CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR MID TERM

Unit – 1 The Solid State

1. Give any two differences between Crystalline and Amorphous solids.

Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
Definite geometrical shape Irregular shape
Sharp melting points Range of melting points
Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature

2. Calculate the number of particles present per unit cell in a simple cubic (SC) unit cell.
1
From corner particles, contribution per unit cell is x8=1
8

∴ number of particles per unit cell = 1

3. Calculate number of particles present per unit cell in a body-centred cubic (BCC) unit cell.
1
From corner particles, contribution per unit cell is x8=1
8

Particle present at body centre = 1

∴ number of particles per unit cell = 1 + 1 = 2

4. Calculate number of particles present per unit cell in a face-centred cubic (FCC) unit cell.
1
From corner particles, contribution per unit cell is x8=1
8
1
From face centred particles, contribution per unit cell is x6=3
2

∴ number of particles per unit cell = 1 + 3 = 4

5. What is meant by the term coordination number in solids?

What is the coordination number in (a) simple cube (b) bcc (c) fcc close packing structure?
The number of nearest neighbours of a particle is called coordination number.
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12

6. In a close packed array of ‘N’ spheres, how many octahedral and tetrahedral voids are
present?
Number of octahedral voids are ‘N’
Number of tetrahedral voids are ‘2N’
7. What is packing efficiency in a crystal?
Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic (sc) lattice.
It is a percentage of total space filled by the particles in a crystal.
Let ‘a’ be the edge length of the unit cell and ‘r’ is the radius of sphere

Then, a = 2r
4
Volume of sphere = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

Volume of the unit cell = a3 = (2r) 3 = 8r3

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Packing efficiency = x 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
4
𝜋 𝑟3
3
= x 100
8 𝑟3

Packing efficiency = 52 %

8. Calculate the packing efficiency in cubic close packed (ccp ) / face-centred cubic (fcc) /
hexagonal close packed (hcp) cubic lattice.
Let ‘a’ be the edge length of the unit cell and ‘r’ is the radius of sphere.
From Δ ABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
AC = √2𝑎 But, AC = 4r
Therefore, 4r = √2 𝑎
4𝑟
a= = 2√2𝑟
√2

Volume of the unit cell = a3 = (2√2𝑟) 3

4 16
Volume of spheres = 4 x 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
Packing efficiency = x 100 %
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
16
𝜋 𝑟3
3
= x 100 %
( 2√2 𝑟)3

Packing efficiency = 74 %
9. Calculate the packing efficiency in body-centred cubic (bcc) lattice.
Let ‘a’ be the edge length of the unit cell and ‘r’ is the radius of sphere.
From Δ EFD
FD2 = EF2 + ED2
FD2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
Now in Δ AFD
AF2 = AD2 + FD2
AF2 = a2 + 2a2 = 3a2
AF = √3 a , But AF = 4r
4𝑟
Therefore, 4r = √3𝑎 then a =
√3

Volume of the unit cell = a3 = (4r /√3)3

4 8
Volume of spheres = 2 x 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
Volume occupied by two spheres
Packing efficiency = x 100 %
Volume of the unit cell
8
πr3
3
= 𝟑 x 100 %
(4r/√3 )

Packing efficiency = 68 %

10. Give any two differences between Schottky and Frenkel defect
Schottky defects Frenkel defect
Missing of equal number of cations and Displacement of cation from their lattice
anions from their lattice sites is called sites into the interstitial site is called
Schottky defect. Frenkel defect.
Density of the crystal decreases No change in the density of crystal

NOTE : AgBr shows both Schottky and Frenkel defects.

11. Sodium metal crystallises in a BCC structure. Its unit cell edge length is 420 pm.
Calculate its density. (Atomic mass of sodium = 23 𝝁, NA = 6.022x1023 mol-1)
Z x M 2 𝑋 23 46
d= = = = 1.031 g 𝑐𝑚−3
𝑁𝐴 x 𝑎 3 6.022 𝑋 1023 𝑋(4.20)3 𝑋 10−24 6.022 𝑋 1023 (4.20)3 𝑋 10−24

12. What are F-centres. Mention their importance.

The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called F- centres.
They imparts colour to crystal.
Unit – 2 Solutions

1. Define the term ‘molarity’ and ‘molality’ of a solution.

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in a litre of the solution.
Molality is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in one kg of the solvent.

2. (a) State Henry’s law. Write its mathematical form.

(b) Give any two applications of Henry’s law.
(a) ‘At constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas’.

p = KH ᵡ Where; KH is called Henry’s constant

(b) The law is used

 In the preparation of carbonated beverages
 By scuba divers for respiration

NOTE : Higher the value of KH lower is the solubility of gas

3. How solubility of a gas in liquids varies with temperature and pressure

 Decreases with temperature
 Increases with pressure.

4. State Raoult’s law for liquid mixtures.

‘For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of a component at a given
temperature is directly proportional to mole fraction of that component in the solution.’

5. Give any two differences between Ideal and Non – Ideal solutions.

Ideal Solutions Non – Ideal Solutions

Solutions which obey Raoult’s law Solutions which does not obey Raoult’s law
are called ideal solutions. are called non – ideal solutions.
Ex : n-hexane and n-heptane Ex : Phenol and Aniline
ΔmixV = 0 ΔmixV ≠ 0
ΔmixH = 0 ΔmixH ≠ 0
6. Define boiling point elevation constant OR molal elevation constant OR Ebullioscopic
constant. Mention its SI unit.
The elevation in boiling point when the molality of the solution is unity.
SI unit is K Kg mol-1

7. Define freezing point depression constant OR molal depression constant OR Cryoscopic

constant. Mention its SI unit.
The depression in freezing point when the molality of the solution is unity.
SI unit is K Kg mol-1

8. Define isotonic solution. What happens when the blood cell is dipped in a solution
containing more than normal saline concentration (0.9% m/v sodium chloride)?
Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
Blood cells gets shrink.

9. What are azeotropes? Give an example for binary solutions showing minimum boiling
azeotrope.
Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and
boils at a constant temperature.
Ex : Ethanol-Water

10. What is reverse osmosis? Mention its one practical utility (use).
The process of reversing the direction of osmosis by applying the pressure, higher than the
osmatic pressure to the solution of higher concentration is called reverse osmosis.
Used in desalination of sea water.
Unit – 3 Electrochemistry

1. Mention any two factors which affects the conductivity of electrolytic solution.
 Temperature
 Nature of the electrolyte

2. What is molar conductivity OR molar conductance? Write its SI unit.

The conductance due to all the ions produced from one mole of an electrolyte dissolved.
SI unit is S m2 mol-1

3. What is meant by limiting molar conductivity.

The conductivity of electrolytic solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar conductivity.

4. State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.

‘It states that ‘Limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the
individual contributions of the cation and anion of the electrolyte’.

5. Write Nernst equation for Daniel cell. Explain the terms?

𝑅𝑇 [𝑀]
EMn+ / M = E0Mn+ / M – ln
𝑛𝐹 [𝑀𝑛+]

Where; R gas constant

T Temperature in kelvin
F Faraday’s constant

6. What is Daniell cell? Describe the construction and working of Daniel cell.
A Daniell cell is an electrochemical cell which carries out chemical reactions to produce
electricity.
Construction :
 Zinc rod dipped in zinc sulphate solution acts as anode.
 Copper rod dipped in copper sulphate solution acts as cathode.
 The two solutions are interconnected using a salt bridge and the two
electrodes are connected externally through voltmeter and a switch.
 e- →
. ← current
Zn salt bridge Cu

Zn2+ SO42- Cu2+ SO42-

ZnSO4 CuSO4
Working : When switch is on, the electrons move from anode to cathode producing electric
current.
At anode ; Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
At cathode ; Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
Overall cell reaction ; Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
 Representation of cell Zn | Zn 2 1m  || Cu 2 1m  | Cu

 Standard emf of cell is 1.1 volt

7. State Faraday’s first law and Faraday's second law of electrolysis.

First law :
It states that ‘The amount of substance deposited on cathode is directly proportional to quantity
of electric current supplied’.
W= ZxIxt
Where; Z is called Electro-chemical equivalent
Second law :
It states that the ‘The amounts of different substances liberated by the same quantity of
electricity passing through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent
weights’.

8. Explain the construction and working of Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE).

OR
Draw a neat labelled diagram of SHE, write symbolic representation and half cell reactions
Construction :
It consists of a platinum foil fitted into a glass tube containing mercury.
The inner glass tube is enclosed in an outer jar that contains an inlet at the top to pass H2 gas.
The whole apparatus is placed in 1M HCl solution.
 Working:
Pure and dry hydrogen gas at 1 bar pressure passed is
adsorbed on platinum surface.
1
At Anode : H2(g) → H+(aq) + e-
2
1
At Cathode : H+(aq) + e- → H2(g)
2

 Representation of SHE is Pt(s) / H2(g, 1 bar) || H+(aq, 1M)

 Emf of SHE is 0.0 V

9. What is a Primary and Secondary cell? Give an example.

A primary cell is one where the reaction occurs only once and after use over a period of time
battery becomes dead.
Ex : Dry cell
A secondary cell is one where after use it can be recharged by passing current through it in the
opposite direction.
Ex : Lead storage cell

10. Write the equations of anodic and cathodic reactions occur during rusting of iron.
At Anode :
2Fe (s) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 4e-
At Cathode :
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- → 2H2O (l)

11. Write the equations of anodic and cathodic reactions of Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell.
At Anode :
2H2(g) + 4OH-(aq) → 4H2O (l) + 4e-
At Cathode:
O2(g) + 2H2O (l) + 4e- → 4OH-(aq)
Unit – 8 d and f- block Elements

1. Give reason : The electronic configuration of chromium is [Ar] 3d5 4s1 but not [Ar] 3d4 4s2,
similarly for copper is [Ar] 3d10 4s1 but not [Ar] 3d9 4s2.
This is because, half -filled and completely filled orbitals are more stable.

2. Name the metal of the first row transition series (3d series) that
(i) has maximum number of unpaired electrons in its ground state.
(ii) exhibits maximum number of oxidation states.
(iii) has zero spin only magnetic moment in its +2 oxidation state.
(iv) element that do not show variable oxidation state.
(i) Chromium (ii) Manganese
(iii) Zinc (iv) Zinc

3. Give reason Sc+3, Ti4+, Zn2+, Cu+ salts are colourless.

Due to absence of unpaired electrons.

4. Transition metals and many of their compounds acts as good catalyst. Explain
Most of the transition elements and their compounds are acts as good catalysts.
The catalytic properties is due to,
 Variable oxidation states.
 Large surface area in the finely divided state.
Ex : Iron is used as a catalyst in Haber’s process.

5. Give reason; (i) 3d series elements exhibit variable oxidation states.

(ii) Transition elements form complex compounds.
(iii) Actinides show variable oxidation states
(iv) Zr and Hf have almost identical size OR atomic radii of second and
third series elements are almost identical.
(i) Due to loss of inner (n-1)d and outer ns electrons.
(ii) Due to small size and high charge.
(iii) Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s energy levels
(iv) Due to lanthanide contraction
6. What are interstitial compounds? Give an example. Write any two characteristics.
The compounds obtained, when small atoms like H, C or N are trapped inside the crystal lattices
of metals are called interstitial compounds.
Ex : TiC
 They are chemically inert
 They are very hard

7. What is Lanthanide contraction? Mention one of its consequence and cause for it.
The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium is called lanthanide
contraction.
Consequence : Almost identical radii of Zr and Hf.
Cause: It is due to imperfect shielding of 4f electrons.

8. Explain the manufacture of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) from chromite ore (FeCr2O4)
Chromite ore is mixed with soda ash and burnt in excess of air gives sodium chromate.
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
Sodium chromate is treated with acid gives sodium dichromate.
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2 O
Sodium dichromate is treated with potassium chloride gives potassium dichromate.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl

9. How is Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is prepared from MnO2. Write equations.

When MnO2 is fused with KOH gives potassium manganite.
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
Potassium manganite in acidic medium gives potassium permanganate.
3K2MnO4 + 4H+ 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O + 4K+
Unit – 9 Co-ordination Compounds

1. Write the postulates of Werner’s theory.

 The central metal show two types of valences, namely primary and secondary valency.
 Primary valences are ionisable and are satisfied by negative ions.
 Secondary valences are non-ionisable and are satisfied by neutral molecules or negative
ions.

2. What are ambidentate and chelating ligands? Give an example for each.
Ligand which can ligate through two different donor atoms to central metal is known as
ambidentate ligand.
Ex : NO2-
A bidentate or polydentate ligand boded with central metal with two or more donor atoms is
known as chelating ligand.
Ex : EDTA

3. Using Valence bond theory account for the geometry and magnetic property of [CoF6]3-.
In [CoF6]3- the cobalt ion is in +3 oxidation state.
For Co3+ the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s0

[Ar]
3d 4s 4p 4d
Fluoride is a weak ligand, hence no pairing of electrons takes place in d-orbitals.
Hybridization takes place gives six vacant sp3d2 hybridized orbitals.

Six pairs of electrons, from six fluoride ligands occupy hybrid orbitals.

[Ar]

3d sp3d2
Due to presence of unpaired electrons, the complex is paramagnetic.
It has octahedral geometry.
4. Using Valence bond theory account for the geometry and magnetic property of
[Co(NH3)6]3+.
In [Co(NH3)6]3+ the cobalt ion is in +3 oxidation state.
For Co3+ the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s0

[Ar]
3d 4s 4p
NH3 is a strong ligand, hence pairing of electrons takes place in d-orbitals.
Hybridization takes place gives six vacant d2sp3 hybridized orbitals.

Six pairs of electrons from six NH3 ligands, occupy hybrid orbitals.

[Ar]
3d d2sp3
Due to absence of unpaired electrons, the complex is diamagnetic.
It has octahedral geometry.

5. Using Valence bond theory account for the geometry and magnetic property of [NiCl4]2-.
In [NiCl4]2- the nickel ion is in +2 oxidation state.
For Ni2+ the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d8 4s0

[Ar]
3d 4s 4p
Chloride is a weak ligand, hence no pairing of electrons takes place in d-orbitals.
Hybridization takes place gives four vacant sp3 hybridized orbitals.

Four pairs of electrons, from four chloride ligands occupy hybrid orbitals.

[Ar]
3d sp3
Due to presence of unpaired electrons, the complex is paramagnetic.
It has tetrahedral geometry.
6. Using Valence bond theory account for the geometry and magnetic property of [Ni(CN)4]2-.
In [Ni(CN)4]2- the nickel ion is in +2 oxidation state
For Ni2+ the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d8 4s0

[Ar]
3d 4s 4p
Cyanide is a strong ligand, hence pairing of electrons takes place in d-orbitals.
Hybridization takes place gives four vacant dsp2 hybridized orbitals.

Four pairs of electrons, from four cyanide ligands occupy hybrid orbitals.

[Ar]
3d dsp2 4p
Due to absence of unpaired electrons, the complex is diamagnetic.
It has square planar geometry.

7. What are Homoleptic and Heteroleptic complexes? Give an example.

Complexes in which a metal is bound to only one kind of ligands are called homoleptic
complexes.
Ex : Ni(CO)4
Complexes in which a metal is bound to more than one kind of ligands are called heteroleptic
complexes.
Ex : [CoCl3(NH3)3]

8. What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field and a strong
field ligand.
The arrangement of ligands in order of their increasing field strengths is called spectrochemical
series.
 Ligands with small value of crystal field splitting energy are weak ligand.
 Ligands with large value of crystal field splitting energy are strong ligand.
9. What is (a) crystal field splitting?
(b) Crystal field stabilisation energy?
(a) The splitting of d-orbitals into t2g and eg sets under the influence of ligands.
(b) It is the difference in energy between t2g and eg orbitals after splitting.

10. Discuss the nature of bonding in metal carbonyls.

In metal carbonyls the metal - carbon bond posses both σ and π – character.
The metal – carbon σ bond is formed by the donation of loan pair of electrons on the carbonyl
carbon into vacant d-orbitals of metal.
The metal – carbon π bond is formed by the donation of a pair
of electrons from a filled d-orbitals of metal into the vacant
antibonding π* orbital of CO.
It is called back bonding or synergic bonding.
The metal to ligand bonding creates a synergic effect which
strengthens the bond between CO and metal.

11. What are solvate (hydrate) and coordination isomerism? Give an example for each.
Solvate isomerism :
Two or more coordination compounds with the same molecular formula but differ in number of
water molecules as ligands and water of hydration.
Ex : [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 . H2O
Coordination isomerism :
Two or more coordination compounds with the same molecular formula but interchange of
ligands in the coordination sphere of cationic and anionic parts.
Ex : [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6]

12. What are linkage and ionization isomerism? Give an example for each.
Linkage isomerism :
Two or more coordination compounds with the same molecular formula but the same ligand
linked to central metal with different donor atom.
Ex : [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2
Ionisation isomerism :
Two or more coordination compounds with the same molecular formula but give different ions
on ionization in solution.
Ex : [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br] SO4
Unit – 10 Haloalkanes and haloarenes

1. Explain SN1 mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary butyl
alcohol.
Step (1) : Tertiary butyl bromide undergoes slow ionization gives carbocation.
CH3 CH3
CH3-C-Br CH3-C + + Br -
CH3 CH3
Step (2) : The nucleophile attack carbocation to form the product.
CH3 CH3
CH3-C + + OH- CH3-C-OH
CH3 CH3

2. Explain SN2 mechanism for the conversion of methyl chloride to methyl alcohol.
The nucleophile OH- attacks the carbon atom from the side opposite to the chlorine.
The formation of C-OH and the cleavage of C-Cl bond takes place simultaneously.
Finally Cl- gets detached to give methyl alcohol.
OH-

3. What is chiral carbon atom OR asymmetric carbon atom OR chirality centre OR stereo
centre? Give an example.
A carbon atom bonded to four different atoms is called chiral carbon atom.
Ex : CH3
H – C* – OH
COOH

4. What are enantiomers ? Give example.

Optically active isomers which are non-super impossible on their mirror images are called
enantiomers.
Ex : (+) Lactic acid and (-) Lactic acid
5. What is racemic mixtures? Give example
The equimolar mixture of enantiomers is called racemic mixture.
Ex : ( ± ) Lactic acid

6. Explain Finkelstein and Swart’s reactions. Write the general equation.

When alkyl chlorides are heated with sodium iodide in dry acetone, gives alkyl iodides. This
reaction is called Finkelstein reaction.
𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒
R - X + NaI → R - I + NaX
When alkyl chlorides are heated with silver fluorides, gives alkyl fluorides. This reaction is
called Swarts reaction.
R - X + AgF → R - F + AgX

7. Explain Fittig and Wurtz-Fittig reaction with equation.

When two molecules of aryl halides are coupled in presence of sodium metal in dry ether, gives
biphenyl. This reaction is called Fittig reaction.

When aryl halide coupling with alkyl halide in presence of sodium metal in dry ether, gives
alkylarene. This reaction is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.

8. Give any two reasons, aryl halides are less reactive than alkyl halides towards nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
It is due to
 Resonance effect
 Repulsion between nucleophile and benzene ring

9. What are Freon’s? Give an example.

The chlorofluoro compounds of methane and ethane are called Freon’s.
Ex : Freon 12
Unit – 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

1. Explain the preparation of phenol from Cumene.

When Cumene is oxidised in presence of air gives Cumene hydroperoxide.
Cumene hydroperoxide on acidification gives phenol and acetone.

2. How is phenol prepared from aniline? Write the equation.

A diazonium salt is formed by treating an aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid
at 273-278 K. Diazonium salt is hydrolysed to phenol by warming with water.

3. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed hydration of ethene to ethanol (alkene to alcohol)
4. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene (Alcohol to alkene)
Step1: Protonation of alcohol yields protonated alcohol.

Step2 : Protonated alcohol loses water molecule to form ethyl carbocation.

Step3 : Ethyl carbocation loses a proton to form ethene.

5. What is Lucas reagent? How does it is used to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary
alcohols?
A solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated HCl is called Lucas reagent.
With Lucas reagent
 Primary alcohols do not produce turbidity
 Secondary alcohols produce turbidity after 5 minutes
 Tertiary alcohols produces turbidity immediately

6. Explain Reimer-Tieman reaction.

When phenol is heated with sodium hydroxide and CHCl3, sodium salt of Salicylaldehyde is
obtained, which on acidified with HCl gives Salicylaldehyde.
7. Explain Kolbe’s reaction.
When phenol is heated with NaOH gives sodium phenate and then CO2 is passed through it and
followed by acidification gives salicylic acid.

8. How is phenol is converted into benzene. Write the reaction.

Phenol is converted to benzene on heating with zinc dust.

9. How is phenol reacts with bromine water. Write equation.

When phenol is treated with bromine water, a white precipitate of 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol is
formed.

10. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis.

When alkyl halide is heated with sodium alkoxides, gives ether. This reaction is called
Williamson’s ether synthesis.
Ex : CH3Br + NaOC2H5 CH3-O-CH2-CH3 + NaBr
Methyl Sodium Ethyl methyl
bromide ethoxide ether
Unit – 13 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

1. How is primary amine is prepared by Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction? Write

equation.
Amides on heating with Br2 in presence of NaOH, gives primary amine is called Hoffmann
bromamide reaction.
CH3CONH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH(aq) CH3NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O
Acetamide Methanamine

2. How do you convert nitrobenzene to aniline? Give equation.

Nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline by passing hydrogen gas in the presence of palladium

3. How is aniline converted to Benzene diazonium chloride? Give equation.

OR
How does aromatic primary amine reacts with nitrous acid?
OR
What is diazotization.
Aromatic primary amines reacts with nitrous acid at 0 – 50 C to give diazonium salts. This
reaction is called diazotization.
C6H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl → C6H5N2Cl + 2H2O
Aniline Nitrous acid Benzene diazonium chloride

4. What is ammonolysis? Give chemical equation to convert primary amine to quarternary

ammonium salt.
The process of cleavage of C-X bond by ammonia molecule is called ammonolysis.
+ 𝑅−𝑋 + 𝑅−𝑋 + 𝑅−𝑋
R-NH2 → R2NH → R3N → R4N+X-
10 amine 20 amine 30 amine quaternary ammonium salt
5. What is Hinsberg reagent?
Benzene sulphonyl chloride is called Hinsberg reagent.

6. Between CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2 which is more basic? Give reason

CH3NH2 is more basic
Due to +I effect of methyl group.

7. Explain Gatterman reaction with example.

Chlorine or bromine are introduced in the benzene ring by treating the diazonium salt solution
with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder is called Gatterman reaction.
𝐶𝑢/𝐻𝐶𝑙
Ex : C6H5N2X → C6H5Cl + N2 + CuX

8. Explain Carbylamine reaction with example.

When a primary amine is heated with chloroform and alcoholic KOH carbylamines are formed.
This reaction is called Carbylamine reaction.
This is used as a test for primary amines.
CH3NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH CH3NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
Methyl amine Methyl isocyanide