‘v’ is the P.D between plates
plat
From eqn. (1) and (2) we get
W c
= .
aℰ
W ℰ a W
= By definition, = C capacitance
c c
∴ #$ e
C=
,
This is the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with air as
dielectric.
13.. Write any two uses of Capacitors.

Capacitors are used
1) to store electric charges
2) to store electric potential energy
3)) In A.C. circuits to control current
4)) To avoid sparking in gaps

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PACKAGE
14. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors

in series.
V = V1 + V2, ---- (1)

W W
But V1 = + V2 =
f f
W W
Eqn., (1) becomes V= f
+ f

V=Q f
+ f
… … … … … .. (2)
If Cs is the equivalent capacitance of the combination

W
Then V = f ----- (3)
g
From eqn., (2) and(3)we get
W
= Q f +
fg f
∴
= +
15. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors

connected in parallel
Here, Q = Q1 + Q2 ……… (1)

The charge on the first capacitor is given by Q1 = C1V , Q2 = C2 V
Equation (1) becomes

Q = C1 V + C2 V
Q = V [ C1 + C2] -----------(2)
If Cp is the effective capacitance of the combination
Q = Cp V ---- (3)
From equation (2) and (3) we get,
Cp V = V [ C1 + C2]
Cp = C1 + C2

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16. Expression for energy stored in a capacitor (U = ½ CV2).
Work done in transferring small amount of charge ‘dq’ is given by

dw = P.D. x charge moved
dw = V x dq
dw = (q / C) x dq
Total work done in charging the capacitor to its full capacity of holding charge Q is given by ,
W
∫ dw = Xj 9i
f
W
W= f
Xj i . 9i [∫q.dq = [q1 + 1/(1+1)] = [q2 / 2 ]

W= k l
f
By definition , W = U (energy)
U = Q2/2 C = ½ C V2 [Q = CV]
U = ½ C V2 W
Or U = ½ = ½ QV
f
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. State and explain Ohm’s law
This law states that, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference between the ends of the conductor. Provided temperature and other physical
conditions of the conductor remaining constant”
m∝n

m 5 on
p 5 qr
2. Define (a) Drift velocity (b) Mobility of electrons
Drift velocity: The average velocity with which free electrons get drifted towards the positive end of
conductor under the influence of an external electric field is called drift velocity.
Mobility: It is defined as the ratio of magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field.
|u |
s5
-
3. Derive an expression for Drift velocity in terms of electric field
and relaxation time.
The average velocity of the electrons due to random motion in the conductor will be zero.
This velocity is given by uav 5 0
When a potential difference V is applied between the ends of the conductor, it produces an electric
field E.
It exerts force on the electron in the opposite direction, therefore electron accelerates in the opposite
v xy
direction. a= =
w w

And The average time between successive collisions is denoted by z and is given by
{ { {0 ⋯{}
tav = z 5
~
Consider, v = u + at
xy
Vd = 0 + .z
w

∴ , 5 N → This is the expression for drift velocity.

4. Write the Limitations of Ohm’s law

The limitations of Ohm’s law are
1) The variation between Current and Potential difference is non linear.
2) The relation between Current and Potential difference is non unique.
3) Ohm’s law is not applicable for semiconductors.
GGH
5. Derive the vector form of ohm’s law H 5 d
Or Derive an expression for equivalent form of Ohm’s law.
Let I be the current in the conductor due to the potential difference n across the conductor, then
according to ohm’s law
n 5 m ………….(i)
The electric field - produced in the conductor is given by
c
-5
∴ n 5 - ………….(ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get
- 5 m

- 5 m × a ( 5 a )

- 5 (a5)
- 5
y
5 ( 5 d)

GH → This is the vector form of ohm’s law.
GGGH 5
%
6. Obtain an Expression for conductivity ( 5 ) of a conductor.

The expression for current in the conductor is given by

x
m 5 u but u 5 -
w
x
m 5 w - by defn., a
5

x
5 -
a w
x
||5 |-| As is parallel to -
w
x
5 w
- but 5 d-
x
d- 5 -
w
%
5 → This is the expression for conductivity

7. Draw the graph for temperature dependence of Resistivity of

(a) metals and (b) semiconductors (c) Nichrome
1) In Metals: Resistivity is directly proportional to temperature
i.e.
2) In semiconductors : Resistivity is inversely proportional to temperature

i.e.
3) Nichrome :

PACKAGE
8. Obtain an expression for effective emf and internal resistance

of Cells connected in series:
The terminal potential of cell E1 is V1 = E1 - Iɤ1
The terminal potential of cell E2 is V2 = E2 - Iɤ2
The terminal potential of the combination
Veff = V1 + V2 = E1 - Iɤ1 + E2 - Iɤ2
= E1 + E2 - I (ɤ1 + ɤ2)
Veff = E1 + E2 – I [ɤ
ɤ1 + ɤ2] ----- (1)
For the combination we have

Veff = Eeff - I ɤeff ------- (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get.
Eeff = E1 + E2 and ɤeff = ɤ1 +ɤ2
9. Obtain an expression for effective emf and internal resistance Cell in parallel.
parallel
Potential difference across cell E1 is V1 = E1 – I1r1

Potential difference across cell E2 is V2 = E2 – I2r2
y c y c
I1 = = (... V1 = V2 = V)

y c
|||ly I2 =

Main current in the circuit is given by
I = I 1 + I2
y c y c
I= - + -

y y
I= + -v +

y y
I= - V

y y
V = -I

y y
V= -I ----- (1)

For the combination we have
V = Eeff – I reff. ------ (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we get
Eeff = and reff =

), Davange
10. State Kirchhoff’s laws (or rules).

Junction rule: In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents at
a junction is zero. i.e. ∑ I = O.
Significance of Kirchhoff’s I law is law of conservation of charge.
Loop rule: In any closed loop, the algebraic sum of the e.m.f is equal to the
algebraic sum of product of currents and resistances in that mesh.
∑ E = ∑ IR.
Significance of Kirchhoff’s II law is ‘ law of conservation of energy’.
11. Applications of Potentiometer:
1) It is used to verify the emf of the two different cells
2) It is used to find the internal resistance of the given cell.
MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

1. What is Lorentz force? Give an expression for it.
The total force experienced by a charge ( q ) moving in both electric and
magnetic field is called Lorentz force.
→ → → →
= q - + (n x)
2. Obtain an expression for radius of circular path of charged particle in a magnetic field.
Let us consider a particle carrying +ve charge Q is moving with velocity V in
→
a uniform magnetic field of strength in a direction making an angle ‘θ’ with
B
the field direction,
It experience a force given by : F = Q V B sin θ
→ →
The particle experiences Maximum force ┴ r to both and .
n B
This force acts as centripetal force and particle describe circular path.
Centripetal force = force due to magnetic field
Fc = F B
wc
∴ = QVB where m is the mass of the particle and ‘r’ is

radius of the circular path and V is velocity.
p
ɤ=

This is the expression for radius of the circular path.

3) Derive an Expression for Magnetic field due to a long current carrying wire
using Ampere’s circuital law.
Y
→

O r P
I
X
Let us consider an infinitely long conductor XY carrying current I amps from X to

Y.
Let ‘P’ be a point at a distance r from the conductor and on the perpendicular to it.
Let ‘dl’ be the small length of the circle at P.
Line integral of magnetic-field along the circular path is
→ →
∮ ∙ 9 = X Bd cos θ = 0 cosθ = 1
= X Bd = B X d X d = 2@ .
→ →
∴ ∮ ∙ = B x 2@ ------(1)
9
According to ampere circuital law
→ →
∮ ∙ 9 = sj m ------- (2)
From eqn.,(1) and (2)
B x 2@ = sj m
¡
B= ,
)
¡ £
B= x
)
4) What is a solenoid ? Derive an Expression for Magnetic field due to a long

straight solenoid.
Solenoid: Solenoid is a long coil of wire consisting of closely packed loops.
Let ‘’ be the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid and I be the current flowing through
the solenoid. Let us consider a rectangular Amperian loop a b c d near the middle. Where ab = h. Let
the applied field be B along ‘ab’ and zero along the path ‘cd’, the paths ‘be’ and ‘da’ are
perpendicular to the field = 90, cos = 0. ∴ Magnetic field is also zero.

PACKAGE
∮¥¦ GGGH 5 X
GH ∙ 9 GGGH X
GH ∙ 9 GGGH X
GH ∙ 9 GGGH X
GH ∙ 9 GGGH
GH ∙ 9 GH ∙ GGGH
X¥¦ GH ∙ GGGH
9 5 X 9 5 0 (θ = 900)
¥ ¥¦ ¦
GGGH is very less &
GH ∙ 9
X¦
neglected, because It
is
outside the
solenoid.
GGGH 5 X
GH ∙ 9
∴ ∮¥¦ GGGH = ∮ 9 §¨:
GH ∙ 9
¥ ¥
θ = 0, cos θ = 1 and dl = ab = h
∴ ∮ GGGH 5
GH ∙ 9 ∙ © ……………… (1)
¥¦
According to ampere’s circuital
ital law,
∮¥¦ GGGH 5 sj m{ ……….. (2)

GH ∙ 9 where It = n h I
From equations 1 & 2, © 5 sj © m
5 sj m

5) State and explain Biot savart’s law (or Laplace law).
Magnetic field produced at P due to current I in the

element AB is
1) directly proportional to strength of the current (dB α I)
2) directly proportional to length of the element (dB α dl )
3) directly proportional to sin θ (dB α sin θ) and
4) inversely proportional to square of the distance of point P from
the mid point ( dB α 1 / d2 )
Mathematically, dB α (I d l sin θ) / d2
dB = k. (I d l sin θ) / d2
dB = µ0 . I d l sin θ
4π d2
It will be along the perpendicular to the plane containing the point and the element.
6. Derive an expression for magnetic field at a point along the axis of circular coil carrying
current.

), Davange
PACKAGE
Magnetic field produced at P due to current in the element is given by Biot Savart’
¡ ® ±²^

dB =
θ = 900 , sin θ = 1
)
¡ ®

dB =
)
dB is resolved into two components as dB cosθ

cos along the axis and dB sinθsin 3 to the axis.
Magnetic field produced at P due to current in the full loop
loop is given by
∑ , = ∑ , «¬ ³
¡ ® ¡
B = ∑ ) cos = cos ∑ 9 (∑ 9 = 2πR
2π )
)
¡
B 5 cos x 2πR In ∆ OAP, cos θ = R/r
)
r = R + x2
2 2
=> r = (R2 + x2) ½
¡ o
B= x x 2πR ... r3 = (R2 + x2) 3/2
)

¡
B= 2πR2
) 0
¯$ q
B= ( 2 π R2 along the axis towards the observer
!R
r% °%
%
For n turns of the coil,

¯$ % R r% q
i.e. B= . (
!R
r% °% %
¯$ ´ µ
At the centre of the coil , B =
% r
7. Write any three Properties of Magnetic field lines:
1. No two magnetic field lines can intersect each other.
2. The magnetic field lines will be parallel and equidistant in a uniform magnetic field.
3. The magnetic field lines will be more crowded where the strength of the field is more.
8. Derive an expression for force between two parallel current carrying conductor.
Magnetic field produced by current I1 on the conductor Q is given by
B1 = µ0 . 2 I1
π d
4π
The conductor Q carrying current I2 in the magnetic field B1
experiences a mechanical force F1 is given by
F1 = B1 I2 L sin θ If θ = 900
F1 = B1 I2 L towards the conductor P
F1 = µ0 . 2 I1 . I2 L ------------------(1)
4ππ d
ly
||| , conductor P experiences mechanical force F2 given by
F2 = µ0 . 2 I2 . I1 L ------------------(2)
(2) towards the conductor Q.
4ππ d
From equations (1) and (2)
It is found that F1 and F2 are equal and opposite.
The conductors attract each other when they carry current in same direction.
They repel each other when they carry current in opposite
opposit direction.

), Davange
PACKAGE
9. Explain how do you convert Galvanometer into ammeter.

ammeter
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter
A galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting suitable low
resistance in parallel with the galvanometer.
Applying Ohm’s law to each resistance, we get

V = Ig G
V = (I – Ig) S
(I – Ig) S = IgG
S = Ig . G
I - Ig
10. Explain how do you convert Galvanometer into voltmeter.

voltmeter
A galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting suitable high
resistance in series with the galvanometer.
Applying Ohm’s law, we get
V = Ig ( G + R)
V / Ig = (G + R)
R=V - G
Ig
11. Distinguish between Ammeter and Voltmeter

AMMETER VOLTMETER
1. Ammeter is used to measure current in the 1. Voltmeter is used to measure p.d. b/w two
circuit. points.
2. It is always connected in series. 2. It is always connected in parallel.
pa
3. Its effective resistance is very low. 3. Its effective resistance is very high.
4. Resistance of ideal ammeter is zero. 4. Resistance of ideal voltmeter is infinity.
12. Define the earth’s magnetic elements declination, dip and Horizontal component.
Declination (δ δ):: The angle between geographic meridian and magnetic meridian at
the place is called declination at the place.
Dip ( θ): The angle made by the direction of earth’s magnetic field B with the
horizontal along the magnetic meridian at the place is called ‘dip’ ‘di at the
plane.
Horizontal component (BH) : The resolved component of the earth’s magnetic
field B along the horizontal in the magnetic meridian is called horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field.
13. What is Bohr magnetron? Write its value.

It is defined as magnetic moment of revolving electron is the first orbit of hydrogen
atom.
¯ = 9.27 x 10-24 Am2

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PACKAGE
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION & ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. State and explain Faraday’s law of EMI:

This
his law states that the magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux.
If e is the induced emf when the magnetic flux changed by 9Φ in a time
interval dt then from Faraday’s law
,¸
i.e. e=-
,¹
2. What are eddy currents? Write any two applications of eddy currents.
The current induced in metal plate when placed in changing magnetic field is
called ‘eddy currents’.
Eddy currents are used in Speedometer,, induction furnace, electric breaks etc.
3. Derive an expression for Energy stored in an Inductor
Let dw be the work done in establishing a current I in the coil in time dt.
Then
dw = - e I dt

dw = + L x x I x dt (since e = - L )
{ {
dw = + L x I dI
Total work done in establishing the current I is given by
I
2
m
X 9Y 5 X¶ m 9m 5 X¶ m9m 5 = L I2
2
O

W= L I2

By definition, W = U U= L
4. Obtain an Expression for motional e.m.f induced in a conductor (rod) moving in a

magnetic field:
Let us consider a conductor AB of length l is placed in a

uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the direction
of field. Let the conductor moves to the position A1B1
through a distance ‘dx’ in time ‘dt’.
Change in magnetic flux linking the conductor in time dt is given by

dΦ = B . l . dx l x dx = area ABB1A1
Rate of change of magnetic flux is given by
·
= B l.
{ {

), Davange
· . .
=Blv . = v (velocity)
{ {
By Faraday’s second law
·
e= N
{
e=-Blv
This is the expression for motional emf.
5. What is AC generator? Derive an expression for the instantaneous emf in AC generator.

Ans: It is a device used for converting mechanical energy in to electric energy.
Let us consider a rectangular coil of ‘n’ turns of area A is rotating in a uniform magnetic field of
strength B with constant angular velocity ‘w’ (w = 2 π f) magnetic flux linking round the
coil at any instant of time is given by, Φ = n A B cos θ
Where ‘θ’ is the angle made by the normal to the plain of coil with the field direction
and θ = w t , ... Φ = n A B cos w t
As the coil rotates with uniform angular velocity ‘w’ normal to the magnetic field, magnetic flux
linking round the coil changes therefore according to Faraday’s law , an emf is induced in the
coil. This emf is given by,
e = - dΦ / dt
e = - d (n A B cos w t) / dt
e = - n A B d (cos wt)
dt
e = - n A B (-w sin wt)
e = n A B w sin wt
Emf is maximum when sin wt = 1. This emf is called as peak value of emf or maximum
value of emf. It is denoted by ‘ e0’
e0 = n A B w when, sin wt = ± 1
.. . (e = V , eo = V0 )
V = V0 sin wt
This is the expression for alternating emf (voltage).

PACKAGE
AC Circuits:
6) Expression for Current in an AC circuit containing pure resistance only :
Let us consider an AC circuit in which a pure resistance R connected in series with a source of
alternating voltage.
Let V = V0 sin ωt ----------(1) is the applied AC voltage
Where, V0 is the peak value of voltage and w is the angular velocity. w = 2πf2
2π
Due to the applied AC voltage, A current flows in the circuit this current is given by,
I = V / R = V0 (sin ωt ) ---------(2)
R
Current is maximum when sin wt = ± 1, that current is called ‘peak value of current and is denoted
as I0 .
... I 0 = V0 / R
(2) becomes , I = I0 sin ωt - ------------(3)
This is the expression for current in pure resistance circuit.
7) Expression for Current in an AC circuit containing pure inductance:
inductance
Let, V = V0 sin wt ------------ (1) is the applied alternating voltage.
And V1 = - L . dI
dt
Applying KVL for the circuit , we get
V + V1 = 0 (. . . R = 0 , IR = 0)
V = L . dI
dt
V0 sin ωt = L . dI
dt
dI = V0 sin ωt . dt
L
Integrating we get,
∫ dI = ∫ (V0 / L) sin ωt . dt
I = V0 ∫ sin ωt . dt
L
I = V0 [- cos ωt / w]
L

), Davange
PACKAGE
I = V0 . sin (ωt
( - π/2) - cos ωtt = sin (ωt
(ω - π/2)
ωL
Current is maximum when sin (wt - π/2) = ± 1 ,
that current is called as ‘peak value of current and it is denoted as I0.
I0 = V0 / ω L when sin (wt - π/2) = ± 1
I = I0 sin (ωt
( - π/2) -------------(2)
This is the expression for current in inductance circuit.
8) An AC circuit consisting of pure capacitance:
Let V = V0 sin ωt ----------(1)(1)

.
. . Alternating current flows in the circuit, thus current in the
circuit given by,
I = dq / dt But, q = CV
I = d (CV) / dt
I = C . d (V0 sin ωt)
dt
I = C V0 d (sin ωt)
dt
I = C V0 ω cos ωt
..
I = V0 . sin (ωt + π/2) ( + π/2)
. cos wt = sin (ωt
ωC)
(1/ωC)
( + π/2)
Current is maximum when sin (ωt /2) = ± 1 , this current is called as peak value of current and
is denoted as I0.
I0 = V0 when sin (ωt + π/2) /2) = ± 1
ωC)
(1/ωC)
I = I0 sin (ωt
ωt + π/2) ------------ (2)
This is the expression for alternating current in a capacitor circuit.

From (1) and (2) , it is found that ‘in capacitor circuit current leads the voltage by 900 or π/2 ‘.
9. What is a Transformer? Explain the working of a Transformer.

TRANSFORMER: Transformer is a device used to step up or step down alternating voltages.
Principle:: It works on the principle of mutual induction.
Working:
As input is alternating, at every alteration magnetic flux linking
round the secondary changes. Therefore an emf of the same
nature is induced in the secondary. The magnitude of output
voltage depends on number of turns in primary and secondary
coils.
Let Vp and Vs are the input and output voltages. np and ns be the
number of turns in primary and secondary.
Then it can be shown that
Vs / Vp = ns / np = T
Where, T is a constant of the transformer called as turns ratio.

), Davange
PACKAGE
10 . Mention any three Sources of Energy losses in Transformer:

Energy losses in transformer are
1) Magnetic flux leakage loss
2) Eddy current loss
3) Resistance of winding loss
4) Hysteresis loss
RAY OPTICS & WAVE OPTICS

1. Obtain the relation between n, u, v and R for refraction at spherical surface.
Let ‘P’ be the pole , ‘C’’ be the centre of curvature and ‘R’ be the radius of curvature of a small
aperture spherical refracting surface.
ÅÆ
In triangle PMO: tan MOP = tan α =
ÅÇ
ÅÆ
In triangle PMI: tan MIP 5 tan β 5
Å£
ÅÆ
In triangle MCP: tan MCP 5 tan γ 5
ÅÊ
ÅÆ ÅÆ
In triangle OMC, Á 5 Â 5 ,
ÅÇ ÅÊ
In triangle MCI, Â 5 Ë
ÅÆ ÅÆ
r=γ–β5 N
ÅÊ Å£
By snell’s law,
sin Á 5 sin
Á 5
ÅÆ ÅÆ ÅÆ ÅÆ
k l 5 k N l
ÅÇ ÅÊ ÅÊ Å£

5 N
*Ã *f *f *

N 5 N
Ì o o b
% %
∴ N 5
Í r
2. Derive Lens makers formula:

Refraction by a lens (Lens makers’ formula & Lens formula)

), Davange
PACKAGE
From the figure we can write

+ 5 ………….(i)
Ã2 2 2f
For refraction at the face ABC of the lens, image m′ acts as virtual object and produces red image m at
a distance u from the lens.

+ 5 ………….(ii)
Î Î Îf
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

+ 5 Ï N _ k + l ………….(iii)
Ã2 Î 2f Îf
By definition, when Ð 5 ∞, Ùm 5 Ú
Equation (iii) becomes

5 ( N ) k + l ………….(iv) [ Û 5 , ÛÙ 5 N ]
Ò 2f Îf

5 ( N ) k N l
Ò o o

5Ó N 1Ô k N l
Ò o o

5 Ö % N × Ó N Ô This is lens makers formula
Õ r r %
3. Define Power of lens.. Mention its SI Unit.

It is defined as the tangent of the angle by which it converges or diverges a beam of light falling at a
unit distance from the optical center.

[5Ò
The unit of power in S.I system is dioptre (D).
REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM
Derive Sin A+D

n= 2 for refraction through a prism. (With usual notations)
Sin A/2
A ray of light PO incident on the face AB of a glass prism

ABC of angle A and refractive index ‘n’.
In quadrilateral AOMO1
∟A + ∟M M = 1800 ------------ (1)
le 1
In ∆ OMO
∟r1 + ∟r2 + ∟M ∟ = 1800 ---------- (2)
From (1) and (2)
∟A + ∟M = ∟r1 + ∟r2 + ∟M
∟A = ∟r1 + ∟r2 ------------ (3)

), Davange
In ∆ SOO1 ,
∟d = (i1 – r1) + ( i2 – r2)
= (i1 + i2) - ( r1 + r2)
= (i1 + i2) - ( A)
A + d = i1 + i2 -------------- (4)
But,. i1 = i2 , r1 = r2
At minimum, deviation position , d = D and i1 = i2 = i and r1 = r2 = r
Equations (3) and (4) becomes
A = ∟r1 + ∟r2 = r + r = 2r
r=A/2
A + D = i1 + i2 = i + i = 2i
i=A+D
2
Substituting the values of i and r in the Snell’s law equation. We get
n = sin i
sinr
n = sin (A + D) / 2
sinA / 2
n = sin (A + D) / 2
sin A / 2
WAVE OPTICS
1. Define Wavefront:
A wavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all the particles which are
vibrating in the same phase.
2. What is an Interference ?
Modification (redistribution) in the intensity of light (energy) when two or more similar light
waves travelling in the same direction super impose on each other is called ‘Interference’.
3. Write any two conditions for sustained interference.
1) The two sources must be coherent
2) Two sources must be very narrow
4. Write Conditions for constructive interference:

(i) Phase difference δ = 2nπ where n = 0,1, 2,3,…………
(ii) Path difference between the waves is
x=nλ n = 0, 1 , 2 , ………..
5. Write the Conditions for destructive Interference:

(i) Phase difference δ = (2n + 1) π
where n = 0,1,2,3,…………
δ = π, 3π, 5π, 7π,…………….odd multiples of π
(ii) Path difference between the waves is
x = (2n + 1) . (λ/2) where n = 0,1,2,3,…………………..

Band width: The distance between two consecutive bright bands or dark
bands will be the same. This distance is called band width.
Bandwidth is given by w=λD/d
6. Distinguish between Interference and diffraction
INTERFERENCE DIFFRACTION
2. The modification in the intensity when 1. The phenomenon of light waves bending
two similar light waves traveling in round the corners or obstacles, is called
same direction super impose on each diffraction.
other is called interference. 2. It is produced due to the superposition of
3. It is produced due to superposition of no. of secondary waves of same sources.
two waves from two coherent sources. 3. Diffraction pattern consists of central
4. Interference pattern consists of alternate bright band bordered by alternate dark
bright and dark band. and bright band of decreasing intensity.
5. Interference bright bands are of equal 4. Diffraction bright bands are of unequal
thickness and intensity. thickness and intensity.
6. Interference dark bands are perfectly 5. Diffraction dark bands are of unequal
dark and of equal thickness. thickness and intensity.
Dual Nature of matter & Radiation

1. Mention any two types of electron emission.
1. Photoelectric emission 2. Thermionic emission
3. Field emission
2. Explain experimental observations of photoelectric effect.
1) Photoelectric effect is an instantaneous effect. (as time lag is 10-9 second)
2) For a photometal there is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which there is no
photoelectric effect, this minimum frequency is called ‘threshold frequency (υ 0 )’.
3) Above threshold frequency, kinetic energy of photoelectrons is directly proportional to the
frequency of incident radiation. (K.E α υ )
4) Above threshold frequency, number of photoelectrons (and hence photoelectric current) is
directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
5) Above threshold frequency, there is a minimum negative potential of the anode for which
photoelectric current becomes zero. This minimum negative potential of anode is called as
“stopping potential” or “retarding potential”.
3. Explain Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric effect.
Einstein explained photoelectric effect on the basis of ‘Quantum theory of radiation’.
The energy of Photon is given by
hυ = W + ½ mv2
K.E = h υ – φ0 ---------------- (1)
φ0 = hυ0
Substituting the value of φ0 in equation (1) we get,
K.E max = h (υ – υ0)

PACKAGE
Observations and Conclusions by Einstein
1) Photoelectric effect is instantaneous effect and takes place due to elastic collision between
photon and electron inside the metal.
2) If ν < ν0, then ½ mv2 max is negative, which is not possible. Therefore, for
photoelectric emission to take place ν > ν0.
3) Since one photon emits one electron, so the number of photoelectrons
emitted per second is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.
4. Write any three Characteristic Properties of photon
1. Photons travel at the speed of light in vacuum. i.e. 3 x 108 m/s.
2. Photons travel in straight lines. (Only in a homogeneous).
3. A photon has zero rest mass. i.e. m0 = 0. It means photon can not exist at rest.
4. Photons do not have any charge. They are electrically
electrically neutral.
ATOMS & NUCLEI

1. Draw a neat labelled diagram for Geiger-Marsden
Marsden scattering experiment.
experiment
Observations :
(i) Most of α-particles
particles pass through the gold foil undeflected.
(ii) A very small number of α-particles
α (1 in 8000 )suffered large angle deflection.
(iii) Some of them retraced their original path or suffered 180° deflection.
2. Write any two limitations (Drawbacks)

( of Rutherford Model of atom.
i) It could not explain the stability of atoms.
ii) It could not explain the line spectrum
3. Explain the postulates of Bohr’s Atom Model.
(i) Stationary Circular Orbits: An
n electron in an atom could revolve in certain
stable orbits without the emission of radiant energy called Stationary orbits.
ii) Quantum Condition : Electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits
Ü
for which the angular momentum is some integral multiple of
)
Ü
(That is L = ) (L = mvr)
iii) Transitions: Electron emits energy only when they jumps from stationary orbit of higher
energy level to lower energy level.
i.e. h Ý = E2 – E1 .

), Davange
4. Derive an expression for the radius of an electron in the nth orbit of

hydrogen atom.
The electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus is
Þß
FE = Ó πε Ô Ó Ô

wb
But, the centripetal force is Fc =
For stability of the atom FE = Fc

Þß wb
Ó πε Ô Ó Ô =

Þß
mv2 = Ó ÔÓ Ô --------- (1)
πε
But, from Bohr’s Quantization rule,

àá
mvr = , n = 1, 2, 3, --------
)
2 2 2 à á
squaring , m v r = ----------------- (2)
)
(2) ÷ (1) ⇒
w b Ü πε
wb
= Ó ) Ô Ó Þß Ô (For hydrogen z = 1)
ε Ü
r= )wx
ε$% â%
∴ rn = R%
This is the expression for the radius of an electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.
5. Derive an expression for total energy of electron in an nth orbit of

hydrogen atom.
For a dynamically stable orbit in a hydrogen atom
The necessary centripetal force is provided by electrostatic force
of attraction between electron and the nucleus.
i.e. Fe = FC
wb ä x
From Bohr’s postulate:

= )ã
Thus, the relation between the orbit radius and the electron velocity is
äx
mv2 = )ã
------------------ (1)
The K.E (K) and electrostatic potential energy (U) of the electron in
hydrogen atom are
äx
K = ½ mv2 = [ from (1) ]
å)ã
äx
And U = - (since U = -2 x K)
)ã

Thus, the total mechanical energy E of the electron in a hydrogen atom is

E=K+U
äx äx
E= å)ã
- )ã
äx ε$ % â%
E=- but ∴ rn =
Ræ%
å)ã
x
E=- ε$ % â%
å)ã
Ræ%
En = - m Z2e4
8 Є02 n2 h2
For hydrogen atom, Z = 1
En = - m e4
8 Є0 2 n 2 h 2
6. Write any two limitations of Bohr’s atom model.

1) Bohr’ theory is not applicable to atoms having more than one electron.
2) Bohr’s theory fails to explain fine structure of spectral line.
3) This theory does not account for the wave nature of electrons.
7. Write the relation between radius of the nuclei and its mass number.
Ans: R = R0 (A)1/3
Where R0 is a constant called Fermi constant.
And its value is 1.2 x 10-15m = 1.2 fermi.
8. What are Isotopes, Isobars and isotones?

1. Isotopes:
The atoms of an element having same atomic number (Z) but different mass-
numbers are called isotopes.
Ex: i) 6C12 , 6C13 , 6C14
2. Isobars:
The nuclei having same number of nucleons but different number of protons are
called isobars.
Examples:
3. Isotones:
The nuclei containing the same number of neutrons are called isotones.
Ex: i) 1H3, 2He4

9. Write Einstein’s mass-energy relation. Mention two examples for conversion of

mass to energy.
Ans: E = m c 2. Where c is the speed of light
Examples for conversion of mass to energy:

1. Nuclear fission reaction
2. Nuclear fusion reaction
10. Write any three Properties (Characteristics) of nuclear force.
1. The nuclear force is much stronger than the Coulomb force
2. The nuclear force between two nucleons falls rapidly to zero as their distance is more than a
few femtometres.
3. The nuclear force between neutron-neutron, proton-neutron and proton-proton is approximately
the same.
4. Nuclear force is a short range force.
5. Nuclear force is charge independent force and spin dependent force.
6. Nuclear force is non-central and non gravitational force.
11. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion.

Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
1) It is a process in which heavier 1) Nuclear fusion is a process in which
nucleus breaks up into two or two lighter nuclei are fussed
more lighter nuclei of comparable together to form a heavier nucleus.
masses. 2) Reaction is uncontrollable.
2) Reaction is controllable. 3) Energy released cannot be
3) Energy released can be controlled. controlled.
4) It forms the principle of atom 4) It forms the principle of hydrogen
bomb. bomb.
5) Energy released per nucleon is 5) Energy released per nucleon is
less. more.
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
1. Explain the Energy Band in solids.
In solids, atoms will be closely packed. Therefore electron in any orbit will be influenced by
surrounding atoms. Hence electrons possess range of energy. This range of energy possessed by the
electrons is called as energy band , this theory is called as band theory of solids.
Energy band: The range of energy possessed by the electrons is called as energy band.
Energy bands are formed due to the continous energy variation in different energy levels.
Valence band (V.B) : The range of energy possessed by valence electrons (outer most electrons) is
called valence band, this band may be half filled or completely filled but never be empty.
Conduction band (C.B): The range of energy possessed by conduction electron (free electron) is
called as conduction band. It may be half filled, completely filled or it may be empty.
Energy gap (Eg) : The minimum energy required for shifting electrons from valence band
to conduction band is called energy gap.

2. Explain the Classification of Solids on the basis of energy bands into conductors, semiconductors
and insulators :
Sl.
No Conductors Semiconductors Insulators
1 Conductivity is very high Conductivity is between less Conductivity is negligible
than that of conductors
2 Resistivity is very low Resistivity is more than Resistivity is very large
conductors
3 Temperature co-efficient Temperature co-efficient of Temperature coefficient of
of resistance is positive resistance of a Sc is negative resistance is slightly
for conductor. and large. negative.
4 Type of bonding present is Type of bonding present is Type of bonding present is
metallic bonding Covalent ionic. (or covalent)
Ex: Cu, Ag, Au etc Ex: Ge, Si etc Ex: Wood, Plastic, mica
etc.
3. Write the differences between Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors:

Intrinsic semiconductors Extrinsic semiconductors
1. It is a pure semiconductor 1. It is a semiconductor doped with impurities.
2. Number of holes and electrons are equal 2. Number of holes and electrons are unequal
3. Conductivity depends only on 3. Conductivity depends on temperature and
temperature impurities added.
4. Conductivity is due to both electrons 4. Conductivity is mainly due to majority charge
and holes carriers.
Ex: Ge in its purest state Ex: Ge doped with As
4. Write the differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors.

n-type p-type
1) Majority charge carriers are electrons. 1) Majority charge carriers are holes.
2) Minority charge carriers are holes. 2) Minority charge carriers are electrons.
3) Produced by adding pentavalent impurities 3) They are produced by adding trivalent impurities
4) Electrical conductivity is mainly due to free 4) Electrical conductivity is mainly due to holes. .
electrons.
Ex: Ge doped with Arsenic
Ex: Ge doped with Indium
5. Explain the Action of diode when forward biased. Draw IV curve for it.
Diode is said to be forward biased when p-side of the diode is connected to positive of the battery and n-side
of diode is connected to negative of the battery.
Positive of the battery attracts electron from n-side to p-side through the junction, negative of the battery
attracts holes from p-side to n-side through the junction therefore thickness of depletion layer decreases, its
resistance decreases and conductivity increases, it conducts current. A diode conducts current when it is
forward biased.
PACKAGE
6. Explain the Action of diode when reverse biased. Draw IV curve for it.
Diode is said to be reverse biased when p-side

p side is connected to negative of the battery and n-side
n is connected
to positive of the battery. The positive of the battery attracts electrons directly from n-side.
n Negative of the
battery attracts holes directly from p-side,
p side, thickness of depletion layer increases. Its resistance increases and
conductivity decreases therefore it does not conduct current.
7. Explain the working of half-wave
h Rectifier with its waveform.
A half wave rectifier is one in which rectification is done for only one half cycle of input AC.
Working :
(i) During the positive half cycle of input AC, A is +ve
+ and B is –veve hence diode is forward
biased, it conducts current therefore a current flows through the load resistance, there
will be voltage across the load resistance.
(ii) During negative half cycle, A is –ve and B is +ve hence diode becomes reverse biased, it
will not conduct current,
current, no current flows through the load resistance and there is no
voltage across the load resistance. Thus half cycle of input AC is blocked by the diode.
This process is called as half wave rectification. Output is DC but not
n steady.
8. Explain the construction and working of Full-wave
Full wave Rectifier with waveform.
A full wave rectifier is one in which rectification is done for the complete (both) cycle of input Ac.
Working:
(i) ve hence diode D1 is forward
During positive half cycle of input AC , A is +ve and B is –ve
biased and D2 is reverse biased,
biased D1 only conducts current.. Current flows through the
load resistance in the direction D1 RL T there will be output voltage across the load
résistance.

), Davange
(ii) During negative half cycle of input AC, A is –ve and B is +ve hence diode D2 is forward
biased and D1 is reverse biased. Diode D2 only conducts current. A current flows
through the load resistance in the direction D2 RL T. There will be voltage across the load
resistance.
In both the cases current flows in the same direction through the load resistance.
Therefore output is DC and steady. This process is called as “full wave rectification”.
9. What is Light emitting diode (LED)? Write any two applications of LED.
An LED is a p-n junction diode which converts electrical energy to light energy.
Applications of LED’s:
1) They are used as optical fibre transmitter.
2) They are used for message display in railway station, bus stand, and airport.
3) Infrared LED’s are used in burglar alarm system and TV remote control.
10. What is Photo diode? Write any two applications of photodiode.
A Photo diode is a p-n junction diode which converts light energy to electrical energy.
Applications:
1) These photodiodes are used in computers and in films.
2) They are used in camera light meters and clock radios.
3) They are used to measurement of intensity of light in camera.
11. What is Solar Cell diode? Write any two applications of it.
A solar cell is a junction diode which converts solar energy into electrical energy.
Applications:
1. They are used in Solar water heaters, solar power supplies.
2. Solar cells are used in satellites to recharge their batteries.
12. Write the circuit symbol and truth table for OR gate.
A B y=A+B
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
13. Write the circuit symbol and truth table for AND gate.
A B y =A.B
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
14. Write the circuit symbol and truth table for NOR gate.
A B y (A + B = y)
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
15. Write the circuit symbol and truth table for NAND gate.
A B
y (y = A.B)
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

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Science Academy (Regd.

) II PUC – Physics PASSING PACKAGE-2021

Aditi Educational Trust (R.)

Delivering the NEEDFULL

SCIENCE ACADEMY P U COLLEGE

Phone: Office: - 08192 – 257546, Mobile: 94481 – 78087.

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 1

SCIENCE ACADEMY (Regd.)

3. Obtain an expression for electric field at a point on the axis of a dipole.

Electric – field at ‘P’ due to the dipole = EA = E1 – E2.

       

when a < < d, a2 can be neglected.

Electric field is along the direction of dipole moment

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 2

4. Derive an expression for electric – field at a point on the bisector line

Field at P due to +ve charge,

Field at P due to -ve

E1 along PA is resolved into two components as E1cosθ and E1sinθ

Electric field is opposite to the direction of dipole moment.

5. Derive an expression for torque acting on a dipole placed in a uniform

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

6. Write any three Properties of electric field lines. [lines of force]

GGGGH 5 E dr cos 180°° 5 NE dr …………… (1)

This work done equals the potential difference

From equations (1)

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

9. Derive an Expression for electric potential energy of a system of two point

By def, W = electric potential energy = U.

Electric potential energy = U.

10. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential energy of

The torque acting on the dipole is given by : τ = PE sin θ

[ cos θ + cos θ _ = PE [cos θ - cos θ _

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

12.. Derive an Expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.

The electric intensity between the plates is given by

13.. Write any two uses of Capacitors.

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

14. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors

V = V1 + V2, ---- (1)

If Cs is the equivalent capacitance of the combination

15. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors

Here, Q = Q1 + Q2 ……… (1)

Equation (1) becomes

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

16. Expression for energy stored in a capacitor (U = ½ CV2).

Work done in transferring small amount of charge ‘dq’ is given by

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 8

4. Write the Limitations of Ohm’s law

The expression for current in the conductor is given by

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 9

7. Draw the graph for temperature dependence of Resistivity of

2) In semiconductors : Resistivity is inversely proportional to temperature

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 10

8. Obtain an expression for effective emf and internal resistance

For the combination we have

Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get.

Eeff = E1 + E2 and ɤeff = ɤ1 +ɤ2

Potential difference across cell E1 is V1 = E1 – I1r1

Main current in the circuit is given by

Eeff = and reff =

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.),

10. State Kirchhoff’s laws (or rules).

MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

SCIENCE ACADEMY (R.), Davangere. By: Vinay Y.V. Page 12

[ cos θ + cos θ _ = PE [cos θ - cos θ _

∮¥¦ GGGH 5 sj m{ ……….. (2)