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Sulalitha - Mathematics 1
Chapter-1
Relations and Functions

ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define empty relation.
Ans: A relation R on set A is called empty relation if R   .
2. Define Universal relation.
Ans: A relation R on set A is called Universal relation if R  A  A .
3. Define equivalence relation.

Ans: A relation R on set A is called equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
4. Define Binary operation.
Ans: Binary operation * on set A is a function  : A  A  A denoted by  ( a , b)  a  b .
5. Give an exmaple of a relation which is symmetric only.

Ans: A = { 1, 2, 3 }
R = { (1, 2), (2, 1) }
6. Give an example of a relation which is transitive but neither reflexive nor
symmetric.
Ans: A = { 1, 2, 3 }
R = { (1, 1), (1, 2) }
7. Give an exmaple of a relation which is symmetric and transitive but not
reflexive.
Ans: A = { 1, 2, 3}
R = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
8. Examine whether the operation  : Z   Z  defined by a  b :|a  b| where

Z+ is the set of all positive integers is a Binary operation or not.
Ans: No, * is not a binary operation on Z+.
1 *1  |1  1|  0  Z 
9. Examine whether  : Z   Z  defined by a  b : a  b is binary operation or

not where Z+ is set of all positive integers.
Ans: * is not a binary operation on Z+.
1  2  1  2  1  Z

2 Sulalitha - Mathematics
TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define binary operation. Let * be a binary operation on N defined by
a * b = LCM of a and b. Find 5 * 7.
Soln: Binary operation * on set A is a function  : A  A  A denoted by * (a, b) = a * b.

5 * 7 = LCM of 5 and 7 = 5  7  35 .
ab
2. Let * be a binary operation on Q defined by a * b =  a , b  Q. Show
2
that * is associative.
 bc  ab
Soln: Consider, a  (b  c )  a    ( a  b)  c  c
 2 2
 bc   ab 
a   2 c
  
2   
2 2
abc abc
 
4 4
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c  * is associative.
a+ b
3. On R, * is defined by a* b = . Verify whether * is associative.
2
 a b b  c 
Soln: Consider, ( a  b)  c    c a  (b  c )  a   
 2   2 
 a b bc
 2 c a
2
   
2
2
a  b  2c 2 a  bc
 
2 2
( a  b)  c  a  (b  c )  * is not associative.
ab
4. Let * be a binary operation on set of rational defined by ab = .
4
PT * is commutative. Also find identity element.
Soln: a  b 
ab ba
 ba
4 4
a  b  b  a  is commutative.
Let e be identity element Q . ae  ea  a
ae  a
ae
 a
4
e
 1  e  4 Q
4

5. Show that  : R  R defined by a * b = a - ab is neither associative nor

commutative.
Soln: a  b  a  ab
b  a  b  ab
a b  ba
 * is not commulative.
a  (b  c )  a  (b  bc ) ( a  b)  c  (a  ab)  c
 a  a(b  bc )  a  ab  ( a  ab)c
 a  ab  abc  a  ab  ac  abc
a  (b  c )  ( a  b)  c   is not associative.
6. A binary operation ^ on set { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a ^ b = min (a, b) . Write

the operation table.
Soln: ^ 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 3 3 3
4 1 2 3 4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5
THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Show that the relation R in the set of integers given by R = { (x, y) : x – y is an
integer } is an equivalence relation.
Soln: ( x , x ) R  x  x  0  R
 R is reflexive.
For ( x , y )  R  x  y  Z
  ( x  y)  Z
 y  x Z
 ( y, x )  R  R is symmetric.
For ( x , y ) and ( y, z )  R  x  y  Z and y  z  Z

 xyyz  Z
 xz  Z
 (x , z)  R
 R is transitive.  R is equivalence relation.

2. Show that the relation R in the set T of all triangles in a plane given by
R = { (T1, T2) : T1 congruent to T2 }, is an equivalence relation.
Soln: WKT, T1 is congruent to T1  (T1 , T1 )  R  R is reflexive.
(T1 , T2 )  R  T1 is congruent to T2.

 T2 is congruent to T1.
 (T2 , T1 )  R
 R is symmetric.
For (T1 , T2 ) and (T2 , T3 )  R  T1 congruent to T2 and T2 congruent to T3.
 T1 congruent to T3.
 (T1 , T3 )  R
 R is transitive.
R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
 R is equivalence relation.
3. Show that the relation R in the set of all integers Z defined by R = { (a, b) : 2
divides a – b} is an equivalence relation.
Soln: ( a , b)  R  2 divided a – b
2 divides 0  2 divides a – a
 ( a, a )  R
 R is reflexive.
( a , b)  R  2 divides a – b
 2 divides – (a – b)
 2 divides b – a
 (b, a )  R
 R is symmetric.
For ( a , b) and (b, c )  R  2 divides a – b and 2 divides b – c.
 2 divides a – b + b – c
 2 divides a – c
 ( a, c )  R
 R is transitive.


4. D et er m i n e w h et h er t h e r el at i on R in the set A = { 1, 2, 3, . . . 14} defined as

R = { (x, y) : 3x – y = 0} is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Soln: R = { (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12) }
(1, 1)  R but 1  A  R is not reflexive.
(1, 3)  R but (3, 1)  R  R is not symmetric.
(1, 3) and (3, 9)  R (1, 9)  R  R is not transitive.
5. Show that the relation R = { (L1, L2) : L1 is parallel to L2 } where L is set of all
lines in XY-plane, is equivalence relation.
Soln: (L1, L1)  R since L1 is parallel to L1  R is reflexive.
( L1 , L 2 )  R  L1 is parallel to L2
 L2 is parallel to L1
 (L2, L1)  R.  R is symmetric.
(L1, L2) and (L2, L3)  R  L1 parallel to L2 and L2 is parallel to L3.
 L1 is parallel to L3.
 (L1, L3)  R
 R is transitive.
R is symmetric, reflexive and transitive  R is equivalence relation.
6. Show that the relation R on A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } given by R = { (a, b) : |a – b| is

even } is equivalence relation.
Soln: | a – a | = 0 is even.
 ( a , a )  R .  R is reflexive.
( a , b)  R  | a – b | is even.
 |b – a | is even.
 (b, a )  R .  R is symmetric.
( a , b) and (b, c )  R  |a – b| is even and |b – c| is even.
 | a – b + b – c | is even.
 | a – c | is even.
 ( a , c )  R .  R is transitive.
7. Show that the relation R is defined by R  { ( a , b) : a  b } is reflexive and

transitive but not symmetric.
Soln: Let ( a , b)  R  ab

a = a  ( a, a )  R
 R is reflexive.

( a , b) and (b, c )  R  a  b and b  c

 ac
 ( a , c )  R .  R is transitive.
(1, 2)  R  1  2
but, 2  1  (2,1)  R .  R is symmetric.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Check the injectivity and surjetivity of the function f : R  R defined by
f(x) = 3 - 4x . Is it a bijective function?
Soln: Let, x1 , x2  R and f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )

3  4 x1  3  4x 2
4 x1   4 x 2
x1  x 2
 f is injective or one-one.
Let y  co-domain (R), f (x )  y

3  4x  y
4 x  y  3
3 y
x  Domain ( R )
4
 f is surjective or onto.
f is both injective and surjective.  f is bijective.
2. Verify whether the function f : N  N defined by f ( x )  x 2 is one-one, onto

and bijective.
Soln: Let, x1 , x 2  N , f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )
x12  x 22
x1  x 2
 f is 1-1.
Range = { 1, 4, 9 . . . }
Co-domain = N.
Co-domain  Range.  f is not onto.  f is not bijective.
(OR) y  N , f (x )  y
x2  y
x  y  N
 f is not onto.  f is not bijective.

3. State whether the function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 1 + x 2 is one-one, onto

and bijective.
Soln: Let, x1 , x 2  R , f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )
1  x12  1  x 22
x12  x 22
x1   x2
 f is not one-one.
(OR) f (1)  1  (1)2  1  1  2

f ( 1)  1( 1)2  1  1  2
f (1)  f ( 1)
but 1   1 .  f is not one-one.

Let f ( x )  y  R (co-domain).
1  x2  y
x 2  y 1
x  y  1  R (Domain)
4. Show that the signum function f : R  R given by,
1 if x > 0

f(x) = 0 if x = 0 is neither one-one nor onto.
-1 if x < 0

Soln: In signum function, f(1) = 1 = f(2).  f is not one-one.
Co-domain of signum function = R.
Range = { 1, 0, –1}
Codomain  Range
* * *

Chapter-2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Write the domain of sin -1 x or cos -1 x.
Ans: [–1, 1].

2. Write the domain of tan–1 x or cot–1x.
Ans: R.
3. What is the domain of sec–1x or cosec–1x.
Ans: R – (–1, 1).
4. Write the range of sin–1x.
Ans:    .
 2 , 2 
 
5. Write the principal value branch of cos–1x.
Ans: 0 , 
6. Write the range of tan–1 x.

   
Ans:  2 , 2
 
7. Write the range of cot–1 x.

Ans: 0 , 
8. Write the principal value branch of sec–1x.

Ans: 0 ,     
2 
9. Write the principal value branch of cosec–1 x.

  
Ans:
 2 , 2   0
 
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
-1  1 
1. Find the principal value of sin  .
 2

1  1 
Soln: sin    y
 2
1 
sin y   sin  
2 4

 y 
4
 1  
sin 1  
 2 4
 1 
2. Find the principal value of cot -1  -  .
 3
1  1 
Soln: cot    y
 3
1 
cot y    cot  
3 3
 
 cot    
 3
2
y 
3
  1  2
cot 1  
 3 3
 -1 
3. Find the principal value of sin -1  .
2
1  1 
Soln: sin  2   y
 
1 
sin y    sin  
2 6
  
 sin  
 6 

y 
6
 1  
sin 1  2  6
 
 -1 
4. Find the principal value of cos -1  .
2
 1 
Soln: cos1    y
 2  2
y 
1  3
cos y    cos  
2 3   1  2
cos1   
   2   2  3
 cos      cos  
 3  3 

5. Find the principal value of tan-1 - 3 .  

Soln: tan 1  3   y

tan y   3   tan  
3
 
 tan   
 3

y  
3

tan 1  
 3  
3
-1  2 
6. Find the principal value of sec  .
 3
1  2 
Soln: sec    y
 3
2 
sec y   sec  
3 6

y 
6
 2  
sec 1  
 3 6
7. Find the principal value of cosec -1 - 2 .  

Soln: cosec 1  2    y
cosec y   2
  
  cosec    cosec   
4  4

y  
4

cosec 1 2  
4
 
 1  1
8. Find the value of tan -1 (1) + cos -1  -  + sin -1  -  .
 2  2
1  1  1  1  1    2 
Soln: tan (1)   cos     sin       
  2  2  4 3 6
 45  120  30
 135
3

4

-1
9. Find the value of tan 3  sec -1 (-2) .
 2
Soln: tan 1 3  sec 1 ( 2)  
3 3
  2 
  
3 3
-1  1 
10. Find the value of cos  - .
 2
1  1 
Soln: cos     y
 2
1
cos y 
2
  
  cos  cos    
4  4
3
 cos
4
3
y 
4
 1  3
cos1   
 2 4
1 1
11. Find the value of cos-1   + 2 sin -1   .
2 2
1  1   
Soln: cos1    2 sin 1     2 
2 2 3 6
 
 
3 3
2

3
* * *

Chapter-3
Matrices
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define a diagonal matrix.
Ans: A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are
zero.
2. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Ans: Factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8.
Possible orders are : 1  8 , 8 1 , 2 4, 42
i
3. Construct a 2  2 matrix A = [aij], whose elements are given by aij  .
j
a a12  1 12 
Ans: A   11 
 a21 a22  
2 1 

4. Define a scalar matrix.

Ans: A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix, if its diagonal elements are equal.
5. Define unit matrix (Identity matrix).
Ans: A diagonal matrix is said to be a unit matrix if each diagonal element is equal to one.

1. For any square matrix A with real numbers, prove that, (a) ( A  A ') is a
symmetric matrix; (b) ( A  A ') is a skew symmetric matrix.
Soln: Let B = A + A'
 B' = (A + A')'
= A' + (A')'
B' = A' + A
B' = B  (A + A')' = A + A',  ( A  A ') is a symmetrix matrix.
Let C = A – A'
 C' = (A – A')'
= A' – (A')'
= A' – A
= – (A – A')
C' = – C  (A – A') = – (A – A')'
 ( A  A ') is a skew symmetrix matrix.

3 5 
2. Express A =   as sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
1 -1
3 5  3 1 
Soln: Given, A   A'   
1 1 5 1
6 6   0 4
A  A'    and A  A'   
6 2   4 0 
1
WKT, A   ( A  A ')  ( A  A ') 
2
1 1
 ( A  A ')  ( A  A ')
2 2
 Symmetric + Skew Symmetric
3. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that (AB) is
symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
Soln: Given, A = A' and B = B'
If AB is symmetric, (AB) = (AB)'
= B'A' [ Law of transposes.]
= BA [  Given.]
 AB = BA
Conversely, if AB = BA
(AB)' = (BA)'
= A'B' [ Law of transposes.]
(AB)' = AB
 AB is symmetric.
1 5
4. For the matrix A =   , verify that
6 7 
i) (A + A') is a symmetric matrix. ii) (A – A') is a skew symmetric matrix.
1 5  1 6 
Soln: Given, A     A'  5 7 
6 7   
 2 11 
A  A'    . . . (1)
11 14 
 2 11 
 A  A ' '    . . . (2)
11 14 
From equations (1) and (2), ( A  A ')   A  A ' '
 ( A  A ') is a symmetric matrix.

0 1
A  A'   
1 0 
 0 1  0  1
 A  A ' '      
 1 0  1 0 
 A  A ' '   ( A  A ')
or ( A  A ')   ( A  A ')'
 (A – A') is a skew symmetric matrix.
5. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then prove that
(AB)–1 = B–1A–1.
Soln: WKT, ( AB ) ( AB )1  I
Premultiply o.b.s by A–1. Premultiply o.b.s by B–1.
A 1 ( AB ) ( AB )1   A 1 I B 1  B( AB )1   B 1 A 1
( A 1 A )B ( AB )1  A 1 ( BB 1 )( AB )1  B 1 A 1
I B ( AB )1  A 1 I ( AB )1  B 1 A 1
B( AB )1  A 1  ( AB )1  B 1 A 1
B( AB )1  A 1
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
1 2 2 0  1 1
1. If A =   , B =   and C =   , calculate AC, BC and (A + B)C.
2 1 1 3  2 3
Also show that (A + B)C = AC + BC.
1 2 1 1  1  4 1  6 
Soln: AC        
2 1  2 3  2  2 2  3 
5 7 
AC    . . . (1)
4 5 
2 0  1 1  2  0 2  0 
BC        
2 3  2 3 1  6 1  9 
2 2 
BC    . . . (2)
7 10 
3 2 
AB   
3 4 

3 2  1 1  3  4 3  6 
 A  B C       
3 4  2 3 3  8 3  12
7 9
 A  B C    . . . (3)
11 15
5 7  2 2 
AC  BC       [From Equation (1) and (2).]
4 5  7 10 
7 9
AC  BC    . . . (4)
11 15
From Equation (3) and (b)
(A + B) C = AC + BC.
1 2 -3 3 -1 2 4 1 2 
     
2. If A = 5 0 2 , B = 4 2 5 and C =  0 3 2 then,
   
1 -1 1  2 0 3 1 -2 3
compute (A+B) and (B – C). Also verify A + (B – C) = ( A + B) – C.
1 2 3  3 1 2  4 1 1
 2   4 2 5   9 2 7 
Soln: A  B  5 0    
1 1 1  2 0 3  3 1 4 
 3 1 2  4 1 2   1 2 0 
B  C  4 2 5   0 3 2   4 1 3 
   
2 0 3  1 2 3   1 2 0 
1 2 3  1 2 0 
A  ( B  C )  5 0 2    4 1 3 
 
1 1 1   1 2 0 
0 0 3
A  ( B  C )  9 1 5 
. . . (1)
2 1 1 
 4 1  1 4 1 2 
( A  B )  C  9 2 7   0 3 2
 
3 1 4  1 2 3 
0 0 3
( A  B )  C  9 1 5 
. . . (2)
2 1 1 
From Equation (1) and (2), A + (B – C) = (A + B) – C.

 0 6 7 0 1 1 2
3. If A = -6 0 8 , B = 1 0 2 and C =  -2 ,
   
     
 7 -8 0 1 2 0  3 
then compute AC, BC and (A + B)C. Also verify that (A + B)C = AC + BC.
 0 6 7  2   0  12  21  9

Soln: AC  6 0 8
      
   2   12  0  24   12 
 7 8 0   3   14  16  0  30 
0 1 1   2  0  2  3  1 
BC  1 0 2  2  2  0  6    8 
     
1 2 0   3  2  4  0   2
 0 6 7 0 1 1  0 7 8
A  B   6 0 8   1 0 2    5 0 10 
   
 7 8 0  1 2 0   8 6 0 
0 7 8 2  0  14  24 
( A  B )C   5 0 10   2   10  0  30 
   
 8 6 0   3   16  12  0 
10 
( A  B )C  20 
. . . (1)
28 
9 1  10 
AC  BC  12    8   20 
   
. . . (2)
30   2  28 
From equation (1) and (2), (A + B) C = AC + BC.
1
 
4. If A =  -4  , B = -1 2 1 , verify that (AB)' = B'A'
 3 
 1
 
Soln: A '  1 4 3 and B '   2 
 1 
1   1 2 1 
 
AB   4  1 2 1 AB   4 8 4 
;
 3   3 6 3 

 1 4 3 
 AB  '   2 8 6  . . . (1)
 1 4 3 
  1
B ' A '   2  1 4 3
 1 
 1 4 3
B ' A '   2 8 6 
... (2)
 1 4 3 
From Equation (1) and (2), (AB)' = B'A'.
1 2 3 
 
5. If A = 3 -2 1 then show that A3 – 23A – 40I = 0.
4 2 1
1 2 3 1 2 3
Ans: A 2
 AA   3 2 1   3 2 1 
4 2 1  4 2 1 
1  6  12 2  4  6 323 
A 2   3  6  4 6  4  2 9  2  1 
 4  6  4 8  4  2 12  2  1
19 4 8 
A 2
  1 12 8 
14 6 15
19 4 8  1 2 3
A 3
 A A   1 12 8 
2 3 2 1 
 
14 6 15 4 2 1 
19  12  32 38  8  1657  4  8 
A   1  36  32
3
2  24  16 3  12  8 
14  18  60 28  12  30 42  6  15 
63 46 69 
A  69 6 23 
3
92 46 63 
LHS = A3 – 23A – 40I

63 46 69  1 2 3 1 0 0 
 69 6 23   23 3 2 1   40 0 1 0 
   
92 46 23  4 2 1  0 0 1 
63 46 69  23 46 69  40 0 0 

 69 6 23   69 46 23    0 40 0 
   
92 46 63  92 46 23   0 0 40 
40 0 0  40 0 0  0 0 0 
  0 40 0    0 40 0 
   0 0 0   0
 0 0 40   0 0 40  0 0 0 
 A3 – 23A – 40I = 0.
Try Yourself
 4 3 y z
1. Find the values of x, y and z if     
 x 5 1 5 
1 1
2. Find the transpose of   .
2 3 
3. If a matrix has 5 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
1
4. Construct a 2  2 matrix A  a ij  , whose elements are given by |3i  j|.
2
 cos  sin  
5. If A    , then verify that A'A = I.
  sin  cos  
 3 4
   1 2 1 
6. If A '   1 2  and B    then verify that (A+B)' = A' + B'
 1 2 3 
 0 1 
 3 1
7. If A   2
 , show that A – 5A + 7I = 0.
 1 2 
0 
 
8. If A  1 and B  1 5 7 , then verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 
 2 
 1 2 3   4 1 5
   
9. If A  5 7 9 and B  1 2 0 then verify that (A–B)' = A' – B'
   
 2 1 1   1 3 1 
* * *

Chapter-4
Determinants
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
3 x 3 2
1. Find the value of x if = .
x 1 4 1
3 x 3 2
Soln: We have 
x 1 4 1
 3  x2  3  8  x2  8  x   8   2 2
1 2
2. If A =   then find the value of |2A|.
3 4
1 2  2 4 
Soln: Given: A     2A   
3 4  6 8 
2 4
 |2 A |   16  24   8
6 8
3. If A is a square matrix with |A| = 6. Find the value of |AA'|.

Soln: |AA'| = |A| . |A'| = |A| . |A| = 6.6 = 36.
1 2 
4. If A =   then find the adjoint of A.
3 4
1 2   4 2 
Soln: A     adjA   
3 4   3 1 
5. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 then find |A–1|.
1
Soln: | A1 | 
| A|
6. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2  2 such that |A| = 5, then find |A–1|
1 1 1
Soln: | A |  
| A| 5

 2 3
7. If A =   , find |adj A|.
5 8
 8 3
Soln: adj A    | adjA |  16  15  1
 5 2 
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find area of the triangle with vertices (–2, –3), (3, 2) and (–1, –8) using
determinants.
Soln: Given, A (–2, –3), B (3, 2) , C (–1, –8)
2 3 1
1
Area of the triangle  3 2 1
2
1 8 1
1
  2(2  8)  3(3  1)  1(24  2) 
2
1 1
 Area of the triangle =  20  12  22  | 30 |  15 sq. units.
2 2
2. Find the value of K if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertice are
(K, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2).
k 0 1
1 1
Soln:  4  4 0 1   4   k (0  2)  1(8) 
2 2
0 2 1
  8   2 k  8   2 k  8  8 or  2k  8  8
2k  0 or 2k  16
k 0 or  k 8
3. Find the equation of the line joining (1, 2)and (3, 6) using determinants.
Soln: Let (x, y) be any point on the line joining the points (1, 2) and (3, 6). Now they are
collinear.
x y 1
 1 2 1 0
3 6 1
 x (2  6)  y (1  3)  1(6  6)  0
  4x  2 y  0  2x  y  0
or y  2 x.

4. Show that the points A (a, b+c), B (b, c+a), C (c, a+b) are collinear.
Soln: The given points are collinear iff  ABC  0 .

a bc 1
 b c  a 1  a  c  a  a  b   ( b  c )  b  c   1  b ( a  b )  c (c  a ) 
c a b 1
 a(c  b)  (b 2  c 2 )   ab  b 2  c 2  ca 
 ac  ab  b 2  c 2  ab  b 2  c 2  ca
 0
Hence A, B and C are collinear.
1
5. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then show that | A-1 | = .
| A|
Soln: A is an invertible matrix.
AA1  I
A1 A  I [ I is a unit matrix.]
1
| AA |  |1|
| A | . | A1 |  1
1
 | A1 | 
| A|
FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS
 3 1 2
1. If A =   satisfies the equation A – 5A + 7I = 0, then find the inverse of
 -1 2 
A using this equation where I is the identity matrix of order 2.
 3 1
Soln: We have A   
 1 2 
Given: A2 – 5A + 7I = 0  A2 – 5A = –7I.
 A.A – 5A = –7I . . . (1)
Multiply by A–1 both sides of (1) from left side.
 A. A ( A1 )  5 AA1   7 IA1

A( AA1 )  5 I  7 A1
A.I  5 I   7 A1
1
 A1   ( A  5 I )
7
1
or A1  (5I  A) . . . (2)
7

1 1  5 0   3 1 
(2)  A      
7  0 5   1 2  
1  2 1
 A1  
7  1 3 
 2 3 2
2. If A =   satisfies the equation A – 4A + I = 0, then find the inverse
 1 2 
1 0  0 0
of A, where I =   and 0 =  .
0 1  0 0
 2 3
Soln: We have, A   
1 2
Given, A2 – 4A + I = 0
I = 4A – A2
I = A (4 – A)
Multiply A–1 both sides,
A1 I  A1 . A (4  A)
A1  I (4  A)
A1  4 I  AI
A1  4 I  A
4 0  2 3
A1      
0 4 1 2
2 3
A1  
 1 2 
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Solve, 4x + 3y + 2z = 60, 2x + 4y + 6z = 90, 6x + 2y + 3z = 70 by matrix method.
Soln: By data, 4x + 3y + 2z = 60
2x + 4y + 6z = 90
6x + 2y + 3z = 70
The system of equations can be written as, AX = B.
4 3 2 x  60 
A   2 4 6  ; X   y  ; B   90 
   
 6 2 3   z   70 

| A |  4(12  12)  3(6  36)  2(4  24)  0  90  40  50  0.
 A1 exists.
To find Adj A :
A11  (12  12)  0. A12   (6  36)  30. A13  (4  24)   20

A21   (9  4)   5. A22  (12  12)  0. A23   (8  18)  10
A31  (18  8)  10. A23   (24  4)   20. A33  (16  6)  10
 0 5 10 
 adj A   30 0 20 
 20 10 10 
adj A
We have, X  .B
| A|
 0 5 10   60
1 
 X  30 0 20  90 
50    
 20 10 10   70
 4
 X  8 
 
 8 
 x 4
 y  8   x  4 ; y  8 ; z  8
 
   
 z  8 
2. Solve the system of equations by matrix method.

2x + 3y + 3z = 5
x – 2y + z = –4
3x – y – 2z = 3
2 3 3  x 5
Soln: A  1 2 1 ; X  y ; B   4 
   
     
 3 1 2   z   3 
 | A |  2(4  1)  2 ( 2  3)  3( 1  6)  10  15  15  40  0
To find Adj A:
A11 = ( 4 + 1) = 5. A12 = –(–2 –3) = 5. A13 = (–1 +6) = 5
A21 = –(–6 + 3) = 3. A22 = (–4 –9) = –13. A23 = –(–2 –9) = 11
A31 = (3 + 6) = 9 A32 = –(2 –3) = 1 A33 = (–4 –3) = –7

5 3 9
adj A  5 13 1 

5 11 7 
5 3 9
1 
 A 1
  5 13 1 
40
5 11 7 
1
X  A 1 . B (OR) X  adj A . B
| A|
5 3 9 5  40  1
1     1 
X  5 13 1  .  4    80    2 

40 40
5 11 7   3   40   1
x 1
  y    2 
 
 z   1
 x  1; y  2 ; z   1
3. Solve the system of equations by matrix method.

x – y + 2z = 7
3x + 4y – 5z = –5
2x – y + 3z = 12
1 1 2  x 7
Soln: A   3 4 5 ; X   y  ; B   5
   
 2 1 3   z  12 
 |A| = 1 (12 – 5) + 1 (9 + 10) + 2 (–3 –8) = 7 + 19 – 22 = 4  0.

To find adj A :
A11 = (12 – 5) = 7. A12 = –(9 + 10) = –19. A13 = (–3 –8) = –11
A21 = –(–3 + 2) = 1. A22 = (3 – 4) = –1. A23 = –(–1 + 2) = –1.
A31 = (5 – 8) = –3. A32 = –(5 –6) = 11. A33 = (4 + 3) = 7.
 7 1 3
adj A   19 1 11 

 11 1 7 
1
 X  . adj A. B
| A|

 7 1 3  7 
1 
 X   19 1 11   5
4
 11 1 7  12 
x 8 x  2

  1 
  y   4     y    1 
 
4
 z  12  z   3 
 x  2, y  1, z  3 .
4. Solve the system of linear equations 2x – 3y + 5z = 11, 3x + 2y – 4z = –5,

x + y – 2z =–3 by matrix method.
Soln: 2x – 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = –5
x + y – 2z = –3
 2 3 5   x  11 
A   3 2 4  ; X   y  ; X   5
   
1 1 2   z   3
 | A |  2( 4  4)  3( 6  4)  5(3  2)  0  6  5   1  0
To find adj A :
A11 = (–4 + 4) = 0 A12 = – (–6 + 4) = 2 A13 = (3 – 2) = 1
A21 = –(6 –5) = –1 A22 = (–4 –5) = –9 A23 = –(2 + 3) = –5
A31 = (12 – 10) = 2 A32 = – (–8 –15) = 23 A33 = (4 + 9) = 13
 0 1 2 
 adj A   2 9 23
1 5 13 
1
X  . adj A . B
| A|
 0 1 2   11  1
1 
 X 2 9 23  5   2
1 
 1 5 13   3  3
x 1 
  y    2 
 
 z   3 
 x  1, y  2, z  3.

5. Solve the system of linear equations by matrix method.

3x – 2y + 3z = 8
2x + y – z = 1
4x – 3y + 2z = 4
 3 2 3   x 8 
Soln:  A   2 1 1 , X   y  , B   1 
   
 4 3 2   z   4 
 | A |  3(2  3)  2(4  4)  3(6  4)  17  0

A11 = –1 A12 = –8 A13 = –10
A21 = –5 A22 = –6 A23 = 1
A31 = –1 A32 = 9 A33 = 7
 1 5 1
1 
 A 1
   8 6 9 
17
 10 1 7 
 1 5 1  8 
1 
 X  A . B    8 6 9   1 
1
17
 10 1 7   4 
x  17  1

  1 
  y    34    2 

17
 z   51  3 
 x  1, y  2, z  3.
6. Solve the system of linear equations by matrix method.

x + y + z = 6, 0x + y + 3z = 11, x – 2y + z = 0.
Soln: (Try Yourself.)
***

Chapter-5
Continuity and Differentiation

Definition: A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if
i) f(a) exists.
ii) lim f ( x ) exists or both lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) both exists and equal.
x a x a  x a 
iii) lim f ( x )  f ( a ) OR lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f ( a ) OR LHL = RHL = f(a)

x a x a x a
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate sin ( x 2 + 5) w.r.t. x.
dy
Soln: Let y  sin ( x 2  5)   cos ( x 2  5)  2x
dx
2. Differentiate cos (sin x ) w.r.t. x.
dy
Soln: Let y = cos (sin x )    sin (sin x )  cos x
dx
3. Differentiate cos x w.r.t. x.
dy 1
Soln: Let y = cos x    sin x 
dx 2 x
4. Differentiate sin( x 2 ) w.r.t. x.
dy
Soln: Let y = sin( x ) 
2
 cos( x 2 )  2x
dx
5. Differentiate sin(ax + b) w.r.t. x.
dy
Soln: Let y = sin( ax  b)   cos( ax  b)  a
dx
-1
6. Differentiate e sin x
w.r.t. x.
1 dy 1 1
Soln: Let y = esin x
  esin x

dx 1  x2

3
7. Differentiate e x w.r.t. x.
dy 3
Soln: Let y = e x 
3
 ex  3x 2
dx
8. Differentiate log (log x ), x > 1 w.r.t. x.
dy 1 1
Soln: Let y = log (log x )   
dx log x x
9. Differentiate e  x w.r.t. to x.
dy
Soln: Let y = e  x    ex
dx
10. Differentiate sin(log x ) w.r.t. x.
dy 1
Soln: Let y = sin(log x )   cos(log x ) 
dx x
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate sec tan( x )   w.r.t. x.


Soln: Let y = sec tan( x ) 
dy 1
dx

 sec tan( x )  tan tan( x )  sec2   x
2 x
2. Differentiate 2 cot( x 2 ) w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = 2 cot( x 2 )
dy 1
 2.   cosec 2 ( x 2 )  2x OR
dx 2
2 cot( x )
dy 1
   cosec2 ( x 2 )  2x
dx cot( x ) 2
3. 
Differentiate sin cos( x2 ) w.r.t. x. 

Soln: Let y = sin cos( x
2
)
dy
dx
 
 cos cos( x 2 )   sin( x 2 )  2x

4. Find dy if x - y =  .
dx
Soln: Given: x  y   .
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
dy dy
1 0   1
dx dx
5. Find
dy , if 2x + 3y = sin y.
dx
Soln: Given: 2x + 3y = sin y
dy dy
23  cos y
dx dx
dy dy
3  cos y  2
dx dx
dy
(3  cos y )   2
dx
dy 2

dx 3  cos y
dy
6. Find , if 2x + 3y = sin x.
dx
Soln: Given: 2x + 3y = sin x

dy
23  cos x
dx
dy
3  cos x  2
dx
dy cos x  2

dx 3
-1 -x
7. Differentiate sin(tan e ) .
Soln: Let y = sin(tan 1 e  x )
dy 1
 cos (tan 1 e  x )  x 2
  ex
dx 1  (e )
8. Differentiate log (cos e x ) .
Soln: Let y = log (cos e x )
dy 1
 x
  sin(e x )  e x
dx cos( e )

x
9. Differentiate e .
Soln: Let y= e x
dy 1 x 1
  e 
dx 2 e x 2 x
10. Differentiate cos (log x + e x ) .

Soln: Let y = cos (log x  e x )
dy 1 
  sin (log x  e x )    e x 
dx x 
sin x
11. Differentiate x , x > 0 w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = x sin x
Taking log on both sides,

log y  log x sin x
log y  sin x . log x
1 dy 1
 sin x   log x . cos x
y dx x
dy  1 
 y sin x .  log x . cos x 
dx  x 
dy  1 
 x sin x sin x .  log x cos x 
dx  x 
cos x
12. Differentiate (log x) w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = (log x )cos x
Taking log on both sides

log y  log (log x )cos x
log y  cos x . log (log x )
1 dy 1 1
 cos x    log (log x ) (  sin x )
y dx log x x
1 dy  1 1 
 y cos x    log (log x ) (sin x ) 
y dx  log x x 
dy  1 1 
 (log x )cos x  cos x    log (log x ) (sin x )
dx  log x x 

13. Differentiate (sin x )sin x w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = (sin x )sin x

log y  log (sin x )sin x
log y  sin x . log (sin x )
1 dy 1
 sin x   cos x  log (sin x ) . cos x
y dx sin x
dy
 y cos x  log (sin x ) . cos x 
dx
dy sin x
  sin x  cos x  log(sin x ) . cos x 
dx
log x
14. Differentiate (log x ) , x > 1 w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = (log x )log x

log y  log (log x )log x
log y  log x . log (log x )
1 dy 1 1 1
 log x .   log (log x )
y dx log x x x
dy 1 1
 y   log (log x ) 
dx x x
dy log x  1 1
  log x    log (log x ) 
dx x x
15. Differentiate log 7 (log x) w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = log7 (log x )
log (log x )
y [By change of base property.]
log 7
dy 1 d
 .  log (log x ) 
dx log 7 dx
dy 1 1 1
  
dx log 7 log x x

20
d2 y
16. If y = x , find .
dx2
Soln: Given: y  x 20
dy  d n n 1 
 20 x 19  dx x  nx 
dx  
d2 y
2
 20  19x18  380x
dx
17. If y = log x, find

d2 y .
dx2
Soln: Given: y = log x.
dy 1 d2 y 1
  2
 2
dx x dx x
2
18. If y = x2 + 3x + 2, find d y .
dx2
Soln: Given: y = x2 + 3x + 2
dy d2 y
 2x  3   2
dx dx 2

1. Differentiate cos x. cos 2x. cos 3x w.r.t. x.
Soln: Let y = cos x. cos 2x. cos 3x
log y  log (cos x . cos2x . cos 3x )

log y  log cos x  log cos2x  log cos 3x
1 dy  1 1 1
    sin x    2 sin 2x    3sin3x 
y dx  cos x cos2x cos3x 
dy
 y  tan x  2 tan 2x  3tan 3x 
dx
dy
 cos x . cos2x . cos3x  tan x  2 tan 2x  3 tan 3x 
dx

2 3 4
2. Differentiate ( x + 3) . ( x + 4) . ( x + 5) w.r.t. x.
2 3 4
Soln: Let y  ( x  3) . ( x  4) . ( x  5)
log y  log ( x  3)2 . ( x  4)3 . ( x  5)4 

log y  log ( x  3)2  log ( x  4)3  log ( x  5)4
log y  2 log ( x  3)  3 log ( x  4)  4 log ( x  5)
1 dy 1 1 1
 2   3 4
y dx x 3 x 4 x 5
 2 3 4 
 y  
x 3 x 4 x  5 
dy  2 3 4 
 ( x  3)2 . ( x  4)3 . ( x  5)4    
dx x  3 x  4 x  5
dy
3. Find , if yx = xy.
dx
Soln: Given: yx = xy
log y x  log x y
x log y  y log x
1 dy 1 dy
x.  log y .1  y  log x
y dx x dx
x dy dy y
 log x   log y
y dx dx x
dy  x  y
  log x    log y
dx  y  x
dy  x  y log x  y  x log y
  
dx  y  x
dy y ( y  x log y )

dx x ( x  y log x )

dy
4. Find , if xy = e(x–y).
dx
xy
Soln: Given: xy  e
log ( xy )  log e( x  y )
log x  log y  ( x  y) . log e
log x  log y  x  y ( log e  1)
1 1 dy dy
  1
x y dx dx
1 dy dy 1
  1
y dx dx x
dy  1  1
  1  1 
dx  y  x
dy  1  y  x 1
  
dx  y  x
dy y ( x  1)

dx x (1  y )
dy
5. Find , if x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx
Soln: Given: x = at2 ; y = 2at
Differentiate w.r.t. t.
dx dy
 2at ;  2a
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2a 1
  
dx dx 2at t
dt
dy
6. Find , if x = a (θ + sinθ), y = a (1 - cosθ) .
dx
Soln: Given: x  a (   sin ), y  a (1  cos )
Differentiate w.r.t.  .
dx dy
 a (1  cos )  a (0  sin )  a sin 
d d

dy
dy d a sin  sin 
  
dx dx a (1  cos ) 1  cos  OR
d
  
2 sin cos sin
 2 2  2  tan 
  2
2 cos2 cos
2 2
dy 4
7. Find , if x = 4t , y = .
dx t
4
Soln: Given: x  4t , y 
t
dx dy  1  4
 4 ,  4 2   2
dt dt t  t
dy 4
dy 2 1
 dt  t   2
dx dx 4 t
dt
dy
8. Find , if x = sin t , y = cos 2t .
dx
Soln: Given: x = sin t, y = cos 2t
dx dy
 cos t ;   2 sin 2t
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2sin 2t 2  2 sin t cos t
    4 sin t
dx dx cos t OR
cos t
dt
dy
9. Find , if x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ .
dx
Soln: Given: x  a cos , y  a sin 
Differentiate w.r.t. 
dx dy
  a sin  ;  a cos 
d d
dy
dy d a cos 
    cot 
dx dx a sin 
d

 t dy
10. If x = a  cos t + log tan  , y = a sin t , then find .
 2 dx
 t
Soln: Given: x  a  cos t  log tan , y  a sin t
 2 
 
dx  1 t 1  dy
 a   sin t   sec 2   ,  a cos t
dt  t 2 2 dt
tan
 2 
 
 
 
 
dx 1 1 1
 a   sin t   
dt  t t 2
 sin cos2 
2 2
 
 t 
cos
 2 
 
dx  1 
 a   sin t  
dt  t t 
2sin . cos
 2 2 
dx   sin 2 t  1 
 a 
dt  sin t 
dx a cos2 t

dt sin t
dy
dy dt

dt dx
dt
dy a cos t

dt  a cos2 t 
 
 sin t 
dy sin t

dt cos t
dy
 tan t
dt

FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the value of k such that the function f defined by
kx2 , if x  2
f ( x)  
3, if x  2 is continuous at x = 2.
Soln: At x = 2, f (2)  k . (2)2  4 k
2 2
LHL : lim f ( x )  lim kx  k . (2)  4k
x a x 2
RHL : xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim 3  3
x 2
Given f(x) is continuous at x = 2.

 LHL = RHL = f(2)
 4k  3  4 k  4 k  3
3
 k
4
2. Find the value of k such that the function f defined by
kx  1, if x  
f ( x)  
cos x , if x   is continuous at x   .
Soln: At x  
f ( )  k   1
LHL: xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim ( kx  1)  k  1
x 
RHL: lim f ( x )  lim cos x  cos    1

x a x 
Given f ( x ) is continuous then,
LHL = RHL =  f (  )
k   1   1  k  1
k  1   1
k   2
2
k  

3. Find the value of k so that the function f defined by
kx  1, if x  5
f ( x)  
3x  5 , if x  5 is continuous at x = 5..
Soln: At x = 5
f (5)  k(5)  1  5k  1

LHL : xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim  ( kx  1)  5k  1
x 5
RHL: xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim (3x  5)  3(5)  5  10
x 5
Given f(x) is continuous.

L H L = RH L = f(5)
5k  1  10  5k  1
5k  1  10
5k  9
9
k
5
4. Find the value of k so that the function f defined by,
 k cos x 
  - 2x , if x  2
f(x) = 
 3 
, if x = 
 2 is continuous at x = .
2

Soln: At x  sin 
2 lim  1
0 

f   3  
2 sin   x 
lim 2   1
k cos x    
lim f ( x )  lim x
x a
k
   2x
2 2  x
2  
   
k . sin   x  sin   x 
2  k 2   k 1  k
 lim  . lim
k
   2 k    2 2
2 2  x  2  x
2  2 

Given f(x) is continuous at x 
2
 k
 lim f ( x )  f    3  k6
x

 2 2
2
5. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by,
ax  1 , if x  3
f ( x)  
bx  3 , if x  3 is continuous at x = 3.
Soln: At x = 3
f(3) = a (3) + 1 = 3a + 1
LHL: xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim ax  1  3a  1
x 3
RHL: xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim bx  3  3b  3
x 3

Given f(x) is continuous.

LHL = RHL = f(3)
3a  1  3b  3  3a  1
 3a  1  3b  3
 3a  3b  3  1
 3( a  b)  2
2 2
 a b  OR a  b 
3 3
6. Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by,
5, if x2

f(x) = ax + b, if 2 < x < 10
21, if x  10 is a continous function.

Soln: At x = 2
f(2) = 5
LHL : xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim 5  5
x 2
RHL : xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim ax  b  a(2)  b  2a  b
x 2
Given: LHL = RHL = f(2)

5 = 2a + b = 5
2a + b = 5 . . . (1)
At x = 10
f(10) = 21
LHL : xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim ax  b  a(10)  b  10a  b
x 10
RHL : xlim
a 
f ( x )  lim 21  21
x 10
Given: LHL = RHL = f(10)

10a + b = 21 = 21
10a + b = 21 . . . (2)
Solving (1) and (2) (1) becomes
2a  b  5 2a  b  5
Subtracting 10a  b  21 2(2)  b  5
 8a   16 b  54
a2 b 1

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

2
1. If y  A sin x  B cos x , then prove that d y  y  0 .
2
dx
Soln: Given: y  A sin x  B cos x
dy
 A cos x  B sin x
dx
d2 y
  A sin x  B cos x
dx 2
d2 y
LHS: dx 2  y   A sin x  B cos x  A sin x B cos x
 0
 RHS
2. If y  5cosx  3sinx , prove that

d2 y
 y  0.
dx2
Soln: Given: y  5cos x  3sin x
dy
  5sin x  3 cos x
dx
d2 y
  5 cos x  3 sin x
dx 2
d2 y
LHS =  y   5 cos x  3sin x  5 cos x  3sin x
dx 2
 0
 RHS
d2 y dy
3. If y  Ae mx Be nx , show that 2
 ( m  n)  mny  0 .
dx dx
Soln: Given: y  Aemx Be nx
dy
 A( emx .m)  B (e nx . n)
dx
d2 y
 Am( emx . m)  Bn( enx . n)
dx 2
 Am2 emx  Bn2 e nx
d2 y dy
LHS: 2
 (m  n )  mny
dx dx
 Am2 e mx  Bn2 enx  (m  n ) ( Amemx  Bne nx )  mn( Ae mx  Be nx )
 Am2 e mx  Bn2e nx  Am2emx  Bmne nx  Amne mx  Bn2e nx  Amne mx  Bmne nx
=0
= RHS.

1 d2 y dy 2
4. If y  sin x , show that (1  x ) 2
x  0
dx dx
1
Soln: Given: y  sin x
dy 1
Differentiate, 
dx 1  x2
dy
1  x2  1
dx
d2 y dy 1
Differentiate, 1  x2 2
 . ( 2x )  0
dx dx 2 1  x 2
d2 y
2 x dy
1x   0
dx 2 1  x dx
2
d2 y dy
(1  x 2 ) 2
 x  0
dx dx
5. If y  3cos (log x )  4sin (log x ) , show that x 2 y2  xy1  y  0 .
Soln: Given: y  3 cos (log x )  4 sin (log x )
1 1
Differentiate, y1  3   sin(log x )   4 cos (log x ) .
x x
xy1   3sin(log x )  4 cos (log x )
1 1
Differentiate, xy2  y1   3 cos (log x ) .  4 sin (log x ) .
x x
2
x y2  xy1   3 cos(log x )  4 sin (log x )
x 2 y2  xy1   y
x 2 y2  xy1  y  0
1 2
6. If y  (tan x ) . Show that ( x 2  1)2 y2  2 x( x 2  1) y1  2 .
Soln: Given: y  (tan 1 x )2

1
y1  2 tan 1 x .
1  x2
(1  x 2 ) y1  2 tan 1 x
1
Differentiate, (1  x 2 ) y2  y1 . 2x  2
1  x2
(1  x 2 )2 y2  2x (1  x 2 ) y1  2
d2 y dy
7. If y  sin 1 x show that (1  x 2 ) 2
x  0.
dx dx
1
Soln: Given: y  sin x

dy 1
Differentiate, 
dx 1  x2
dy
1  x2  1
dx
Differentiate again w.r.t. x.
d2 y
2 dy 1
1x 2
  ( 2x )  0
dx dx 2 1  x 2
d2 y dy
(1  x 2 ) 2  x  0
dx dx
7x 7 x d2 y
8. If y  500e  600e Show that  49 y .
dx2
Soln: Given: y  500e7 x  600e 7 x ,
dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x.  500  e7 x  7  600e 7 x  7
dx

 7 500  e7 x  600e 7x 
d2 y
Differentiate again w.r.t. x.
dx 2 
 7 500e 7 x  7  600e 7 x ( 7) 
 49 (500e7 x  600 e 7x )
d2 y
  49 y
dx 2
 RHS
1
d2 y
9. If y  cos x , Find in terms of y alone.
dx2
Soln: Given: y  cos 1 x  x  cos y
dy 1
Differentiate w.r.t. x 
dx 1  x2
dy 1

dx 1  cos2 y
dy 1

dx sin y
dy
  cosec y
dx
d2 y  dy 
    cosec y cot y
dx 2
 dx 
 cosec y cot y ( cosec y )
2
 d y   cosec 2 y cot y
2
dx

2
d2 y  dy  .
10. If e y ( x  1)  1 , show that 2
  
dx  dx 
Soln: Given: e y ( x  1)  1
1
ey 
x 1
dy 1
Differentiate w.r.t. x: ey  2
dx  x  1
1 dy 1
 
x  1 dx ( x  1)2
dy 1
 
dx ( x  1)
d2 y 1
 2

dx ( x  1)2
2
d2 y  dy 
 2
  
dx  dx 
* * *

Chapter-6
Application of Derivaties
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y  x3  x at x = 2.
3
Soln: Given curve is y  x  x
Differentiate w.r.t. x.
dy
 3x 2  1
dx
 dy 
Slope of tangent     3(2)2  1  12  1  11
 dx  x  2
2. Find the intervals in which the function f ( x )  x2  4x  6 is strictly

increasing.
Soln: Given function is f ( x )  x 2  4 x  6

f '( x )  2x  4
For strictly increasing f '( x )  0

2x  4  0
2x  4
x 2
 Interval is (2,  )
3. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y  x2  3x  2 at the point whose
x-co ordinate is 3.
Soln: y  x 2  3x  2
dy
 2x  3
dx
 dy 
Slope =    2(3)  3  6  3  3
 dx x 3
4. Find the points at which the tangent to the curve y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7 is

parallel to the x-axis.

Soln: Given curve is y  x 3  3x 2  9x  7 . . . (1)
dy
 3x 2  6x  9
dx
Given that tangent is parallel to x-axis.
dy
 0  3x 2  6 x  9  0
dx
x 2  2x  3  0
( x  3)( x  1)  0
x  3 or  1
When x   1 Eqn. (1)  y = (–1)3 – (3) (–1)2 – 9 (–1) + 7 = 12

When x = 3 Eqn. (1)  y = (3)3 – 3 (3)2 – 9 (3) + 7 = – 20
 the points are (–1, 12) and (3, –20).
5. Find the slope of the normal to the curve y  2x 2  3sin x at x = 0.
Soln: Given: y  2x 2  3sin x
dy
 4 x  3 cos x
dx
 dy 
 dx   4(0)  3 cos 0  3
  x 0
1
 Slope of normal at x = 0 is  .
3
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f ( x )  4 x3  6x 2  72x  30

is (a) strictly increasing; (b) strictly decreasing.
Soln: Given: f ( x )  4 x 3  6x 2  72x  30

f '( x )  12x 2  12x  72

 
f '( x )  0  12( x 2  x  6)  0
 x 2  3x  2 x  6  0
 ( x  3)( x  2)  0
 x  3, or  2.

Intervals Nature of f
(–  , –2) f is strictly increasing
(–2, 3) f is strictly decreasing
(3,  ) f is strictly increasing
2. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve
y  x 4  6 x 3  13x 2  10 x  5 at (0, 5).
Soln: y  x 4  6 x 3  13x 2  10 x  5
dy
 4 x 3  18x 2  26x  10
dx
Slope of tangent at (0, 5) is 

dy 
   10
 dx (0, 5)
Equation of the tangent at (0, 5) is
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – 5 = –10 (x – 0)  10x + y – 5 = 0
1
Equation of normal at (0, 5) is y  5  ( x  0)  x  10 y  50  0
10
3. Find the two positive numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large
as possible.
Soln: Let x and y are two positive numbers.
Given: x  y  24  y  24  x.
Let f ( x )  xy
f ( x )  x (24  x )
f ( x )  24 x  x 2
f '( x )  24  2x  f ''( x )   2  0
Condition for maximum and miminum is f '( x )  0 .
24  2 x  0  2x  24  x  12 .
 f ( x ) is maximum at x = 12 and y = 24 – 12 = 12.

 Required numbers are 12 and 12.
4. Find the two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and sum of whose square is
minimum.
Soln: Let x and y are two numbers.
Given: x  y  15  y  15  x

2 2
and f ( x )  x  y
f ( x )  x 2  (15  x )2
Condition for maximum and
Differentiate w.r.t. x. minimum is
f '( x )  2x  2(15  x )(0  1) f '( x )  0

f '( x )  2x  30  2x 4 x  30  0
f '( x )  4 x  30 ... (1) 30 15
x  x 
Again (1) Differentiate w.r.t. x. 4 2
15 15
f ''( x )  4  0 (+ve)  y  15   x
2 2
 15 15 
 the function is minimum at  ,
 2 2 
15 .
 two numbers are 15 and
2 2
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/min and the width
y is increasing at the rate of 4 cm/min when x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm. Find the
rate of change of (a) the perimeter; (b) the area of the rectangle.
Soln: Given:
dx dy
  5cm / min,  4cm / min
dt dt
(a) Perimeter of rectangle P  2( x  y )
dp  dx dy 
 2  
dt  dt dt 
dp
 2( 5  4)  2 cm / min
dt
(b) Area of rectangle = A = xy.
dA dy dx
 x.  y.
dt dt dt
 8 (4)  6 ( 5)
 32  30
dA
 2 cm2 / min
dt

3. A particle moves along the curve 6 y  x3  2 . Find the points on the curve at
which the y-coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinates.
Soln: Given: Curve is 6 y  x 3  2 . . . (1)
dy dx
Differentiate w.r.t. t 6  3x 2 . . . (2)
dt dt
dy dx
Given that  8.
dt dt
 dx  2  dx 
From (2) 6 8   3x  dt 
 dt   
3x 2  48
x 2  16
x  4
If x = 4, (1)  6 y  (4)3  2 If x = – 4  6 y  ( 4)3  2
6 y  66 6 y   62
y  11 31
y  
3
 31 
 point is (4, 11)  point is  4, 
 3 
 31 
 points are (4, 11) and  4, 
 3 
4. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled
along the ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How past is its
height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4m away
from wall?
Soln: At any time t, let AB = 5m be the position of the ladder.
Let OZ = x, OB = y.  x 2  y 2  (5)2
dy dy
2x  2y  0
dt dt
dx dy . . . (1)
x y  0
dt dt
Since, x 2  y2  25
 y2  25  x 2  25  x 2  25  (4)2  25  16  9  3m
dy dy
 From (1)  4(2)  3  0  8 3  0
dt dt
dy dy 8
 3  8    cm / s
dt dt 3

5. A man of height 2 meters walks at uniform speed of 5 km/hr away from a

lamp post which is 6 meters high. Find the rate at which the length of his
shadow incrases.
Soln: Let AB be the lamp post, MN be the man.
From the fig. AM = l metre, MS = 5 metres at time t.
MS is the shadow of the man.
We observe that  MSN   ASB

MS MN
=
AS AB
S 2

AS 6
S 1

AS 3
AS  3S
AM  MS  3S
l  s  3s
l  2s
dl ds
 2
dt dt
dl ds 1 dl
Given:  5 km / hr , 
dt dt 2 dt
1 5
  5  km / hr
2 2
5
Hence length of the shadow increases at the rate of km / hr .
2
5. A car starts from point P at time t = 0 seconds and stops at point Q. The
 t
distance x, in meters, covered by its in t seconds is given by x = t 2  2 -  .
 3
Find the time taken by it to reach Q and find the distance between P and Q.
 t
Soln: x  t 2  2  
 3
3
t
x  2 t2 
3
dx 3 t2
v   4t 
dt 3
when v = 0, t=0 or t = 4.
Therefore the car reach the point Q after t = 4 seconcs.
 4 64 2 32
 x  (4)2  2    16    16    mts
 3  3  3 3
* * *

Chapter-7
Integrals
Integration: It is the inverse process of differentiation.
STANDARD RESULTS
n x n1

 x dx  n  1  C, n   1 
 cosec x . cot x dx   cosec x  C

 dx  x  C 
 cot x dx  log|sin x | C
x x

 e dx  e  C 
 tan x dx   log|cos x |  C = log|sec x | C
x ax
  a dx  log a  C 
 sec x dx  log|sec x  tan x | C

 sin x dx   cos x  C 
 cosec x dx  log|cosec x  cot x |  C
1 x
 dx  sin 1    C

 cos x dx   sin x  C 
a2  x 2 a
2 1 1 x

 sec x dx  tan x  C 
a 2 2
dx  tan 1    C
x a a
1 x
2
 dx  cos1    C

 cosec x dx   cot x  C 
a x2 2
a
1 1 x
x dx  sec 1    C

 sec x . tan x dx  sec x  C 
x a2 2 a a
1 1 1 x
dx  log|x | C x dx  cosec 1    C

 x

x a2 2 a a
Properties of the Indefinite Integers

 f ( x )  g ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   g ( x ) dx

 f '( x ) dx  f ( x )  C
 For any real numbers k,  k f ( x )dx  k  f ( x ) dx
f '( x )
  f ( x ) dx  log f ( x )  C 
e
x x
 f ( x ) f '( x )  dx  e f ( x )  C

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

2
1. Find  (2x  e x ) dx .
2 x x3
Soln:  (2x  e ) dx  2  ex  C
3
x
2. Evaluate: (2 x  3 cos x  e ) dx

x x2
Soln:
 (2x  3 cos x  e ) dx  2  3sin x  e x  C
2
3. Evaluate:  sec x (sec x  tan x ) dx
2
Soln:  sec x (sec x  tan x ) dx   sec x dx   sec x . tan x dx
2
  sec x dx   sec x . tan x dx
 tan x  secx  C
4. Evaluate:  cosec x (cosec x  cot x ) dx

2
Soln:  cosec x (cosec x  cot x ) dx   cosec x dx   cosec x . cot x dx
  cot x  cosec x  C
x
5. Evaluate: (4 e  1) dx 
x x
Soln:
 (4e  1) dx   (4e  1) dx
 4e x  x  C
 1 
6. Find:   x   dx
x
 1  2 3/2
Soln:   x   dx  x  2 x C
x 3
7. Find: 2x
1  x 2
dx
2x
Soln: 1 x 2
dx  log (1  x 2 )  C
2  1 
8. Evaluate:
x 1  x 2  dx
 
 2 1  2 x3
Soln:  x 1  x 2  dx   (x  1) dx  x C
3

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

x
1. Find: e . sec x (1  tan x )dx
x x
Soln: e . sec x (1  tan x )dx  e sec x  sec x . tan x  dx
 e x sec x  C
1
2. Find: dx
x x
1 1  1 
Soln: x dx     dx Put, x 1  t
x x  x 1
1
dt dx  dt
 2 2 x
t
1
 2 log t  2log  x 1  C  x
dx  2dt
3. Find:  cot x . log(sin x ) dx

t2
Soln:  cot x . log(sin x ) dx   t . dt  C Put, log (sin x )  t
2
2 cos x
log (sin x )  dx  dt
  C sin x
2 cot x dx  dt
sin2 x
4. Evaluate:  1  cos x dx
sin 2 x 1  cos2 x (1  cos x )(1  cos x )
Soln:  dx   dx   dx
1  cos x 1  cos x (1  cos x )
  (1  cos x )dx  x  sin x  C
e
5. Evaluate:
1
 x dx
1
e e
1
Soln:  dx  log x |  log e e  log1  1  0  1
1
x 1

 2 x x
6. Find:   sin  cos2  dx
0
2 2
 
2 x 2 x 


Soln:   sin 2  cos 2  dx    cos x dx   sin x
0
 (sin   sin 0) = –(0 – 0) = 0
0   0
 2 x 2 x 
 cos 2  sin 2  cos x 
 

2
7. Find:  sec (7  4 x ) dx
2 1
Soln:  sec (7  4x ) dx   sec 2 t dt Put, 7  4x  t
4
4dx  dt
1
  tan t  c 1
4 dx   dt
1 4
  tan(7  4x )  C
4
1
e tan x
8. Find:  dx
1  x2
1
e tan x t 1
Soln:  dx  e dt  et  C  e tan x
C Put, tan 1 x  t
1  x2
1
dx  dt
1  x2
9. Find:  sin 2x . cos 3x dx

1
Soln:
 sin 2x . cos 3x dx   sin 5x  sin x  dx
2
1   cos5x 
   cos x   C
2 5 
1
10. Evaluate: 1
 dx
0 1  x2
1 1
1  
Soln:  dx  sin 1 x |  sin 1 (1)  sin 1 (0)  0 
0 1  x2 0 2 2
11. Evaluate:  log x dx

 d 
Soln:  log x dx   log x .1 dx  log x 1dx   
 dx
log x .  1 dx  dx

(By parts)
1
 x log x    x dx
x
 d 1 
 x log x  x  C  dx (log x )  x  x  1
 
 /2
12. Evaluate:  cos 2x dx
0
 /2  /2
sin 2x  1 1
Soln:  cos 2x dx   sin   sin 0  (0  0)  0
0
2  0 2 2

dx
1. Evaluate:  (x  1)( x  2)
1 A B
Soln:  
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x 2
1 = A (x + 2) + B (x + 1) . . . (1)
Put x = –2, in equation (1), we get Put x = –1 in equation (1), we get
1 = B (–2 + 1)  B = – 1. 1 = A (–1 + 2)  A = 1
1 1 1
  ( x  1)( x  2) dx   x  1 dx   x  2 dx
x 1
 log( x  1)  log( x  2)  log C
x 2
4
2. Evaluate:  tan x dx .
4
Soln:  tan x dx 
 tan x tan xdx
2 2
2 2 2
  tan x . sec x dx   tan x dx
2 2 2 Put tan x = t,
  tan x . sec x dx   (sec x  1) dx sec2x dx = dt.
2
  t dt  tan x  x  C
t3 tan3 x
  tan x x  C   tan x  x  C
3 x
( x  3)
3. Evaluate:
 ( x  1) 3
e x dx
( x  3) x 1  2
Soln:  ( x  1) 3
e x dx  e
x
 ( x  1)3  dx
 
 x 1 2 
  ex   dx
 ( x  1)
3
( x  1)3 
x  1 2 
 e  ( x  1)2  ( x  1)3  dx
 
 1 
 ex  ( x  1)2   C
 
sin3 x  cos3 x
4. Evaluate:  dx
sin 2 x cos2 x
sin3 x  cos3 x  sin x cos x 

Soln:  sin 2 x cos2 x dx    cos
2

x sin 2 x 
dx
  (sec x . tan x  cot x . cosec x ) dx  sec x  cosec x  C

1
5. Evaluate:  tan x dx
1 1
Soln:  tan x dx   tan x . 1 dx
 d  Hint:
 tan 1 x 1dx    1 dx . dx (tan
1
)x  dx

f '( x )
1  1   dx  log f ( x )  C
 tan x ( x )   x.  2 
dx f (x )
1  x 
1 2x
 tan  1 x   dx
2 1  x2
1
 x tan 1 x  log(1  x 2 )  C
2 Put: tan 1 x  t
1
1 dx  dt
tan 1 x 1  x2
6. Evaluate:
0 1  x 2 dx as x  0, t  0
1  /4 /4 
tan 1 x t2  1  2  2 as x  1, t 
Soln:  2
dx   t dt      0  4
0
1  x 0
2 0 2  16  32
7. Evaluate:
x2 1 x
 ( x  1)2 e dx
x2 1 x ( x 2  1  2) x  x 1 2 
Soln:  2
e dx   2
e dx   e x  x  1  ( x  1)2  dx
( x  1) ( x  1)  
 x 1 
 ex   C
x 1
x
8. Evaluate:  ( x  1)( x  2) dx
x A B
Soln: Let,  
( x  1)( x  2) x 1 x  2
x  A( x  2)  B( x  1) . . . (1)
Put x = 1 in equation (1) Put x = 2 in equation (2)
1 = A (1 – 2) = A = –1 2 = B (2 – 1) = 2.
x  1 2 
  ( x  1) ( x  2) dx    x  1  x  2  dx
  log( x  1)  2 log( x  2)  C
 ( x  2)2 
 log  C
 ( x  1) 

dx
9. Evaluate:  ( x  x log x )
dx dx 1
Soln:  ( x  x log x   x (1  log x ) Put, 1 + log x = t ; dx  dt
x
dt
  log(t )  C
t
 log 1  log x  C
x
10. Evaluate: e sin x dx
x
Soln: I = e sin x dx  e x (  cos x )   (  cos x )e x dx
  e x cos x  e x sin x   sin x . e x dx 

 
x x
I   e cos x  e sin x  I
2I  e x sin x  e x cos x
ex
I (sin x  cos x )  C
2
2
11. Evaluate: x e x dx
2
Soln: x e x dx  x 2 e x   e x (2x ) dx
 x 2e x  2  x e x   e x dx 
 
2 x x x
 x e  2x e  2 e  C
2
12. Evaluate:
1 1  2x
  x  2x 2 
e dx
1 
2 4
1 1  2x 2 2  t dt dt t
Soln:    e dx    t  e . Put, 2x  t  dx   x
1
x 2x 2  2
t 2  2 2 2
4
1 1 t when x  1, t  2,
   t  t 2 
e . dt
 x  2, t  4
2
1 t 4 1 4 1 2
 e |2  e  e
t 4 2
dx dx
1. Find x 2
 a2
and hence evaluate x 2
 6x  13
.
Soln: Put x = a tan   dx  a sec 2 

dx 1
 I  x 2
 a a sec 2  d
 a2 2
tan   a 2
2
a sec 2  d 1 1
 a 2 (1  tan 2 )  a  d  a   C
1 x
 tan 1  C
a a
dx dx dt
x 2
  (x  3) 2
 t 2 where t = x – 3.
 6x  13 4 4
1 t 1  x 3
 tan 1  C  tan 1    C
2 2 2  2 
dx dx
2. Find
 x 2  a2 and hence evaluate  3x 2
 13x  10
.
1 1
Soln: We have, 2 2

x a ( x  a )( x  a )
1  ( x  a)  ( x  a)  1  1 1 
     
2a  ( x  a )( x  a )  2a  x  a x  a 
1 1  1 1 
  2 2
dx    dx   dx 
x a 2a  x  a xa 
1
 log| x  a|  log| x  a |   C
2a 
1 x a
 log C
2a x a
Let, I  dx 1 dx
 3x 2   2 2
3 
 13x  10 13   17 
 x  
 6   6 
13 17
x 
1 1 1 6 6 C
 . log
3 2 17 13 17
x 
6 6 6
13 17
x 
1 6 6 C
I  log
17 13 17
x 
6 6

1 dx
3. Find the integral of w.r.t. x and hence evaluate .
a x2 2  7  6x  x 2
Soln: Put x = a sin   dx  a cos  d
1 a cos 
 I   dx     d  C
2 2
a x a  a 2 sin2 
2
x
I  sin 1 C
a
dx dx  x 3
Let I      sin 1  C
7  6x  x 2 2
4  ( x  3) 2
 4 
1 dx
4. Find the integral of
x a2 2 w.r.t. x and hence evaluate x 2
 25
.
dx
Soln: Let I   x 2  a2
Put x  a sec   dx  a sec  tan  d
dx a sec  tan 
 I    d   sec  d
x a 2 2 a tan 
 log sec   tan   C
x x2 x  x 2  a2
 log   1  log  C1
a a2 a
Where, C = –log a + C1
 log x  x 2  a2  C
dx dx
I      log x  x 2  52  C
2 2 2
x  25 x 5
1 1
5. Find the integral of w.r.t x and hence evaluate dx .
x a2 2  2
x  2x  2
dx
Soln: Let I   . Put x  a tan   dx  a sec 2 
2 2
x a
dx a sec 2  d
     log sec   tan   C
x 2  a2 a 2 tan2   a 2
I  log x  x 2  a 2  C
1 1
Let I   dx  
2
x  2x  2 ( x  1)2  1
I  log x  1  ( x  1)2  1  C

2
1 x
6. Find the integral of w.r.t. x and hence evaluate  dx .
2
a x 2
1  x6
1 1 1  ( a  x )  (a  x ) 
Soln: We have,  
a x22
( a  x )(a x ) 2a  (a  x ) ( a  x ) 
1  1 1 
 
2a  a  x a  x 

1 1  1 1 
 a 2 2
dx    dx   dx 
x 2a  a  x ax 
1
 log|a  x |  log|( a  x )|  C
2a
1 ax
 log C
2a ax
x2 x 3  t  3x 2 dx  dt
Let, I  1 2
dx , Put
x  3
 x 2 dx 
1
dt
3
1 1 1 1 1t
 I  1 t 2
dt  . log C
3 3 2 1t
1 1  x3
 I  log  C
6 1  x3
SIX MARKS QUESTIONS

a a a
1. Prove that
x
 f ( x ) dx   f ( a  x ) dx and hence evaluate,  dx .
0 0 0 x  ax
a a
Soln:  f ( x ) dx
0
  f (a  x ) dx
0
Put, a  x  t  dx  dt
When x = 0, t = a ; when x = a, t = 0.
a 0
  f ( a  x ) dx 
0
 f (t ) ( dt )
a
a a
  f (t ) dt 
0
 f ( x ) dx
0
a a
  f ( x ) dx
0
  f (a  x ) dx
0

a
x
Let I  dx . . . (1)
0 x  ax
a a
ax ax
I dx   dx . . . (2)
0 a x  a a x 0 ax  x
Add: (1) + (2)
a a
 x ax  ax  x
2I      dx   dx
 ax  x a  x  x  ax  x
0 0
a
2I  1 dx
0
2 I  x |0a  2 I  a
a
 I 
2
b b  /3
1
2.  f ( x ) dx  f ( a  b  x ) dx and hence evaluate
  dx .
a a  /6 1  tan x
b
Soln: RHS  f ( a  b  x ) dx
a
Put a  b  x  t  dx  dt
When x = a, t = b ; when x = b, t = a
a b b
 f (t ) ( dt ) 
b
 f (t ) dt 
a
 f ( x ) dx
a
 LHS
b b
  f ( x ) dx 
a
 f (a  b  x ) dx
a
 /3
1
Let I   1 dx
/6 tan x
/3
cos x
  dx . . . (1)
 /6 cos x  sin x
  
/3 cos    x 
3 6 
  dx
 /6      
cos    x   sin    x 
3 6  3 6 

/3
sin x
  dx . . . (2)
 /6 sin x  cos x
Add: (1) + (2) gives
/3
sin x  cos x
2I   dx
 /6 sin x  cos x
/3
 /3  
2I   1 dx  x  /6  
 /6
3 6

2I 
6

 I 
12
a
 a
2 f ( x ) dx , if f ( x ) is even
3. Prove that f ( x ) dx   
a 0

0 if f ( x ) is odd
 /2
and evaluate  sin7 x cos4 x dx

 /2
a 0 a
Soln: We have f ( x ) dx  f (x )  . . . (1)
a
 
a
 f (x ) dx
0
0
Consider
 f ( x ) dx
a
Put x = –t,  dx = –dt

When x = –a, t = a and when x = 0, t = 0.
0 0 a a
  f ( x ) dx   f ( t ) ( dt )   f ( t ) dt   f ( x ) dx
a a 0 0
a 0
 
   f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx 
 0 a 
Therefore (1) reduces to
a 0 0
 f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx . . . (2)
0 a a
If f(x) is an even function i.e., f(–x) = f(x), then
a 0 0 0
From equation(2) :  f ( x ) dx
0
  f ( x ) dx
a
  f ( x ) dx
a
 2  f ( x ) dx
a

If f(x) is an odd function

then, f(–x) = –f(x) then (2) reduces to
a 0
 f ( x ) dx
0
   f ( x )
a
 f ( x ) dx  0
a
 a
2 f ( x ) dx , if f ( x ) is even
  f ( x ) dx   0
a 
0 if f ( x ) is odd
 /2
4. Evaluate:
 sin7 x cos4 x dx
 /2
Soln: sin7 x is an odd function and cos4 x is an even function.
 sin 7 x cos4 x is an odd function.
 /2
  sin7 x . cos4 x dx  0
 /2
Try it Yourself :
 /2
sin x
1) Evaluate:  dx
0 sin x  cos x
 /2
sin3/2 x
2) Evaluate:  dx
0 sin3/2 x  cos3/2 x
 /2
3) Evaluate:  (2 log sin x  log sin 2x ) dx
0
 /4
4) Evaluate:
 log (1  tan x ) dx
0
 /2
5) Evaluate:
 ( x 3  x cos x ) dx
 /2
***

Chapter-8
Application of Integrals
1. F i n d t h e ar e of t h e r egi on b ou n d ed b y t h e cu r v e y = x2 and the line y = 4.
Soln: From the figure,
4 4
Area  2 x dy  2
  y dy
0 0
4
 
 y3/2 
 2 
 3 
 2 0
1
2 4 32
 2  43/2  0    64  2  sq. units
3 3 3
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2  4 x and the line x = 3.
3
Area = 2 y dx = 2 4 x dx  y2  4 x  y  4 x 

0
 
3
 
3
 x 3/2 
 22  x dx  4  
0  3 
 2 0
2  32 
 4 3  0   8 3 sq. units.
3  
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2  4 x , y-axis and the line
y = 3.
3 3
 y2   y2 
  dy  y  4 x  x  
2
Area   x dy 
0

0  4   4
3
1  y3  1  33  9
      0  sq. units.
4  3 0 4 3  4

4. Find the area of region bounded by x 2  4 y , y = 2, y = 4 and the y-axis in the

first quadrant.
4 4
Area 
 x dy   4 y dy  x 2  4 y  x  4 y 
 
2 2
4
3
2
y 4  32 3

 2    4  2 2 
3 3  
2 2
4

3

8  2 2 sq. units 
5. Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded by
y  4 x 2 , x  0, y  1 and y = 4.
4 4
y  y 
 y  4x  x 
2
Area   x dy 
1

1
4
dy


4 
4
3
3 3
1 y 1 2 2 
    4  12 
2 3 
3 

2 1
1 7
 (8  1)  sq. units
3 3
1. Find the area enclosed by the circle x 2  y2  a 2 .
a a
2 2
Area = 4  y dx  4  a  x dx
0 0
 x 2  y2  a 2  y  a2  x 2 
 
x a2 x
W.K.T.  a 2  x 2 dx  a2  x 2  sin 1
2 2 a

a
x 2 a2 2 x  
Area  4  a x  sin 1 a 
2 2   0
 a2  
 4  sin 1 (1)   2a 2    a2 sq. units.
2  2
2. Using the method of integration, find the area enclosed by an ellipse

x 2 y2
  1.
a 2 b2
a
Area, A  4  y dx
0
a
b
 4 a a 2  x 2 dx
0
a x 2 y2
4b x a 2
 x   1
  a2  x 2  sin 1    a 2 b2
a 2 2  a  0 b
 y a2  x 2
4b  a2 1   a
  sin 1   2ab     ab sq. units.
a 2  2
3. Using the method of integration, find the area enclosed by the circle
x 2  y2  4.
Soln: From the figure, y2 = 22 – x2
Area, A  4  y dx
0
2
 4  (2)2  x 2
0
W.K.T. A  4  a2  x 2
0
a
x 2 a2
2  x 
 4 a x  sin 1  a 
2 2  0
 a2 
 4  sin 1 (1)
2 
2
A a . . . (1)
Put, a 2  4 in equation (1)
A = 4 sq. units.

x 2 y2
4. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse  1 .
9 4
3 3
2
Area, A  4 y dx  4

0
3
0
 
9  x 2 dx
3
b
W.K.T. A  4  a 2  x 2 dx
0
a
a
4b x 2 a2 2  x 
  a x  sin 1   
a 2 2  a  0
4b  a 2 1  
  sin (1)   2ab  
a 2  2
A   ab . . . (1)
x 2 y2
 1 is of the form
Put a = 3 and b = 2 in (1) 9 4
(1)  A  (3)(2) x 2 y2
 1
 6 sq. units a 2 b2
a2 = 9, b2 = 4  a = 3, b = 2.
5. Find the area enclosed by an ellipse 9 x 2  y 2  36 .
Soln: Consider, 9 x 2  y 2  36
x 2 y2
Divided by 36 O.B.S.    1
4 36
x2 y2
 2  2  1
2 6
2 2
6
From the figure, area A  4  y dx
0
 4
0
2  4  x 2 dx 
2
b
W.K.T. A  4 a a 2  x 2 dx
0
a
4b x 2 a2 2  x 
  a x  sin 1  a 
a 2 2   0
4b  a 2 1  
  sin (1)  2ab  
a 2  2
A   ab . . . (1)
Put a = 2, b = 6 in (1)
Area, A   (2) (6)  12 sq. units

Try it Yourself:
(3 Marks Questions)
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = x and the lines x = 1, x = 4
and x-axis.
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the lines x = 1, x = 2
and x-axis.
3. Find the area under the given curve y = x2 and the lines x = 1, x = 2 and x-axis.
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = x and the lines x = 1, x = 4
and x-axis in the first quadrant.
5. Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, and the lines x = 2, x = 4 and x-axis
in the first quadrant.
(5 Marks Questions)
x 2 y2
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse  1.
16 9
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 16.
x 2 y2
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse  1.
4 9
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse x2 + 9y2 = 36.
5. Find the area of the region bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 25.
* * *

Chapter-9
Differential Equations
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the order and degree of differential equation
2
d2 y  dy  dy
xy 2  x   x  0.
dx  dx  dx
Ans: Order -2. Degree - 1.

d4 y
2. Find the order and degree of differential equation  sin ( y ''')  0 .
dx 4
Ans: Order - 4. Degree - Not defined.
2
 d2 y   dy 
3. Find the order and degree of differential equation  2   cos    0.
 dx   dx 
4. Find the order and degree of differential equation
( y ''')2  ( y '')3  ( y ')4  y5  0 .
Ans: Order - 3. Degree - 2.
5. Find the order and degree of differential equation y '''  2 y ''  y '  0 .
Ans: Order - 3. Degree - 1.
6. Find the order and degree of differential equation y '''  y2  e y '  0 .
dy x  1
1. Find the general solution of the differential equation :  , y  2.
dx 2  y
dy x  1
Soln:  . . . (1)
dx 2  y
Separating the variables in (1) we get,
(2  y ) dy  ( x  1) dx . . . (2)

Integranting on both sides we get,

 (2  y) dy   ( x  1) dx
y2 x2
2y   xc
2 2
4 y  y2 x 2  2x  2c

2 2
2 2
x  y  2x  4 y  2c  0
where C = 2c, which is the general solution of equations (1).
dy 1  y2
2. Find the general solution of the differentiatl equation  .
dx 1  x2
dy 1  y2
Soln:  . . . (1)
dx 1  x2
dy dx
2
 . . . (2)
1 y 1  x2
Integrating on both sides we get,
1 1
1 y 2
dy  1  x 2
dx
tan 1 y  tan 1 x  c
which is the general solution of equation (1).
3. Find the general solution of the differential equation y log y dx – x dy = 0.
Soln: y log y dx  x dy  0 . . . (1)

y log y dx = x dy
dy dx
 . . . (2)
y log y x
Integrating on both sides, we get,
dy dx
 y log y   x
1
Put, log y = t in RHS, dy  dt , then,
y
dt dx
t x
log t  log x  log c
log t  log ( xc )
t  xc
log y  xc
y  e xc which is the general solution of equation (1).

dy
4. Find the general solution of the differential equation  (1  x 2 ) (1  y2 ) .
dx
dy
Soln:  (1  x 2 ) (1  y2 ) . . . (1)
dx
Separating the variable in (1) we get,
dy
 (1  x 2 ) dx . . . (2)
1  y2
Integrating on both sides we get,
dy 2
1  y 2
  (1  x ) dx
x3
tan 1 y  x  c
3
which is the general solution of equation (1).
dy
5. Find the general solution of the differential y  1 ( y  1) .
dx
dy
Soln:  y 1 . . . (1)
dx
dy
 1 y
dx
Separating the variables we get,
dy
 dx . . . (2)
1 y
dy
Integrating on both sides we get, 1  y   dx
log (1  y )  x  c
1  y  e x c
1  ex c  y
y  1  ex c
y  1  ex . ec
y  1  C ex [ e c  C ]
Which is the general solution of equation (1).

dy
1. Find the general solution of the differential equation x  2y  x2 .
dx
dy
Soln: x  2y  x2 . . . (1)
dx
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by x, we get
dy 2
 y  x
dx x
dy 2
which is linear differential equation of type  Py  Q , where P  , Q  x .
dx x
2
I.F. = e  x dx  e2 log x  e log x 2  x 2
Therefore, solution of the given equation is given by,
y . x2  2
 x . x dx  c
3
  x dx  c
x4
y . x2  c
4
x2
y   cx 2
4
which is the general solution of the given differential equation.
dy
2. Find the general solution of the differential equation  3 y  e 2 x .
dx
dy
Soln:  3 y  e 2 x . . . (1)
dx
dy
Which is linear differential equation of type  Py  Q , where P = 3, Q = e–2x.
dx
I.F. = e  3 dx  e3x
Therefore, solution of the given equation is given by
y . e3 x  e
2 x
. e 3x dx  c
3
 e dx  c
y . e3 x  e x  c
y  e 2 x  c e 3 x

dy y
3. Find the general solution of the differential equation   x2 .
dx x
dy y
Soln:   x2
dx x
1
Here, P  , Q  x2
x
1
I.F. = e 
P dx  dx
 e x  e log x  x
 Solution of the given equation is given by,
2
y.x   x . x dx  C
3
y.x   x dx  C
x4
y.x   C
4
x3
y   C x 1
4
4. Find the general solution of the differential equation
(1  x 2 ) dy  2xy dx  cot x dx ( x  0)
Soln: (1  x 2 ) dy  2xy dx  cot x dx . . . (1)
Dividing on both sides by (1  x 2 ) dx , we get,
dy 2x cot x
 2
y 
dx 1  x 1  x2
dy
which is linear differential equation of type  Py  Q ,
dx
2x cot x
where P = 2 , Q =
1x 1  x2
2x
So, I.F.  e  1 x 2 dx  e log(1 x 2 )  1  x 2
cot x
y (1  x 2 )   (1  x
2
). dx  c
1  x2
y (1  x 2 )   cot x dx
y(1  x 2 )  log|sin x | c

dy
5. Find the general solution of the differential equation x  2 y  x 2 log x .
dx
dy
Soln: x  2 y  x 2 log x . . . (1)
dx
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by x, we get
dy 2
 y  x log x
dx x
dy
which is linear differential equation of type  Py  Q ,
dx
2
where P  , Q = x log x.
x
2
So, I.F. = e  x dx  e 2 log x  e log x 2  x 2
y . x 2   x log x . x 2 dx  c
3
  log x x dx  c
d(log x )
y . x 2  log x  x 3 dx   x 3 dx dx
dx
x4 x4 1
y . x 2  log x .   . dx  c
4 4 x
x4 1 x4
y . x2  log x .  . c
4 4 4
x4 x4
y . x2  log x .  c
4 16
* * *

Chapter-10
Vector Algebra
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define negative of a vector.
Ans: A vector whose magnitude is same as that of a given vector but direction is opposite
to that of it is called negative of a vector.
2. Define a unit vector.
Ans: A vector whose magnitude is unity is called as unit vector.

3. Find the unit vectors in the direction of the vector a = iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ .

a iˆ  jˆ  2kˆ 
Soln: aˆ    , |a |  12  12  22  1 1  4  6
|a | 6
4.  
Find a value of x for which x iˆ  jˆ  kˆ is a unit vector.
1
Soln: x |iˆ  jˆ  kˆ | 1  x 3  1  x 
3
  
5. If vectors AB  2iˆ  jˆ  kˆ and OB  3iˆ  4 jˆ  4kˆ , find position vector OA .
     
Soln: AB  OB  OA  OA  OB  AB  iˆ  3 jˆ  3kˆ
6. Define collinear vectors.

Ans: Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

 
1. Find angle between the vectors a = iˆ + jˆ - kˆ and b = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ .
 
a .b 1 1 1 1
Soln: cos      
|a ||b | 3. 3 3
1
   cos 1
3

     
2. If |a + b |= |a - b |, prove that a and b are perpendicular.
   
Soln: |a  b | |a  b |
   
Squaring on both sides, |a  b |2  |a  b |2
 2  2    2  2  

 a  b  2 a . b  a  b   2a . b
 
 4 a .b  0
 
 a and b are perpendicular.
      
3. Find |b | if ( a  b ) . ( a  b )  8 and |a | 8|b |.
 
Soln: |a|2 |b |2  8
 
64| b |2  |b |2  8

63|b |2  8
 8
|b | 
63
4. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by
 
the vectors a = iˆ - jˆ + 3kˆ and b = 2iˆ - 7 jˆ + kˆ .
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
Soln: a  b  1 1 3  20iˆ  5 jˆ  5kˆ
2 7 1
 
Area  ab  400  25  25  450  9  50  3 50 sq. units.
5. Find the projection of the vectors iˆ + 3 ˆj + 7kˆ and vector 7iˆ - jˆ + 8kˆ .
 

Soln: a . b  iˆ  3 jˆ  7kˆ . 7iˆ  jˆ  8kˆ   
 7  3  56
 
a . b  60
 2
b  7   ( 1)2  (8)2  49  1  64  114
  
 a .b 60
Projection a and b   
|b | 114
  2    
6. Let |a|= 3, |b | = and |a × b |= 1 , find the angle between a and b .
3

 
|a  b | 1 1
Soln: sin      
|a||b | 2 2
3
3
1 
   sin 1 
2 4
     
7. If a is a unit vector such that, (x - a) . (x + a) = 8 . Find | x| .
   
Soln: ( x  a ) . (x  a)  8

|x |2 |a|2  8

|x |2  1  8

| x |2  8  1  9

|x |  9

|x |  3
8. Find the area of parallelogram whose adjacent sides are given by the vectors
 
a  3iˆ  jˆ  4kˆ and b  iˆ  jˆ  kˆ .
 
Soln: Area of th eparallelogram = |a  b |
iˆ jˆ kˆ
 
a b  3 1 4
1 1 1
 iˆ (1  4)  jˆ ( 3  4)  kˆ (3  1)
 
a  b  5iˆ  jˆ  4kˆ
  2 2 2
|a  b |   5   1   4 
 25  1  16
Area of Parallellogram  42 sq. units.
9. Find the area of parallelogram whose adjacent side determine by the vectors
 
a  iˆ  jˆ  kˆ and b  iˆ  jˆ  kˆ .
 
Soln: Area of the parallelogram = |a  b |
iˆ jˆ kˆ
 
|a  b |  1 1 1
1 1 1
 iˆ (1  1)  jˆ (1  1)  kˆ ( 1  1)
 0iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ
 
|a  b |  044  8  2 2 sq. units.

 
10. Obtain the projection of the vector a  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ on the vector b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ .

  a . b
Soln: Projection of vectors a on b  
|b |

2iˆ  3 jˆ  2kˆ  . iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ 
(1)2  (2)2  (1)2
262 10
 
1  4 1 6
1. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ and 3iˆ  2 jˆ  6kˆ .

Soln: a  iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ and 3iˆ  2 jˆ  6kˆ
iˆ jˆ kˆ
 
a b  1 2 2
3 2 6
 iˆ(12  4)  jˆ(6  6)  kˆ(2  6)

 8iˆ  4kˆ  4 (2iˆ  kˆ )
 
a b  4 (2)2  (1)2  4 5

a  144  9  3

b  9  4  36  49  7
 
  a b 4 5
Sine of the angle between a and b = sin      .
|a|.|b | 21
2. Show that the position vector of the point P, which divides the line joining
 
the point A and B having position vectors a and b internally in the
 
mb  na
ratio m : n is .
mn
 
Soln: Let 'O' be a fixed point. Let a and b be the position vectors of A and B w.r.t. O.
     
Then OA  a , OB  b . Let P divided AB internally in the ratio m:n. Let OP  r .

AP m
 
PB n
 
n( AP )  m( PB )

   

n(OP  OA )  m(OB  OP )
   
n(r  a )  m(b  r )
   
nr  na  mb  mr
   
nr  mr  mb  na
  
r (n  m)  mb  na
 
 mb  na
r 
mn
   
3. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors ( a  b ) and ( a  b )
 
where a  iˆ  jˆ  kˆ and b  iˆ  2 jˆ  3kˆ .
 
Soln: a  iˆ  jˆ  kˆ and b  iˆ  2 jˆ  3kˆ
   
a  b  2iˆ  3 jˆ  4kˆ ; a  b  0iˆ  jˆ  2kˆ
iˆ jˆ kˆ
   
  
a b  a b   2 3 4
0 1 2
 iˆ ( 6  4)  jˆ ( 4  0)  kˆ ( 2  0)
 2 ( iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ )
   
The unit vector perpendicular to a  b and a  b .    
   
  
a b  a b  2 ( iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ ) 1
( iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ )
     
  
a b  a b  2 1  4 1 6
     
4. Let a, b and c be three vectors such that |a | 3, |b | 4, |c |  5 and each
  
of the them being perpendicular to the sum of the other two, find |a  b  c |.
     
Soln: Given: a  (b  c ) b  (c  a )
     
 a . (b  c )  0  b . (c  a )  0
       
 a .b  a.c  0 . . . (1)  b .c b .a 0 . . . (2)
  
c  (a  b )
  
 c . (a  b )  0
   
 c .a  c .b  0 . . . (3)
Add: Equations (1) + (2) + (3),

     
 2 (a . b  b . c  c . a)  0
   2         
a b c  |a |2  |b |2  |c |2  2 ( a . b  b . c  c . a )
 9  16  25  0
 50
  
 ab c  5 2
5. Show that the points A( 2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ ), B(iˆ  2 jˆ  3kˆ ) and C(7iˆ  kˆ ) are
collinear.
  
Soln: AB  OB  OA  3iˆ  jˆ  2kˆ
  
AC  OC  OA  9iˆ  3 jˆ  6kˆ

AC  3(3iˆ  jˆ  2kˆ )
 
AC  3 AB
 
 AC  AB
 A, B and C are collinear.

6. Find the area of the triangle having the points A (1, 1, 1), B (1, 2, 3) and
C (2, 3, 1) as its vertices.
  

Soln: AB  OB  OA  1iˆ  2 jˆ  3kˆ   1iˆ  1 jˆ  1kˆ 
 0iˆ  1 jˆ  2kˆ
  

  
AC  OC  OA  2iˆ  3 jˆ  1kˆ  1iˆ  1 jˆ  1kˆ 
 iˆ  2 jˆ  0kˆ
1  
Area of triangle = AB  AC
2
iˆ jˆ kˆ
 
AB  AC  0 1 2   4iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ
1 2 0
 
AB  AC  16  4  1  21
1
Area = 21 sq. units.
2
* * *

Chapter-11
Three Dimensional Geometry
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Find the equation of the plane having intercept 4 on z-axis and parallel to
XOY Plane.
Ans: Equation of the plane is Z = 4.
2. Find the direction cosines of a line parallel to y-axis.
Ans: The direction cosines of a line parallel to y-axis is 0, 1, 0.
3. Find the equation of the plane which intercepts 2, 3 and 4 on x, y, z axis
respectively.
x y z
Ans: Required equation of the plane is    1.
2 3 4
4. Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x  y  z  5. .
x y z
Ans: Given plane is 2x  y  z  5     1.
5 5 5
2
5
 x-intercept = , y-intercept = 5 and z-intercept = –5.
2
5. If a line makes 90°, 135°, 45° with the x, y, z axes respectively, find its direction
cosines.
Ans: The direction cosines of given lines are cos 90°, cos 135° and cos 45° OR
1 1
0,  , .
2 2
6. Find the distance of the plane 2x  3 y  4 z  6  0 from the origin.
Ans: 2(0)  ( 3)(0)  4(0)  6 6

d  
4  9  16 29
7. What is the equation of the plane that cuts the co-ordinate axes at (a, 0, 0), (0,
b, 0) and (0, 0, c).
x y z
Ans:    1
a b c
8. Find the direction cosines of x-axis.
Ans: The direction cosines of x-axes are 1, 0, 0.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the cartesian equation of the plane r . (iˆ  jˆ  kˆ )  2 .
Soln: Given equation of the plane is, ( xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ ) . (iˆ  jˆ  kˆ )  2
 x  yz  2
x 3 y 5 z6
2. The cartesian equation of a line is   . Find the vector
2 4 2
equation for the line.
 
Soln: Here, a   3iˆ  5 jˆ  6kˆ and b  2iˆ  4 jˆ  2kˆ
  
Its vector form is r  a  b
 ( 3iˆ  5 jˆ  6kˆ )   (2iˆ  4 jˆ  2kˆ )
3. Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the two points
(–2, 4, –5) and (1, 2, 3).
Ans: Given points are (–2, 4, –5) and (1, 2, 3).
 PQ  (1  2)2  (2  4)2  (3  5)2  77

Therefore, direction cosines of the line joining two points are
3 2 8 3 2 8
, , OR , ,
77 77 77 77 77 77
4. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, –5) from the plane r . (iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ )  9 .

Soln: Equation of the plane is x + 2y – 2z – 9 = 0.
ax1  by1  cz1  d 1(2)  2(3)  2( 5)  9

W.K.T. d  
a 2  b2  c 2 12  22  22
2  6  10  9 9
  3
3 3
5. Find the equation of the line in vector form which passes through the points
(1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector 3iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ.
 
Soln: Given: a  iˆ  8 jˆ  3kˆ and b  3iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ
  
Therefore equation of the line in vector form is r  a  b .
i.e., xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  (iˆ  8 ˆj  3kˆ )   (3iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ ) .

or r  (iˆ  8 jˆ  3kˆ )   (3iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ )

6. Find the cartesian equation of the lines which passing through (3, –2, –5) and
(3, –2, 6).
Soln: Given: (3, –2, –5) = (x1, y1, z1) and (3, –2, 6) = (x2, y2, z2)
W.K.T. Cartesian equation of the line i.e.,
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x 2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
x 3 y2 z 5
 
3  3 2  2 65
x 3 y2 z 5
  
0 0 11
1. Find the shortest distance between the lines l1 and l1 whose vector equations
 
are r  iˆ  jˆ   (2iˆ  jˆ  kˆ ) and r  2iˆ  jˆ  kˆ   (3iˆ  5 jˆ  2kˆ ) .
Soln: Here, a1  iˆ  jˆ, b1  2iˆ  jˆ  kˆ

a2  2iˆ  jˆ  kˆ , b2  3iˆ  5 jˆ  2kˆ
   
(b1  b2 ) . ( a2  a1 )
W.K.T. Shortest distance d    . . . (1)

b1  b2 
 
Here, a2  a1  iˆ  kˆ
iˆ jˆ kˆ
 
b1  b2  2 1 1  3iˆ  jˆ  7kˆ
3 5 2
 
 b1  b2  9  1  49  59
307 10
Therefore (1)  d  
59 59
2. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
3x  y  2z  4  0 and x  y  z  2  0 and the points (2, 2, 1).
Soln: Required equation of the plane (3 x  y  2 z  4)   ( x  y  z  2)  0

Put x = 2, y = 2 and z = 1.
2
(6  2  2  4)   (2  2  1  2)  0   
3

2
 (3x  y  2z  4)  ( x  y  z  2)  0
3
 9x  3 y  6z  12  2x  2 y  2z  4  0  7x  5 y  4z  8  0
3.

Find the distance between the lines r  (iˆ  2 jˆ  4kˆ )   (2iˆ  3 jˆ  6kˆ ) and

r  (3iˆ  3 jˆ  5kˆ )   (2iˆ  3 jˆ  6kˆ ) .
Soln: The given lines are parallel.
  
b  ( a2  a1 )
W.K.T. d   . . . (1)
|b |
  
Given: a1  iˆ  2 jˆ  4kˆ , a2  3iˆ  3 jˆ  5kˆ and b  2iˆ  3 jˆ  6kˆ
 
Here, a2  a1  2iˆ  jˆ  kˆ
iˆ jˆ kˆ
  
 b  ( a2  a1 )  2 3 6   9iˆ  14 jˆ  4kˆ
2 1 1
   
 b  ( a2  a1 )  81  196  16  293 and |b|  4  9  36  7
293
(1)  d 
7
4. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the line that passes through the
points (3, –2, 5) and (3, –2, 6).
Soln: Let A (3, –2, –5) and B (3, –2, 6) be two points.
 
a  3iˆ  2 jˆ  5kˆ and b  3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ
 Vector equation of a line AB is,
  
r  a   (b  a )  (3iˆ  2 jˆ  5kˆ )   (3iˆ  2 jˆ  6kˆ )  (3iˆ  2 jˆ  5kˆ ) 
 
 3iˆ  2 jˆ  5kˆ  (11kˆ )
Cartesian form :
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Cartesian equation of a line is  
x 2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
x 3 y2 z 5
  
0 0 11
5. Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and is
parallel to the vector 3iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ both in vector and cartesian form.
 
Soln: Given: a  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ and b  3iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ

The equation of the line in vector form,

  
r  a  b  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  (iˆ  2 jˆ  3kˆ )   (3iˆ  2 jˆ  2kˆ )
x 1 y2 z 3
The equation of the line in cartesian form   
3 2 2

1. Derive the equation of a line through a given point and parallel to a given

vector b , both in vector and cartesian form.
 
Soln: Let A be a given point whose position vector a and b be a given vector.
Let 'P' be any point on the line 'l' whose position vector is r .
 
Then AP is parallel to the vector b .
 
i.e., AP  b where  is a real number.
     
 OP  OA  b  r  a  b
  
 r  a  b
which is the required vector equation of a line.
Let A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) be a given point. Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the given line.
  
 r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ . a  x1i  y1 j  z1k and b  aiˆ  bjˆ  ckˆ .
  
Substitute these values in r  a  b and equating the co-efficient of iˆ, jˆ and kˆ we
get,
x  x1
x  x1  a  x  x1  a   
a
y  y1
y  y1  b  y  y1   b   
b
z  z1
z  z1  c  z  z1  c   
c
Eliminating the parameter  , we get,
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  is the required equation of given line.
a b c
2. Derive the equation of a line through two given point.
 
Soln: Let a and b be the position vector of two points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2)

Let r be the position vector of an orbitrary point P (x, y, z).

     
Now, P lies on AB, AP  r  a and AB  b  a are collinear vectors.

 AP  ( AB )
       
 r  a   (b  a )  r  a  (b  a ) is the required equation of the line.
Cartesian form:

We have, r  xiˆ  yiˆ  zkˆ
 
a  x1iˆ  y1 jˆ  z1kˆ and b  x 2iˆ  y2 jˆ  z2kˆ
Equation of a line in vector form is,
xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  x1iˆ  y1 jˆ  z1kˆ  ( x 2  x1 ) iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) jˆ  ( z2  z1 )kˆ
Equating the co-efficient of iˆ , jˆ and kˆ we get,
x  x1
x  x1   ( x 2  x1 )   
x2  x1
y  y1
y  y1   ( y2  y1 )   
y2  y1
z  z1
z  z1   ( z2  z1 )   
z2  z1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
On eliminating  , we get,  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
3. Derive the equation of a plane passing through a given point and

perpendicular to a given vector.
Soln: Let the given plane pass through the point A, whose position vector is a and the


plane is perpendicular to ON .
Let P be any point on the plane, with position vector, r , then

    
AP  OP  OA  r  a

Since ON is perpendicular to the given plane.
 It is also perpendicular to line AP in this plane.

    
 AP . ON  0  ( r  a ) . N  0
Cartesian form:
Let A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) be a given point and P (x, y, z) be any point on the plane.


 OA  x1iˆ  y1 jˆ  z1kˆ and OP  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ


Let A, B and C be the direction ratios of N .

 N  Aiˆ  Bjˆ  ckˆ
  
Substitute in these values in ( r  a ) . N  0
We get,
 
( x  x1 )iˆ  ( y  y1 ) jˆ  ( z  z1 ) kˆ  . Aiˆ  Bjˆ  Ckˆ  0
 
 A( x  x1 )  B( y  y1 )  C ( z  z1 )  0
is the required cartesian form.
4. Derive the equation of a plane in Normal form. (both in vector and cartesian
forms.)
Soln: Consider a plane whose perpendicular distance from the origin is d ( d  0) .


If ON is the normal from the origin to the plane and n̂ is the unit vector along
   
ON , then ON  dnˆ . Let P be any point on the plane, NP is perpendicular to ON .
 
NP . ON  0
  
(OP  ON ) . ON  0

(r  dnˆ ) . dnˆ  0

(r  dnˆ ) . nˆ  0 ( d  0)

r . nˆ  dnˆ . nˆ  0

r . nˆ  d  0

 r . nˆ  d is the vector equation of the plane.

r  xiˆ  yiˆ  zkˆ
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of n̂ , then n̂  l iˆ  mjˆ  nkˆ .
( xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ ) . (liˆ  mjˆ  nkˆ )  d

lx + my + nz = d is the equation of plane in cartesian form.
* * *

Chapter-12
Linear Programming Problems
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define objective function in LPP.
Ans: Linear function Z = ax + by where a, b are constant which has to be maximzed or
minimized is called objective function.
2. Define feasible region in LPP.
Ans: The common region determined by all the constraints including x , y  0 of LPP is
called feasible region.
3. Define optimal solution in LPP.
Ans: Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value of the objective function
is called optimal solution.
4. Define corner points in LPP.
Ans: A corner point of feasible region is a point in the region which is the intersection of
two boundary lines.
5. Define infeasible solution.
Ans: Any point outside the feasible region is called infeasible solution.
SIX MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically.
Maximise: Z  4 x  y subject to the constraints x  y  50, 3x  y  90, x , y  0 .
Soln: x  y  50
x  0  y  50 A  (0, 50)
y  0  x  50 B  (50,0)
3x  y  90
x  0  y  90 A  (0, 90)
y  0  x  30 B  (30,0)
Corner points are

(0, 0), (0, 50), (20, 30), (30, 0)

Corner points Z = 4x + y
(0, 0) 0
(0, 50) 50
(20, 30) 110
(30, 0) 120  Maximum
Maximum value = 120 at (30, 0).
2. Solve graphically. Maximise Z = 3x + 4y. Subject to constraints
x  y  4, x , y  0 .
Soln: x  y  4
x  0  y  4 A  (0, 4)
y  0  x  4 B  (4, 0)
Corner points are (0, 0), (0, 4) and (4, 0).
Corner points Z = 3x + 4y
(0, 0) 0
(0, 4) 16  Maximum
(4, 0) 12
Maximum value 16 at (0, 4).
3. Minimise Z = –3x + 4y using graph subject to the constraints

x  2 y  8, 3x  2 y  12 , x  0, y  0 .
Soln: x  2 y  8
x  0  y  4 (0, 4)
y  0  x  8 (8, 0)
3x  2 y  12
x  0  y  6 (0, 6)
y  0  x  4 (4, 0)
Corner points are (0, 0), (0, 4), (2, 3), (4, 0)
Corner points Z = –3x + 4y

(0, 0) 0
(0, 4) 16  Maximum
(2, 3) 6
(4, 0) –12  Minimum
Maximum value = 16 at (0, 4)
Minimum value = –12 at (4, 0)

4. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically.

Minimum Z = 200x + 500 y
Soln: Subject to constraints: x  2 y  10

3x  4 y  24
x, y  0
x  2 y  10 3x  4 y  24
x 0 y5 (0, 5) x  0  y  6 (0, 6)
y  0  x  10 (10, 0) y0x 8 (8, 0)
Corner points are (0, 5), (4, 3), (0, 6)

Corner points Z = 200x + 500 y
(0, 5) 2500
(4, 3) 2300  Minimum

(0, 6) 3000
Minimum value is 2300 is (4, 3).
5. Maximise Z = 3x + 2y
Subject to the constraints x  2 y  10

3x  y  15
x, y  0
Soln: x  2 y  10 3x  y  15
x 0 y5 (0, 5) x 0 y  15 (0, 15)
y0 x  10 (10, 0) y0 x 5 (5, 0)
Corner points Z = 3x + 2y
(0, 0) 0
(0, 5) 10
(4, 3) 18  Maximum
(5, 0) 15
Maximum value is 18 at (4, 3).

6. Solve the following LPP graphically.

Minimize and Maximise Z = x + 2y.
Soln: Subject to constraints x  2 y  100

2x  y  0
2x  y  200
x, y  0
x  2 y  100 2x  y  0 2x  y  200
x 0 y  50 x 0 y 0 x  0 y  200
y0 x  100 x  50 y  100 y0 x  100
(0, 50), (100, 0) (0, 0), (50, 100) (0, 200) , (100, 0)
Corner points Z = x + 2y
(0, 200) 400  Maximum
(0, 50) 100 

(20, 40) 100   Minimum
(50, 100) 250
Maximum value = 400 at (0, 200)
Minimum value = 100 at (0, 50) and (20, 40).
* * *

Chapter-13
Probability
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
7 9 4
1. If P ( A )  , P( B)  and P ( A  B )  , find P  A / B  .
13 13 13
4
P( A  B) 13 4 13 4
Soln: P  A / B      
P( B) 9 13 9 9
13
2. If P ( A )  0.6, P ( B )  0.3, P ( A  B )  0.2 , find P ( A / B ) .
P( A  B) 0.2 2
Soln: P ( A / B )   
P(B) 0.3 3
3. If P ( B )  0.5, P ( A  B )  0.32 , find P ( A / B ) .
P( A  B) 0.32 32 16
Soln: P ( A / B )    
P(B) 0.50 50 25
4. If P ( A )  0.8, P ( B / A )  0.4 , find P ( A  B ) .
P( A  B)
Soln: P(B / A) 
P( A)
P( A  B)  P( B / A )  P ( A)
 0.4  0.8
 0.32
5. If A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4 find P ( A  B ) .
Soln: P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P ( B )
 0.3  0.4  0.12
3 1
6. If P ( A )  and P ( B )  , A and B are independent events find P ( A  B ) .
5 5

Soln: P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P ( B )
3 1 3
  
5 5 25
7. If P ( A )  0.3 and P ( B ')  0.4 and A and B are independent find P ( A  B ) .
Soln: P ( B )  1  P ( B ')  1  0.4  0.6

P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P ( B )  0.3  0.6  0.18
4 2
8. If P ( A )  , P ( B / A )  , then find P ( A  B ) .
5 5
P( A  B)
Soln: P ( B / A) 
P( A)
2 4 8
 P( A  B)  P( B / A ) . P ( A)   
5 5 25
9. A fair die is rolled. Consider the events. E = { 2, 4, 6}, F = {1, 2, 3 }. Find

P(E / F ) .
Soln: E  F  { 2 }
n ( E ) = 3, n ( F ) = 2, n (E  F )  1
n( E  F ) 1
 P(E / F )  
n( F ) 2
10. A fair die is rolled. Consider the events. E = { 1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3}. Find P ( E / F ) .
Soln: E  F  { 3 } n( E ) = 3, n(F)=2 n (E  F )  1
n( E  F ) 1
 P(E / F )  
n( F ) 2
TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. Given that the events A and B are such that
1 3
P( A)  , P ( A  B)  , P ( B )  K . Find K if A and B are independent
2 5
events.
1 K
Soln: A and B are independent.  P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P ( B )  K 
2 2
P ( A  B)  P ( A  B)  P( A)  P (B)
P( A  B)  P ( A)  P (B)  P ( A  B)

K 1 3
 K
2 2 5
K 1 3
K  
2 2 5
K  2K 56

2 10
K 1

2 10
2 1
K  
10 5
3 3 1
2. Let E and F are events P ( E )  and P ( F )  and P ( E  F )  .
5 10 5
Are E and F are independent?
3 3 9
Soln: Consider, P ( E )  P ( F )   
5 10 50
1
Given: P( E  F ) 
5
P(E )  P ( F )  P(E  F )
 E and F are not independent.
3. Assume that each child born in a family is eqully likely to be a boy or girl. If
a family has two children, what is the probability that both are girls. Given
that the youngest is the girl.
Soln: S = { bb, gg, bg, gb }
A = { gg }, B = { gg, bg }
A  B  { gg }
1 2 1
P( A)  , P ( B)  , P( A  B) 
4 4 4
1
P( A  B) 4 1 4 1
P( A / B)     
P(B) 2 4 2 2
4
4. Two cards are drawn random and without replacement from a pack of 52
playing cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.
Soln: There are 26 black cards in a deck of 52 cards. P(A) is the probability of getting a
black card in the first draw.

26 1
 P( A)  
52 2
Let P(B) is the probability of getting a black card in the second draw.
25
 P( B)  [ card is not replaced.]
51
1 25 25
 Probability of getting black card = P ( A )  P ( B )    .
2 51 102
5. A die is thrown. If E is the event "the number appearing is a multiple of 3"
and F is the event "the number appearing is even." Prove that E and F are
independent events.
Soln: S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
E = {3, 6 } F = { 2, 4, 6 } EF  {6 }
2 1 3 1 1
P( E )   P( F )   P( E  F ) 
6 3 6 2 6
1 1 1
 P( E )  P ( F )     P(E  F )
3 2 6
 E and F are independent.
1 3
6. Given that the events A and B are such that P ( A )  , P ( A  B )  and
2 7
P ( B )  K , find K if A and B are independent.
Soln: P ( A )  P ( B )  P ( A  B )
1 3
K 
2 7
K 3

2 7
7K  6
6
 K 
7
7. Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability that both are
head, given that atleast one of them is head.
Soln: S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }
E = Both are head and hence, E = { HH }
F = Atleast one of them is head, F = { HH, HT, TH }
E  F  { HH } n( E )  1 n( F )  3 n( E  F )  1
n( E  F ) 1
P(E / F )  
n( F ) 3

8. A fair die is rolled, consider the events E = { 1, 3, 5 }, F = { 2, 3}.

Find P(E/F) and P(F/E).
Soln: S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
3 1 2 1 1
 P (E )   ; P( F )   ; P( E  F ) 
6 2 6 3 6
EF  {3}
1
P (E  F ) 6 1 3 1
P(E / F )     
P(E) 1 6 1 2
3
1
P (E  F ) 6 1 2 1
P( F / E )     
P(E) 1 6 1 3
2

1. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports
that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually six.
Soln: Let E1 is the event Six in the throw
E2 is the even Six does not occurs
 1 5
P ( E1 )  ; P ( E2 )  1  
6 6 6
A = man reports six.
3 3 1
P ( A / E1 )  ; P ( A / E2 )  1  
4 4 4
Required,
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )
P ( E1 / A ) 
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )  P ( A / E2 )  P ( E2 )
3 1 3 3

4 6 24 24 3 24 3
     
3 1 1 5 3 5 8 24 8 8
   
4 6 4 6 24 24 24
2. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II containes 5 red
and 6 black balls. One of the ball is drawn at random from one of the bags
and it is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from Bag II.
Soln: Let E1 and E2 are the events of choosing Bag I and II respectively.
1
P ( E1 )  P ( E2 ) 
2

A = The event drawing red ball.

3 5
P ( A / E1 )  ; P ( A / E2 ) 
7 11
Required
P ( A / E2 )  P ( E 2 )
P ( E2 / A ) 
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )  P ( A / E2 )  P ( E2 )
5 1 5 1 5
 
11 2 5 77 35
  11 2  11   
3 1 5 1 1 3 5  33  35 11 68 68
     
7 2 11 2 2  7 11  77
4
3. Probability that A speaks truth is . A coin is tossed. A reports that a head
5
appears. Find the probability that it is actually head.
Soln: E1 = Coin shows head; E2 = Coin shows tail.
1 1
P ( E1 )  ; P ( E2 ) 
2 2
A: A speaks truth.
4 4 1
P ( A / E1 )  ; P ( A / E2 )  1  
5 5 5
Required probability = P ( E1 / A )
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )
P ( E1 / A ) 
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )  P ( A / E2 )  P ( E2 )
4 1 4 4 4

5 2 10 4 10 4
   10  10   
4 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 5 10 5 5
   
5 2 5 2 10 10 10 10
4. An insurance company insured 2,000 scooter drives, 4,000 car drivers and
6,000 truck drives. The probability of an accident is 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is
the probability that he is a scooter driver.
Soln: E1 = scooter drivers E3 = Truck drivers
E2 = Car drivers A = Person with accident
Total persons = 2,000 + 4,000 + 6,000 = 12,000
2,000 1 4,000 1 6,000 1

P ( E1 )   ; P ( E2 )   ; P ( E3 )  
12,000 6 12,000 3 12,000 2
Given: P ( A / E1 )  0.01 ; P ( A / E2 )  0.03 ; P ( A / E3 )  0.15

Required Probability = P ( E1 / A )
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )
P ( E1 / A ) 
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )  P ( A / E2 )  P ( E2 )  P ( A / E3 )  P ( E3 )
1
0.01 
 6
1 1 1
0.01   0.03   0.15 
6 3 2
1 1

 100 6
1 1 3 1 15 1
    
100 6 100 3 100 2
1 1 1

 100 6  6
1 1 15  1  6  45
1 
100  6 2  6
1 6
 
6 52
1

52
5. Box-I contains 2 gold coins, another Box-II contains 1 gold and 1 silver coin.
A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is gold,
what is the probability that other coin in the box is also gold?
Soln: E1 - Box I E2 - Box II
1 1
P ( E1 )  , P ( E2 ) 
2 2
2 1
P ( A / E1 )   1, P ( A / E2 ) 
2 2
Required probability = P ( E1 / A )
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )
P ( E1 / A ) 
P ( A / E1 )  P ( E1 )  P ( A / E2 )  P ( E2 )
1
1
 2
1 1 1
1   
2 2 2
1
2 1 4 2
   
2 1 2 3 3
4


1. Two balls are drawn with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8
red balls. Find the probability that
i) both balls are red
ii) first ball is black and second in red.
iii) One of them is black and other in red.
Soln: Total number of balls = 18.
Number of red balls = 8.
Number of black balls = 10.
8 4
i) Probability of getting a red ball in first draw =  .
18 9
The ball is replaced after the first draw.
8 4
 probability of getting red ball in 2nd draw = 
18 9
4 4 16
 probability of getting both balls red   
9 9 81
10 5
ii) Probability of getting first ball is black = 
18 9
8 4
Probability of getting second ball is red = 
18 9
5 4 20
 probability of getting first ball blakc and second ball red is   
9 9 81
8 4
iii) Probability of getting first ball red = 
18 9
10 5
Probability of getting second ball black 
18 9
4 5 20
Required   
9 9 81
 Probability of that one of them is black and other red  P ( BR )  P ( RB )
20 20 40
  
81 81 81
1 1
2. Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the
probability that (i) The problem is solved; (ii) Exactly one of them solves the
problem.

1
Soln: Probability of solving the problems by A, P ( A ) 
2
1
Probability of solving the problems by B, P ( B ) 
3
1 1 1
P( A  B)  P ( A) . P ( B)   
2 3 6
i) Probability of problem is solved P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P ( B )  P ( A  B )

1 1 1
  
2 3 6
3  2 1 4 2
  
6 6 3
ii) Probability that exactly one of them solves the problem:
 P [( A  B ')  ( A ' B )
 P ( A )  P ( B ')  P ( B ) . P ( A ')
1  1 1  1
 1  1 
2  3  3  2
1 2 1 1
   
2 3 3 2
1 1
 
3 6
2 1 3 1
  
6 6 2
3. Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52

well shuffled cards. What is the probability that first two cards are kings
and the third card drawn is ace.
Soln: Let K - Card drawn is king.
A - Card drawn is an ace.
4
P( K ) 
52
3
P( K / K )  [ one king already drawn & without replacement.]
51
4
P ( A / KK ) 
50
 required probability using multiplication theorem.

P ( KKA )  P ( K )  P ( K / K )  P ( A / KK )
4 3 4
  
52 51 50
2

5525
4. Prove that if E and F are independent then show that E and F' also
independent.
Soln: E and F are independent.
 P( E  F )  P (E ) . P ( F )
We know that E  ( E  F )  ( E  F ')

P ( E )  P ( E  F )  P ( E  F ')
P ( E  F ')  P ( E )  P ( E  F )
 P(E )  P(E )  P ( F )
 P ( E ) 1  P ( F ) 
 P ( E ) . P ( F ')
 hence E and F' are independent.

5. If A and B are two independent events, then probability of occurance of atleast
one of A and B is given by 1 – P(A') P(B').
Soln: We have, P (Atleast one of A and B) = P ( A  B )
 P( A )  P(B)  P( A  B )
 P ( A )  P (B)  P ( A) P (B)
 P ( A )  P ( B ) 1  P ( A ) 
 P ( A )  P ( B ) . P ( A ')
 1  P ( A ')  P ( B ) . P ( A ')
 1  P ( A ') 1  P ( B ) 
 1  P ( A ') P ( B ')
* * *


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Relations and Functions

Ans: A relation R on set A is called empty relation if R   .

2. Define Universal relation.

Ans: A relation R on set A is called Universal relation if R  A  A .

3. Define equivalence relation.

Ans: Binary operation * on set A is a function  : A  A  A denoted by  ( a , b)  a  b .

5. Give an exmaple of a relation which is symmetric only.

8. Examine whether the operation  : Z   Z  defined by a  b :|a  b| where

9. Examine whether  : Z   Z  defined by a  b : a  b is binary operation or