PU II PHY Chapters Wise Fix Questions With Answers

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FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Derive an expression for the electric field due to
an electric dipole at a point on the axial line.
(March 2016, July 2017)
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges +q

and –q separated by a small distance 2a. Let the
point P be at distance r from the center of the
dipole on the side of +q as shown in fig.
The electric field at p due to charge +q is The electric field at p due to charge +q is
 1 q

1 q
pˆ E 
E
q  q 4πε 2 2
4πε (r  a) 2
0 0 r a
Where p̂ is the unit vector along dipole axis. The electric field at p due to charge -q is
The electric field at p due to charge –q is 1 q
E 
 1 q q4πε r 2  a 2
E  pˆ 0
q 4πε (r  a) 2 Thus E E
0 q q
The resultant electric field at p is Clearly, the components perpendicular to the
  
EE E dipole axis cancel out.
q q
 The components parallel to the dipole axis add up.
1 q 1 q 
E pˆ  pˆ The total electric field E is
4πε (r  a)2 4πε (r  a)2
0 0 
E   E cos   E cos   pˆ 
 q  1 1   q q 
E    pˆ
4πε  (r  a)2 (r  a)2  Where p̂ is the unit vector along dipole axis and it
0   
 q 4ar is negative because E is opposite to P .
E pˆ   E 
E  2 Eq cos  p̂ E
4πε (r  a 2 )2  q 
2 q
0 
 
E
1 2r . p
 p  q ( 2a ) pˆ 
 
E  2
1 q a 
pˆ  cos  


 
a
4πε (r 2  a 2 ) 2 4πε r  a r  a 2
2 2 2 12 
0
r 
1
 0  
 1 2p 
2
 a2 2

For short dipole (r >> a), E   
 p  q(2a) pˆ 
4πε r 3 1 p
E
 
0
4πε 2 32
0 r a
2
 
2. Derive the expression for electric field at a point 1 p
For short dipole (r >> a), E  
on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole. 4πε r 3
(March 2015, Sept 2020)
0
Obtain an expression for electric field on the
3. Derive the expression for the electric field due to
equatorial plane of an electric dipole.(June 2019)
an infinitely long charged straight conductor
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges +q
using Gauss law. (July 2015)
and –q separated by a small distance 2a as shown
Derive the expression for the electric field due to
in fig. Let the point P be a point on the equatorial an infinitely long thin charged straight wire
line of the dipole at distance r from it. using Gauss law. (July 2016)
KABBUR PUBLICATIONSALVA’S PU COLLEGE

MANJUNATH B 2
YouTube Channel, Contact 9738237960
State Gauss‟s law in electrostatics. Derive the Derive an expression for electric field at a point
expression for electric field at a point due to an outside uniformly charged spherical shell placed
infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire in vacuum using Gauss law. (July 2014)
using Gauss‟s law. (Aug 2022) Using Gauss law in electrostatics, obtain the
Statement: Gauss’s law states that total electric flux expression for electric field due to a uniformly
1 charged thin spherical shell at a point (i) outside
passing through a closed surface is equal to the shell and (ii) inside the shell (July 2018)
0 Statement: Gauss’s law states that total electric flux
times the net charge enclosed by the closed surface.
1
passing through a closed surface is equal to
0
times the net charge enclosed by the closed surface.
Electric field outside the shell:
Consider an infinitely long thin straight wire

having a uniform linear charge density λ.
To determine the field at a distance r from the line
charge, we choose a cylindrical Gaussian surface of
radius r. Consider a point p outside the shell at a distance r
 
 
   
    from the center O as shown in fig. To calculate the
Here ds1 E   00 , ds2  E   900 , ds3  E   900 . 
electric field E at p, the Gaussian surface chosen is a
The total electric flux is
sphere of radius r with center O.
  1  2  3  
      The angle between E and ds is zero.
   E  ds1   E  ds2   E  ds3 The electric flux passing through the Gaussian
   Eds1 cos 00   Eds2 cos 900   Eds3 cos 900 surface is
 
  E  ds1  0  0    E  ds
  E  2 rl ---------- (1)   ds1  2rl     Eds cos 00  E  ds
By using gauss’s law,   E  4 r 2 ---------- (1)   ds  4 r 
2
q l
  ---------- (2)  q  l  By using Gauss’s law,
0 0 
q
---------- (2)
Equating equn (1) and (2), we get 0
l Equating equn (1) and (2), we get
E  2 rl 
0 q
E  4 r 2 
 0
E
2 0 r 1 q
E
  4 0 r 2
Vectorially, E  nˆ
2 0 r  1 q
Vectorially, E  rˆ
4 0 r 2
4. State Gauss law in electrostatics. Using the law,
derive an expression for the electric field due to a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell at a point
outside the shell. (March 2014, March 2019)

MANJUNATH B 3
Electric field inside the shell: 6. What is an electric field line? Write the four
general properties of electric field lines.(May2022)
Write three properties of electric field lines.
(July 2018, June 2019)
Write two properties of electric field lines.
(2Mark)(March2016,July2015,March2017, Sept2020)
An electric field line is a curve drawn in an electric
field in such a way that the tangent to it at any
Consider a point p inside the shell as shown in fig. point is in the direction of the net field at that point.
The electric flux passing through the Gaussian Properties of electric field lines:
surface is 1. Electric field lines always start from positive
charges and end at negative charges. If there is
  E  4 r 2
single charge, they start or end at infinity.
By using Gauss’s law, 2. In a charge-free region, electric field lines are

q
0  q  0 continuous curves without any breaks.
0 3. Two field lines never cross each other.
E  4 r 2  0 4. Electrostatic field lines never form closed loops.
E0
5. Obtain the expression for electric field due to a THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet using 1. Mention any three properties of electric charges.
Gauss law. (March 2018, July 2014)
Consider a thin infinite plane sheet of charge with Write any two basic properties of charge.
(2 mark) (March 2019)
uniform surface charge density  as shown in fig.
1. Additivity of charges.
To determine the field, we choose a cylindrical
2. Quantization of charges.
Gaussian surface of cross sectional area A, length 2r.
3. Conservation of charges.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1. State and explain coulomb‟s law in electrostatics.
(March 2014, March 2020)
State coulomb‟s law.
(1 Mark )(March 2017, July 2015, March 2019)
Statement: Coulomb’s law states that the
 
 
 
  electrostatic force between two point charges is
 
 
Here ds1  E   900 , ds2 E   0 , ds3 E   00 .
0
directly proportional to product of magnitude of
The total electric flux is the two charges and inversely proportional to
  1  2  3 square of the distance between them.
      Explanation: Consider two point charges q1 and q2
   E  ds1   E  ds2   E  ds3 are separated by a distance r in vacuum.
   Eds1 cos 900   Eds2 cos 00   Eds3 cos 00
  0  E  ds2  E  ds3
  EA  EA  2EA ---------(1)   ds2   ds3  A q1q2
Force between them is F 
By using Gauss’s law, r2
A

q
 ---------- (2)  q   A F k
q1q2

1 q1q2
0 0 r 2
4 0 r 2
Equating equn (1) and (2), we get Where k is a constant of proportionality.
A 2. Write coulomb‟s law in vector form. Explain the
2 EA  terms. (March 2015)
0  1 q1q2
 Coulomb’s law in vector form is F  rˆ
E 4 0 r 2
2 0

MANJUNATH B 4
Where, q1 & q2 –point charges 2. Define SI unit of charge.
 0 - permittivity of free space (or) Define coulomb. (March 2015)
One coulomb of charge is that charge which when
r – distance between q1 & q2
placed at a distance of 1m from another charge of
r̂ - the unit vector same magnitude in vacuum experiences an electric
3. Sketch the electric lines of force due to a point force of repulsion of magnitude 9  10 9 N.
charge q if (i) q<0 and (ii) q>0. (July 2016) 3. What is an electric dipole? (March 2016)
A pair of equal and opposite point charges
separated by a small distance is called an electric
dipole.
4. Write the SI unit of electric field. (July 2016)
-1
NC or Vm -1
5. How does the electrostatic force between two
(q is negative) (q is positive) point charges change when a dielectric medium is
4. State and explain Gauss law in electrostatics. introduced between them? (July 2017, Aug 2022)
(July 2017)  Fair 
Decreases.  Fmedium  
Statement: Gauss’s law states that the total electric
  r 
flux passing through a closed surface is equal to 6. Write the SI unit of electric flux. (March 2020)
1 2 -1
Nm C or Vm.
times the net charge enclosed by the closed
0 7. What is the electric field inside a thin charged
surface. spherical shell? (Sept 2020)
Proof: The electric field on any Zero.
point on the spherical surface is 8. Name the apparatus used to detect electric charge
1 q on a body. (May 2022)
E
4 0 r 2 Gold leaf electroscope.
9. Define „electric dipole moment‟. (May 2022)
The electric flux through surface
  It is defined as the product of the magnitude of
is    E  ds   Eds cos 00 either charge and the separation between the
  E  ds 
1 q
4 0 r 2
 4 r 2   ds  4 r 
2 charges (or dipole length).
10. Mention one method of charging a body. (Aug22)
q Charging by induction.
  11. Write the SI unit of dipole moment.
0 Coulomb meter (C-m).
12. Define linear charge density.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
It is defined as charge per unit length at any point
1. Write the SI unit of charge. (March 2014)
on linear charge distribution.
coulomb.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Define electrostatic potential due to a point
charge and arrive at the expression for electric
potential at a point due to a point source charge. Consider a point charge +Q placed at point O. Let r
(March 2018) be the distance of point p from O. Imagine an unit
Definition: The electrostatic potential at any point positive charge at A with a distance x from O.
in an electric field is defined as the amount of work Force on the unit positive charge at A is
done in bringing a unit positive charge from 1 Q.1 1 Q
F 
infinity to the point against electric field. 4 0 x 2
4 0 x 2

MANJUNATH B 5
The small amount of work done in moving unit 2. Derive the relation between electric field and
positive charge from A to B is electric potential due to a point charge.
1 Q (March 2017, July 2017, Sept 2020, Aug 2022)
dw   dx Establish the relation between electric field and
4 0 x 2
electric potential.(2 mark) (March 2020, July 2014)
The negative sign because for dx < 0, dw is
positive.
The total amount of work done in bringing unit
positive charge from  to r is
r
W   dw

r
Q 1 Q r 1 Consider two equipotential surfaces A and B with
W   dx    dx potential V and V+  V respectively. When a unit
 4 0 x 4 0  x 2
2
r r
positive charge is moved along perpendicular
Q   1 Q 1 distance  l from the surface B to A against the
W      x 
4 0  x   4 0  electric field.
Q 1 1  The work done is dW  E l
W 
4 0  r   This work done is equal to the potential difference
between A and B.
1 Q
W dW  VA  VB
4 0 r
E l  V  V  V   V
By definition, this work done is the electric
V
potential at point p. E
l
The electric potential V
1 Q
3. Mention the three factors on which the
4 0 r capacitance of a dielectric parallel plate capacitor
depends. (May 2022)
THREE MARK QUESTIONS: On what factors does the capacitance of a parallel
1.Derive the expression for potential energy of a plate capacitor depends. (March 2017,March 2018)
system of two charges in the absence of the 1.Area of the plates. C  A
external electric field. (March 2014, July 2016) 2.Distance between plates.  C 1 
 d
3.Dielectric constant of the medium between
plates. C  K 
4. Derive the expression for capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor. (March 2015)
A - area of each plate
Consider a charges q1 and q2 initially at infinity. d - distance between the plates
When we bring the first charge +q1 from infinity to V - potential difference across
point p1 , no work is done. W1  0 the plates
Electric potential due to charge q1 at a point p2 is Q - charge on each plate
1 q1 Q
V1   - surface charge density
4 0 r12 A
If charge q2 is moved from infinity to point p 2 , the The electric field in the outer
work required is regions of the two plates,
1 q1q2  
W2  V1  q2  E  0
4 0 r12 2 0 2 0
This total work done is stored as Potential energy. The electric field in between the plates,
1q1q2    Q  Q
U  W1  W2  E      
4 0 r12 2 0 2 0  0 A 0  A

MANJUNATH B 6
Potential difference between the plates = E  depends upon capacitance value.
distance between the plates If V1 and V2 are the potential differences across the
Qd capacitors C 1 and C2 respectively, then
V  Ed  V = V1 + V2 ----------(1)
A 0
If Q is the charge on each capacitor, then
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is
Q Q V1 = V2 =
C 
V Qd
A 0 (1)  V = +
0 A V=Q( + ) -------(2)
C
d
5. Derive the expression for the energy stored in a Consider C S is the effective capacitance of the
charged capacitor. (March2016,March17,March20) series combination of capacitors. The charge on
Consider a capacitor of capacitance capacitor C S is Q and potential difference is V. So
C. Suppose the +q charge is V= -------(3)
transferred from the plate 2 to plate Equating equations (2) and (3), we have
1, plate 2 acquires charge –q.
The potential difference across the =Q( + )
q = +
capacitor is V 
C
Suppose now a small additional 7. Derive the expression for potential energy of
electric dipole placed in uniform electric field.
charge dq be transferred from plate
(March 2019)
2 to plate 1. The work done will be
q
dW  Vdq  dq
C
The total work done in transferring
a charge Q from plate 2 to plate 1
will be
Q Q
q
W   dW   dq In a uniform electric field, the net force
0 0C experienced by the dipole is zero. But it
Q experiences a torque given by
1Q 1  q2 
W   qdq      p  E  pE sin 
C0 C  2 0
If the dipole is rotated through a small angle d
1 Q2 against the torque acting on it, then the small work
W 
2 C done is
This work done is stored as electric potential dw   d  pE sin  d
energy U of the capacitor. Therefore, the total work done in rotating the
1 Q2 1 1 dipole from angle 1 to  2 is
U  CV 2  QV
2 C 2 2 2 2
6. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of W   dw   pE sin  d
two capacitors connected in series. 1 1
(July2019, June 2019)
W  pE cos  12  pE cos 1  cos  2 
This work done is stored as the potential energy U
of the dipole
U  pEcos 1  cos 2 
If initially the dipole is oriented at 1  900 and
brought to some orientation  2   , then
In series combination, the charge on each capacitor 
U  pE cos 900  cos  
is same and potential difference across capacitor
U   pE cos    p  E

MANJUNATH B 7
8. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of 3. What are polar and non-polar molecules? (May22)
two capacitors connected in parallel. Distinguish between polar and non-polar
dielectrics.
Polar molecules Non-polar molecules
(Polar dielectrics) (Non-Polar dielectrics)
Polar molecules are the Non-polar molecules are
molecules in which the the molecules in which
centre of positive charges the centre of positive
and the centre of charges and the centre of
negative charges donot negative charges coincide.
coincide
In parallel combination the potential difference
(A dielectric which is (A dielectric which is
across each capacitor is same and the charge stored
in capacitors depends upon capacitance value. made of polar molecules made of non-polar
If Q1 and Q2 are the charges on capacitors C 1 and is called polar molecules is called non-
C2 respectively, then dielectrics.) polar dielectrics)
Q = Q1 + Q2 ----------(1) They have permanent They do not have
If V is the voltage across each capacitor, then electric dipole moment. permanent electric dipole
Q1 = C1 V, Q2 = C2 V moment.
(1)  Q = C1 V + C2 V Ex : Water (H2 O), HCL Ex : Oxygen(O 2 ),
Q = V (C 1 + C2 ) -------(2) Hydrogen(H2 )
Consider C P is the effective capacitance of the 4. Draw equipotential surface for (a) a positive
parallel combination of capacitors. point charge (b) a uniform electric field.
The charge on C p is Q and potential difference is V. (Aug 2022)
Q = C PV -------(3)
Equating equations (2) and (3), we have
CPV = V (C 1 + C2 )
CP = C1 + C2
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the
plates has capacitance C. What will be the
capacitance if
a) the distance between the plates is doubled? 5. Write the relation between electric field and
b) the space between the plates is filled with a potential. A point charge +Q is placed at point O
substance of dielectric constant 5? (March 2020) as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference
VA - VB positive, negative or zero?
0 A
a) C 
d
0 A 0 A
C
C    Relation between electric field and potential is
d 2d 2
New capacitance is half of the initial capacitance. V
E
k A l
b) C   0  kC  5C
d VA - VB is positive because VA > VB
New capacitance is 5 times of the initial capacitance. ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
2. Write two properties of equipotential surface. 1. What is an equipotential surface? (March 2018)
1.No work is done in moving a test charge over an Any surface which has the same electric potential
equipotential surface. at every point is called an equipotential surface.
2.Electric field is always normal to the 2. What is a capacitor? (July 2014)
equipotential surface at every point. Capacitor is a system of two conductors separated
3.No potential differene between any two points by a dielectric medium.Capacitor is a device used
on the surface. to store electric charge and electric energy.

MANJUNATH B 8
3. Define dielectric constant in terms of capacity of 4. What is electrostatic shielding?
a parallel plate capacitor. (Sept 2020) Electrostatic shielding is the phenomenon in which
Dielectric constant is the ratio of the capacitance of the cavity of a conductor is shielded from outside
the capacitor with dielectric material to the electric field.
capacitance of an identical capacitor with vacuum
as dielectric.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: P R

1. Derive the condition for balance of Wheatstone‟s 
bridge using Kirchhoff‟s rules. (March 2016, Q S
July 2014, March 2017, July 2016, June 2019) This is the balanced condition of the Wheatstone
Using Kirchhoff's rules, obtain the expression for bridge (Wheatstone network).
the balancing condition of Wheatstone bridge. 2. Assuming the expression for drift velocity, derive
(May 2022, Aug 2022) the expression for conductivity of a material
Draw Wheatstone‟s bridge circuit and write the
condition for its balance. (2 mark) (March 2014) where symbols have usual meaning.
Define the term mobility.(July 2015, March 2019)
Derive , where the symbols have

their usual meaning. (July 2018)
V - potential difference applied across the wire

E - electric field set up in the wire
I1 - current through P - drift velocity of the electrons
I2 - current through R A - area of cross section of the wire
Ig - current through galvanometer n - number of electrons per unit volume
(I1 -Ig) - Current through Q e - charge of an electron
(I2 +Ig) - Current through S Current through a conductor is
Applying kirchhoff’s second rule to loop ABDA,
I  neAvd
-I1 P - Ig G + I2 R=0 ---------- (1)
Applying kirchhoff’s second rule to loop BCDB,  eE   eE 
I  neA    vd  
-(I1 -Ig) Q +(I2 +Ig) S + IgG=0 --------- (2)  m   m 
When the Wheatstone network is balanced, I g=0.
ne2 A
Equ (1) reduces to -I1 P + I2 R=0 I E
 I1 P = I2 R ----------(3) m
Equ (2) reduces to -I1 Q + I2 S=0 I ne 2
 I1 Q = I2 S ----------(4) The current density, j   E ------------(1)
A m
Dividing equ (3) by equ (4),
I1 P I 2 R From ohm’s law, j  E ------------(2)

I1Q I 2 S

MANJUNATH B 9
Comparing equ (1) and (2), we get r2  r1  1r2   2 r1
V  I
ne  2
r1 r2 r1r2

m  r   2 r1 rr
Mobility: It is defined as the magnitude of drift V 12  I 1 2 --------(4)
r1  r2 r1  r2
velocity acquired per unit electric field applied.
3. Obtain the expression for the effective emf and If the parallel combination of cell is replaced by a
the effective internal resistance of two cells single cell of  eq and req as shown in fig(b), then
connected in parallel such that the current V   eq  Ireq --------(5)
flowing in the same direction. (March 2018)
Comparing equs (4) and (5), we get
Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistance
r1 and r2 are connected in parallel such that they  1r2   2 r1
 eq 
send current in same direction. Derive an r1  r2
expression for equivalent resistance and rr
equivalent emf of the combination. (March 2019) req  1 2
r1  r2
4. Derive an expression for equivalent emf and
equivalent resistance of two cells connected in
series. (Sept 2020)
Let  1 ,  2 be the emfs of two cells and r 1 , r2 be

their internal resistances respectively.
Potential difference between A and B is
VAB  VA  VB  1  Ir1
Potential difference between B and C is
VBC  VB  VC   2  Ir2
Potential difference between A and C is
Let  1 ,  2 be the emfs of two cells and r 1 , r2 be VAC  VA  VC  VA  VB   VB  VC 
their internal resistances respectively.
At the point B1 , I = I1 + I2 -------(1) VAC  1  Ir1    2  Ir2 
Potential difference across first cell is VAC  1   2   I r1  r2 
--------(1)
 V
V  1  I1r1  I  1 --------(2) If the series combination of cell is replaced by a
1 r
1 single cell of  eq and req as shown in fig(b), then
Potential difference across second cell is VAC   eq  Ireq --------(2)
 V
V   2  I 2r2  I  2 --------(3) Comparing equs (1) and (2), we get
2 r
2  eq  1   2
Substituting equ (2) and (3) in (1), we get req  r1  r2
1  V 2 V 5. What is equivalent resistance? With the help of
I 
r1 r2 circuit diagram, obtain the expression for
1 V 2 V equivalent resistance of two resistors connected
I    in parallel. (March 2015)
r1 r1 r2 r2
With the help of circuit diagram, obtain the
   1 1 expression for equivalent resistance of two
I   1  2   V    resistors connected in parallel. (March 2014)
 r1 r2   r1 r2 
Equivalent resistance : The resistance that
 1 1     produces the same effect as that of the combination
V      1  2   I
 r1 r2   r1 r2  of resistances is called equivalent resistance.

MANJUNATH B 10
From ohm’s law, V  IRs -------(3)
Equating equ (2) & (3), we have
IRs  I R1  R2 
Rs  R1  R2
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:

In parallel combination, the potential difference (V) 1. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free
across each resistor is same. The current divides in electrons in a conductor. (March 2016, July 2016)
resistors and depends on its resistance. Derive the expression for the drift velocity of
If I1 and I2 are the current through resistors R1 and electrons in a conductor in terms of their
R2 respectively, then the total current relaxation time. (May 2022)
I = I1 + I2 -------(1)
V V
From ohm’s law, I1  and I 2 
R1 R2
(1)  I  V  V
R1 R2
1 1
I  V    -------(2) When an electric field is present, each free
 R1 R2 
electrons experiences a force of – eE.
Consider RP is the equivalent resistance of the
The acceleration of the electrons is
parallel combination of resistors.
eE
From ohm’s law, I 
V
-------(3)
a
Rp m
Velocity of electrons at any time is
Equating equ (2) & (3), we have
eE
V 1 1  Vi  vi  ti
V   m
Rp  R1 R2  Where, vi – velocity immediately after collision,
1 1 1 ti – time elapse after its last collision.
 
R p R1 R2 Drift velocity vd is the average velocity of the
electrons under the influence of electric field.
6. With the help of circuit diagram, obtain the
Relaxation time  is the average time interval
expression for equivalent resistance of two
between two successive collisions.
resistors connected in series.
vd  Vi ave  vi ave  ti 
eE
m ave
vd  0 
eE
  vi ave  0 & ti ave   
m
eE
vd   
In series combination, the current through each m
resistor is same. The potential difference divides 2. Derive the relation ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ with the terms having
and depends on its resistance. usual meaning. (July 2017)
If V1 and V2 are the voltage across resistors R1 and
R2 respectively, then the total potential difference
V = V1 + V2 -------(1)
From ohm’s law, V1  IR1 and V2  IR2
(1)  V  IR1  IR2
V  I R1  R2  -------(2)
Consider RS is the equivalent resistance of the
series combination of resistors.

MANJUNATH B 11
If E is the magnitude of electric field in a conductor TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
of length l, then the potential difference across its 1. State and explain ohm‟s law. (March17, Aug2022)
ends is State ohm‟s law. (1mark)(July 2018, May 2022)
V  E l --------(1) Statement: The current flowing through a
According to ohm’s law, V  IR conductor is directly proportional to potential
l difference across its ends, provided the
V I  l 
--------(2)  R   temperature and other physical conditions remains
A  A same.
Equating equ (1) & (2), we get Explanation: If I is the current flowing through a
l conductor and V is the potential difference across
El  I its ends, then
A
I V
I
E  1
A I V
R
E  j  I
 j   V  IR
 A Where R is a constant of proportionality called
E  j ( direction of E and j are same) resistance of the conductor.
2. Give any two limitations of ohm‟s law. (July 2014,
1 March 2015, July 2015, June 2019, March 2020)
j E
 1.Ohm’s law fails, if the current varies non-linearly
with voltage.
j E 2.Ohm’s law fails, if the relation between voltage
1 and current is not unique (In GaAs).
Where,   is called conductivity. The above
 3.Ohm’s law is not applicable to non-ohmic
equation is the vector form of ohm’s law. devices (In diode, triode, etc.)
3. Derive the expression for current in terms of drift 4.Ohm’s law is not applicable at very low
velocity. (Aug 2022) temperature and very high temperature.
3. Define mobility. Mention its SI unit. (July 2017)
Define mobility of electron. (or) Define electron
mobility. (1 mark) (March 2014, July 2014,
March 2017, March 2018, Aug2022)
The mobility of free electron is defined as the drift
velocity acquired by an electron per unit electric
n - number of electrons per unit volume field applied.
Volume of the conducting wire, V=Al The SI unit of electron mobility is
Total number of electrons in conducting wire = nAl m2 s-1 V-1 or ms-1 N-1 C.
Total charge in conducting wire, q=nAle 4. What is ohmic device? Give one example.(July2017)
Where, e - charge of an electron The devices which obey ohm’s law are called
If is the drift velocity of the electrons then time ohmic devices.
taken by the electrons to cross a wire of length l is Ex: Metallic conductor, Resistor.
5. State Kirchhoff‟s laws of electrical network.
l (March 2018)
t
vd State Kirchhoff‟s junction rule.(1 mark)(July2017)
Current through a conductor wire is Kirchhoff‟s junction rule or first rule : At any
q junction, the sum of the currents entering the
I junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving
t the junction.
nAle Kirchhoff‟s loop rule or second rule : The
I
l algebraic sum of emf’s and voltage drops in
vd resistors around any closed circuit (loop) is zero.
I  nAevd

MANJUNATH B 12
6. Write the expression for drift velocity interms of They are used (i) To compare emf of two cells
current, explain the terms used. (March 2019) (ii) To determine the internal resistance of the cell.
I
Drift velocity vd  ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
neA 1. Define electrical resistivity of material of a
Where I- current through conductor,
conductor. (March 2019)
n – number of electrons per unit volume
Resistivity of a conductor is the resistance offered
A – cross sectional area of conductor,
by 1m length of a conductor having a cross
e - charge on electron.
sectional area of 1m2 .
7. Represent graphically the variation of resistivity
2. How does the resistance of a conductor vary with
with absolute temperature for Copper and
its length? (June 2019)
Nichrome metals. (July 2018)
Show with schematic graphs, variation of The resistance of a conductor is directly
resistivity with absolute temperature for proportional to its length. R l 
(a) Nichrome and (b) Silicon. (May 2022) 4. A resistor is marked with colours red, red, orange
Draw the curve to show the variation of and gold. Write the value of its resistance.
resistivity as a function of temperature for (March 2015)
copper. (1 mark)(Sept 2020) 22  10  5% Ω
3
Graphically represent the variation of resistivity 5. The resistance of a carbon resistor with four
of a semiconductor with absolute temperature. coloured rings is 500  50 . Identify the colour
(1 mark) (March 2020) of fourth ring. (May 2022)
Silver.
6. Write the colour code for a resistor of resistance
45  10% . (Aug 2022)
Yellow, green, black, silver.
7. A wire of resistivity is stretched to three times
its length. What will be its new resistivity?
8. Define the terms 'Drift Velocity' and 'mobility' of Resistivity is same (because resistivity does not
free electrons. (Sept2020) depend on length).
5. Name the Kirchhoff's law which is a consequence
The average velocity with which the free electrons
of principle of conservation of energy.
drift under the influence of an electric field is
Kirchhoff's second law or loop rule.
called drift velocity.
6. Name the Kirchhoff's law which is a consequence
The mobility of free electron is defined as the drift
of principle of conservation of charge.
velocity acquired by an electron electron per unit
Kirchhoff's first law or junction rule.
electric field applied.
9. What is a meter bridge? What is the principle 7. How does resistivity of the nichrome vary with
behind the working of meter bridge? absolute temperature?
A meter bridge is a device used to find unknown Very weak dependence of resistivity with
resistance. temperature
It works on the principle of Wheatstone bridge. 8. The coloured rings marked on a carbon
10. What is a potentiometer? Mention two resistor are Red, Red, Red and Silver. What is
applications of potentiometer. the tolerance of this resistor?
A potentiometer is a device used to measure the
Tolerance is 10%. (R = 22 x 10 2 ± 10%)
emf of a cell or potential difference between two
points in a circuit.

MANJUNATH B 13
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: 0 IR

1. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a B 2R   dl  2R
point on the axis of a circular current loop using 4 r 3
Biot-Savart‟s law. (March 2014, March 2015, From fig, r  R 2  x 2
March 2017, March 2018, March 2019)
 2 IR 2
B 0
4  R x 
2 2 3
0 2 IR 2
B

4 R 2  x 2 3 2 
2. Derive the expression for the force between two
straight parallel conductors carrying currents and
hence define ampere. (July 2015, March 2016,
July2016, July17, July2018, March2020, Aug 2022)
Consider a circular loop of radius R, center O and

carrying a current I. Consider two conducting
elements dl and dl’ are located diametrically
opposite to each other. The distance of dl and dl’
from P is r. the distance between p and centre of
loop is x.
Angle between dl and r is 90 o.
According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field at
the point P due to dl is
0 Idl sin 900
dB 
4 r2 Consider two long parallel conductors a and b
 Idl carrying currents Ia and Ib respectively. d is the
dB  0 2      (1) separation between conductors a and b.
4 r
Similarly, the magnetic field at the point p due to The magnetic field produced by current I a on the
dl’ is conductor b is
 Idl 0 I a
dB  0 2      (2) Ba 
4 r 2d
From equ (1) & (2), dB = dB‟ The force on a segment L of conductor b due to a is
The vertical components of dB and dB' cancel each Fb  Ib  L  Ba sin 900  Ba Ib L
other and horizontal components of dB and dB' are 0 I a I b
Fb  L ---------(1)
added. 2d
The resultant magnetic field at P due to the loop is The magnetic field produced by current I b on the
B   dB cos  conductor a is
R 0 I b
From fig, cos   Bb 
r 2 d
  Idl  R The force on a segment L of conductor a due to b is
B   0 2 
 4 r  r Fa  I a  L  Bb sin 900  Bb I a L
0 IR 0 I a I b
B  dl Fa  L ---------(2)
4 r 3 2 d

MANJUNATH B 14
From equations (1) and (2), magnitude of Fa and Fb The force on a moving charge due to a magnetic
are equal. Fa  Fb 
0 I a I b  
field is Fm  q v  B  qvB sin  nˆ
2 d Where, q – charge of the particle
Ampere: Ampere is defined as that current flowing v - velocity of charged particle
in each of the two very long straight parallel
B - magnetic field
conductors placed 1m apart in vacuum, would
produce force of 2  107 newton per meter of length.  - angle between the v and B
3. With the help of a diagram, derive the expression The magnetic force become maximum when the
for the torque on a rectangular loop placed in a angle between the velocity of charge and magnetic
uniform magnetic field. (May 2022) 
field is 90 0 .   900
2. State Ampere‟s circuital law. Using it, derive the
expression for magnetic field at a point due to a
long current carrying conductor.
(March 2018, July 2015)
Statement: The line integral of magnetic field B
Consider a rectangular loop ABCD carrying
current I placed in uniform magnetic field as
around a closed path is equal to  0 times the total
shown in the fig. The magnetic field makes an current enclosed by that path.
angle  with the normal to the plane of coil.
The forces on the arms BC and DA are equal,
opposite and acts along the axis of the coil
(collinear). They cancel each other, resulting no net
force or torque.
The forces on arms AB and CD are equal and
opposite with a magnitude
F1  F2  IbB ----------(i)
These two forces form a couple which exerts a Consider an infinite straight conductor carrying
toque. current I from X to Y. The magnetic lines of force
The magnitude of the torque on the loop is,
a a are concentric circles. The magnetic field B is
  F1 sin   F2 sin  same in this circular path.
2 2
Applying Ampere’s circuital law to this closed
a a
  IbB sin   IbB sin  path,
2 2
  IabB sin   B.dl  0 I
  IAB sin   A  ab  Bdl cos 0  0 I ( angle between B and dl is 0 0 )
0
The magnetic moment of the loop is m = IA, B  dl  0 I

  mB sin  B2 r   0 I   dl  2 r 
  
In vector form,   m  B 0 I
B
2 r
THREE MARK QUESTIONS: 3. How can a galvanometer converted into a
1. Give an expression for force acting on a charge voltmeter? Explain with diagram.
moving in a magnetic field and explain the (March 2017, July 2017, Aug 2022)
symbols. When does the force become maximum? A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by
(July 2014) connecting a suitable high resistance in series with
When does the force acting on a charged particle
it.
moving in a uniform magnetic field is maximum.
(1 mark) (July 2016, June 2019)
Write the expression for force acting on a moving
charge in a magnetic field. (1 mark) (March 2019)

MANJUNATH B 15
From the fig, V  I g G  R  6. Write the expression for force per unit length
between two straight parallel current carrying
V conductors of infinite length. Hence define SI
GR
Ig unit of current „ampere‟. (March 2019)
V The force per unit length between two straight
R G parallel current carrying conductors is
Ig
0 I a I b
4. Explain with circuit diagram, how to convert F
galvanometer into an ammeter. 2d
(March 2015, June 2019) Where,  0 - permeability of free space
How would you convert galvanometer into an Ia and Ib are currents through conductors a and b.
ammeter? Explain. (Sept 2020) d – separation between conductors a and b.
A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by Definition of SI unit of current „ampere‟:
connecting a suitable low resistance S in parallel Ampere is defined as that current flowing in each
(called shunt) with it. of the two very long straight parallel conductors
placed 1m apart in vacuum, would produce force
of 2  107 newton per meter of length.
7. Write the two reasons to show that, „the
galvanometer as such can not be used as an
ammeter‟. Give the method of converting the
galvanometer into an ammeter. (May 2022)
 
From the fig, I  I g S  I g G 1.It is a sensitive device
2.It is connected in series and it has high resistance
Ig
S G Method: By connecting low resistance in parallel
I  Ig with galvanometer.
5. Give the principle of cyclotron and draw the neat 8. Obtain the expression for radius of circular path
labeled schematic diagram of cyclotron. of charged particle in a magnetic field.
(March 2020)
What is a cyclotron? Draw its neat diagram and
label the parts. (Sept 2020)
Draw a neat labeled diagram of Cyclotron.
(2 mark)(June 2019)
What is a cyclotron? (March 2006)
The cyclotron is a machine to accelerate positively
charged particles or ions to high energies.
Principle: The frequency of charged particle does Consider a particle of mass m and charge q moving
not depend on the speed of the charged particle. In with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B.
the crossed fields, the electric field accelerates the When a charged particle moves perpendicular to
charged particle and the magnetic field makes the the uniform magnetic field, it moves in a circular
charged particle to move in a circular orbit. path of radius r due to the magnetic force.
centripetal force = magnetic force
9. State and explain Biot-Savart law.

Statement: The magnitude of magnetic field dB at
point P due to the current element depends upon
the following factors:
1. Directly proportional to the current flowing
through the current element (dB  I)
2. Directly proportional to the length of the current
element (dB  dl)
3. Directly proportional to (dB  sin  )

MANJUNATH B 16
4. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance 5. Mention an expression for the magnetic field
between P and the current element (dB  1/r ) produced at the center on the axis of a current
2
Explanation: According to Biot-Savart law, carrying solenoid and explain the terms.
(June 2019)
I dl sin 
dB B  0 nI
r2
 I dl sin  Where,  0 - permeability of free space,
dB  0
4 r2 I - current through the solenoid
0 n – number of turns per unit length
Where is a constant of proportionality. 6. What is a moving coil galvanometer? What is the
4 principle of moving coil galvanometer?

 0 I dl  r
In vector form, dB 
 A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument used
4 r3 for detection of small current.
It works based on the principle that when a current
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field,
1. State Ampere‟s circuital law and represent the coil experiences a torque.
mathematically. (July 2014) 7. When does the force experienced by a straight
State Ampere‟s circuital law. current carrying conductor placed in a uniform
(1 mark) (March 2015, June 2019, Sept 2020) magnetic field become (a) maximum and (b)
minimum?
Statement: The line integral of magnetic field B
around a closed path is equal to  0 times the total - angle between the direction of length vector
current enclosed by that path. and magnetic field.
i.e.  B.dl  0 I The force is maximum when
The force is minimum when
Where,  B.dl - line integral of magnetic field B 8. A proton and an electron enter a uniform
magnetic field at the same angle with the field
around a closed path, and with the same speed. Do they experience
I - current enclosed by the path, force of same magnitude? Justify your answer.
 0 - permeability of free space. They experience force of same magnitude and
2. Write any two uses of cyclotron. opposite direction. This is because magnetic force
(March 2014, July 2014) ( depends on q, v, B, and . These (q,
Give an application of cyclotron.(1mark)(March18) v, B, and ) are same to proton and electron.
1.To study the resulting nuclear reactions.
2.To synthesize new materials. ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
3.To produce radioactive substances. 1. What is the nature of force between two parallel
3. Write the expression for cyclotron frequency and conductors carrying currents in same direction?
explain the terms. (March 2014, July 2014)
Cyclotron frequency, Attractive force
2. What is Lorentz force? (July 2017)
Where, q - charge of the particle
The total force experienced by a charge moving
B - magnetic field
with velocity in the presence of magnetic field and
m - the mass of the charged particle.
electric field is called Lorenz force.
4. What is toroid? Mention an expression for
3. A charged particle enters an electric field in the
magnetic field at a point inside a toroid.
direction of electric field. What is the nature of
(March 2016)
path traced by it? (July 2015)
The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a
Straight line path. (positive charge - in the
large number of turns of a wire are closely wound.
direction of electric field and negative charge –
The expression for magnetic field at a point inside
opposite to the direction of electric field)
a toroid is B  0 nI 4. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a
charged particle moving anti-parallel to a
uniform magnetic field? (May 2022)
Zero.

MANJUNATH B 17
5. A charged particle enters a magnetic field in the 7. What is the nature of the force between two
direction of it. What is the nature of the path infinitely long straight parallel current carrying
traced by it? (Aug 2022) conducting wires if the currents are flowing in
Straight line path. (Fm=0) opposite directions?
6. Write the expression for force experienced by a Repulsive force.
straight conductor of length ⃗ carrying a steady 8. Write the value of Bohr magneton.
current I, moving in a uniform externalmagnetic Bohr magneton, µ b= 9.27 × 10 -24 Am2 .
field ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 9. Mention the SI unit of magnetic moment.
Am2 or NmT-1 .
⃗ (⃗ ⃗⃗) = n̂
7. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
It is the deflection produced in the galvanometer
per unit current.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: a - radius of the solenoid

1. Write any five properties of ferromagnetic 2l - length of the solenoid
materials. (March 2017) n - number of turns per unit length of the solenoid
Write any four properties of ferromagnetic r – distance between p and centre of the solenoid
materials and give an example for it. (July 2014) I - the current in the solenoid
Write three properties of ferromagnetic materials. Consider a current element of thickness dx of the
(3 mark) (March 2016) solenoid at a distance x from its centre.
List any three properties of ferromagnetic The number of turns in the element = ndx
substances. (May 2022) The magnitude of magnetic field at P is
1.Ferromagnetic substances are strongly 0 2 ndx Ia 2
magnetized when placed in an external dB 
magnetic field.
2.They are strongly attracted by a magnet.
4
r  x
2
 a2 
3
2
3.The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic 

If r >> a and r >> x, then r  x 2  a 2 
3
2
 r3
substance is very high (in the order of 10 3 ). 0 2 nIa 2
4.The magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnetic dB  dx
substance has a large positive value. 4 r 3
5.As temperature increases, magnetization or The total magnetic field at P on the axial line is
susceptibility decreases. l l
0 2 nIa 2
2. Show that a current carrying solenoid is B   dB   dx
l l 4 r3
equivalent to a bar magnet. (July 2017)
Derive the expression for the magnitude of the 0 2 nIa 2 l
B  dx
magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current 4 r 3 l
carrying solenoid. Hence show that it is
0 2 nIa 2  l 
equivalent to a bar magnet. (May 2022) B 2l   dx  2l 
4 r3  l 
The magnetic moment of the solenoid is
m = n2l   I  a
2
 0 2m
B 
4 r 3
This expression is similar to the magnetic field on
the axial line of the short bar magnet. Therefore
a current carrying solenoid is equivalent to a bar
magnet.

MANJUNATH B 18
3. Obtain an expression for period of a magnetic Define the terms:(i) declination (ii) inclination or
dipole kept in a uniform magnetic field and dip. (2 mark)(March 2018, March 2017)
hence obtain an expression for magnetic field. What is magnetic declination?
(Sept 2020) (1 mark)( March 2015)
Define magnetic dip and declination at a place.
(2 mark)(March 2019)
Define declination. (1 mark) (June 2019)
Define the magnetic declination at a place on the
Earth. (May 2022)
1. Magnetic declination: The angle between the
Consider a magnetic dipole (compass needle) of
true geographic north and north shown by a
magnetic dipole moment m and moment of inertia
compass needle is called the magnetic declination.
I is allowed to oscillate in the uniform magnetic
field B. 2. Magnetic dip: The magnetic dip at a place is
the angle made by the total magnetic field BE of the
The deflecting torque acting on the dipole is
earth with the horizontal surface of the earth.
  3. Horizontal component of earth‟s magnetic
Where, θ is the angle between m and B . field at a place: It is the component of earth total
Restoring torque is equal and opposite to magnetic field along horizontal direction in the
deflecting torque. magnetic meridian.
 The SI unit of magnetization is Am-1
d 2  d 2  2. Write three differences between diamagnetic and
In equilibrium, I  m B sin    I 2 
dt 2  dt  paramagnetic substances. (March 2015, July 2018)

Write any two differences between diamagnetic
For small values of θ, sin θ ≈ θ.
and paramagnetic substances. (2 mark)(July 2017)
d 2 Diamagnetic substance Paramagnetic
I 2  m B 
dt substance
d 2 mB The relative The relative
  -------(1)
   
2
permeability  r is permeability  r is
dt I
This equation is similar to simple harmonic motion.
always less than 1. slightly greater than 1.
d 2
2
  2  -------(2) The magnetic The magnetic
dt
susceptibility   is susceptibility   is
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
small negative value. small positive value.
mB
2  They are feebly repelled They are weakly
I
by a strong magnet. attracted by a magnet.
mB
 3. What is hysteresis? Define the terms retentivity
I and coercivity of a ferromagnetic material.
2 mB (March 2018)
 Define “retentivity” and “coercivity”.(March2020)
T I
What is retentivity in magnetism?
1 I What is retentivity? (1 mark)(July 2018, June 2019)
Time period, T 
2 mB The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic field in
4 2 I the material (B) behind the magnetic intensity (H)
Magnetic field, B  in a ferromagnetic material subjected to a cycle of
mT 2
magnetisation is known as hysteresis.
The value of magnetic field B left in the material
when the magnetic intensity H is reduced to zero is
1. What are (i) magnetic declination (ii) magnetic
called retentivity or remanence.
dip (iii) horizontal component of earth‟s magnetic
The value of magnetic intensity H at which the
field at the given place? (March 2014, Aug 2022)
Define (i) magnetic declination (ii) magnetic dip. magnetic field B inside the sample becomes zero is
Mention the SI unit of magnetization. (July 2015) called coercivity.

MANJUNATH B 19
4. What is hysteresis? Draw hysteresis curve for a What is magnetic susceptibility?
ferromagnetic material. (Aug 2022) (1 mark)(March 2019)
Draw the variation of magnetic field (B) with The magnetic susceptibility of a material is defined
magnetic intensity (H) when a ferromagnetic as the ratio of magnetisation (M) developed in the
material is subjected to a cycle of magnetisation. material to the applied magnetizing force (H). (or)
(2 Mark) (March 2016) it is a measure of how a magnetic material
The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic field in responds to an external field.
the material (B) behind the magnetic intensity (H) It is low and positive for paramagnetic substance.
in a ferromagnetic material subjected to a cycle of 2. Write any two properties of magnetic field lines.
magnetisation is known as hysteresis. (March 2015, July 2014)
1.The magnetic field lines of a magnet form a
continuous closed loop.
2.The tangent to the field line at a given point
represents the direction of the net magnetic field
at that point.
3.The magnetic field lines does not intersect.
3. Distinguish between paramagnetic and
ferromagnetic substances. (July 2016)
Paramagnetic Ferromagnetism
substance substance
5. Distinguish between dia and ferro magnetic
materials. (March 2019) The relative The relative permeability
Write any three distinguishing properties permeability is slightly is very high.
between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic greater than 1.
materials. (June2019) The magnetic The magnetic
Distinguish between diamagnetism and susceptibility is small susceptibility is large
ferromagnetism on the basis of relative positive value. positive value.
permeability and susceptibility. 4. Write the expression for magnetic potential
(2-mark)(July 2015) energy of a magnetic dipole kept in a uniform
Diamagnetic substance Ferromagnetism magnetic field and explain the terms.(March2018)
substance  
U  mB cos   m  B
The relative permeability The relative permeability Where, m – magnetic dipole moment,
r  is always less than 1. r  is very high. B - uniform magnetic field
The magnetic The magnetic  
 - angle between m and B .
 
susceptibility  is susceptibility   is large 7. State and explain Curie‟s law in magnetism.
small negative value. positive value. (July 2018)
State Curie‟s law. (1 mark)(July15, July16, Aug22)
They are feebly repelled They are strongly
The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic
by a strong magnet. attracted by a magnet.
substance is inversely proportional to its absolute
6. State and explain Gauss law in magnetism. temperature.
(2 mark)(July 2016, June 2019)
That is,
Statement: The net magnetic flux through a closed
surface is zero. Where, is the permeability of free space
Explanation: Magnetic poles exist in pairs of equal C is the Curie constant.
and opposite strengths ( magnetic dipole). This 8. What is hysteresis? Mention the significance of
means a surface encloses a pair of equal and hysteresis curve. (Sept2020)
opposite magnetic poles so that net pole strength The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic field in
enclosed by the surface is zero. Hence Gauss law in the material (B) behind the magnetic intensity (H)
in a ferromagnetic material subjected to a cycle of
magnetism is B   B  ds  0
magnetisation is known as hysteresis.
Significance: The size and shape of hysteresis loop
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
gives information like retentivity, coercivity and
1. What is magnetic susceptibility? For which
hysteresis loss.
material is it low and positive. (March 2014)

MANJUNATH B 20
9. What is an magnetic dipole moment? Write its SI 2. Define magnetization of a sample. (March 2016)
unit. It is defined as the magnetic moment developed
The magnetic dipole moment (m) of a magnetic per unit volume of the sample.
dipole is the product of the strength of its either 3. Where on the earth‟s surface is the magnetic dip
pole and magnetic length. is zero? (July 2016, July 2018)
The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is Am2 or Magnetic equator.
4. Give (Mention) any one use of electromagnet.
JT-1 .
(March 2020, Aug 2022)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar Electric bells, loudspeakers, telephone diaphragms.
magnet. (March 2014)
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: d cos t 

1. Derive an expression for instantaneous induced    NBA
dt
emf in an AC generator. (June 2019)
 d cos t  
With the help of labelled diagram, derive the   NBA sin t    sin t 
expression for instantaneous emf induced in an  dt 
AC generator. (March 2020)    0 sin  t
Derive an expression for the alternating emf
when a coil is rotating in a uniform magnetic Where  0 = NBAω is the maximum value of
field. (Aug 2022) induced emf .

1. Explain briefly the coil and magnet experiment to
demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
(March 2016, July 2018)
Describe Faraday and Henry coil and magnet
experiment to demonstrate the electro-magnetic
induction. (Sept 2020)
Consider a rectangular coil of N turns and cross
sectional area A.
When the coil rotates with a constant angular

speed ω in uniform magnetic field B .
 
The angle between B and A of the coil at any
instant t is θ = ωt (Assuming θ=0 0 at t=0s)
The magnetic flux linked with the coil at the
instant t is The coil C 1 is connected to a galvanometer G.
B = A cos θ = A cos ωt When the North-pole of a bar magnet is pushed
As the coil rotates the magnetic flux linked with it towards the coil, the galvanometer shows a
changes and hence an emf is induced in it. deflection, indicating the electric current induced
According to Faraday’s law, in the coil. The galvanometer does not show any
d deflection when the magnet is held stationary.
  N B When the magnet is pulled away from the coil, the
dt
galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite
d BA cos t 
  N direction. South-pole of the bar magnet is moved
dt

MANJUNATH B 21
towards or away from the coil, the deflections in 5. State and explain Lenz‟s law for induced emf.
the galvanometer are opposite to that observed (March 2014)
with the North-pole. When the bar magnet is held State Lenz‟s law in electromagnetic induction.
stationary and the coil C 1 is moved towards or (1 mark)(July 2018)
away from the magnet, the same effects are Statement: The polarity of induced emf is such that
observed. It shows that the relative motion it tends to produce a current which opposes the
between the magnet and the coil is responsible for change in magnetic flux that produced it.
induction of current in the coil. Explanation:
2. Derive an expression for electromotive force
(motional emf) induced in a rod moving
perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field.
(March 2015, July 2014, March 2017, July 2016)
When north pole of a bar magnet moved towards

the closed coil, the magnetic flux through the coil
increases. Current is induced in the coil in such a
direction that it opposes the increase in the flux.
This is possible only when the current induced in
the coil is in anticlockwise direction. This induces
When a conductor of length ‘l’ is free to move on north polarity. Similarly, when north pole of the
the rectangular conductor PQRS in a uniform magnet is moved away from the coil, the magnetic
magnetic field B through a distance x at any instant flux linked with the coil decreases. To counter this
of time t, the change in magnetic flux linked with decrease in magnetic flux, current induced in the
the loop PQRS is coil is clockwise direction so that its south pole face
B  BA  B l x ( A  l x  Area of PQRS) receding the north pole of the magnet.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic 6. Derive the expression for energy stored in a
induction, current carrying coil. (July 2015)
d
  B
dt
d Blx  d x 
    Bl
dt dt
  Blv  dx 
 v   
 dt 
3. Mention any three application of eddy currents.
The source neend to do work against the back emf
(July 2017)
to establish current I through an inductor.
Write any three applications in which advantage
The small amount of work done for a small time dt is
of eddy currents are used. (May 2022)
dW   I dt
(1) Magnetic braking in trains
(2) Electromagnetic damping dI  dI 
dW  L Idt     L 
(3) Induction furnace dt  dt 
(4) Electric power meters dW  LIdI
4. Mention any two advantages of eddy currents in The total work done in establishing current I is
practical applications. (2 mark) (March 2014) I
I
I2 
Write any one advantages of eddy currents. W   dW   LIdI  L  
(1 mark) (June 2019, Sept 2020) 0  2 0
(1) Electromagnetic breaks - eddy currents induced 1
in the rails oppose the motion of the train. Braking W  LI 2
2
effect is smooth because no mechanical linkages. This work done is stored as magneti potential
(2)Electromagnetic damping – when the coil energy U in inductor.
oscillates in the certain galvanometers, eddy 1
currents generated in the core oppose the motion U  LI 2
2
and bring the coil to rest quickly.

MANJUNATH B 22
7. Give the principle on which AC generator 2. What is eddy currents? Give one use of it.
works. With the schematic diagram explain the (March 2014, July 2015)
basic parts of the AC generator. The currents induced in a bulk piece of conductors
when they are subjected to changing magnetic flux
AC generator work on the principle of
are called eddy currents.
electromagnetic induction.
Uses: Magnetic braking in trains.
3. What is meant by self inductance and mutual
inductance? (July 2016)
What is self induction. (1 Mark) (July 2015)
The self inductance of a coil is defined as the emf
induced in the coil due to rate of change of flux
produced by the same coil.
The mutual inductance between two coils is
defined as the current induced in one coil when
As the coil rotates in a magnetic field B, the
the rate of change of flux produced by the another
effective area of the loop (Acos θ) changes and flux
coil.
linked with coil changes. It produces emf in a coil.
The self induction is the phenomenon of emf
This is the principle of operation of a simple ac
induced in the coil due to rate of change of flux
generator.
produced by the same coil.
AC generator consists of a coil mounted on a rotor 4. Mention any two factors on which the self-
shaft. The axis of rotation of the coil is inductance of a coil depends.(July2018, Aug 2022)
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
1) The number turns per unit length (L  n2 )
The coil (called armature) is mechanically rotated
2) The area of cross – section of the solenoid(L  A)
in the uniform magnetic field by some external 3) The length of the solenoid (L  l)
means. The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic
flux through it to change, so an emf is induced in 
4)The permeability of medium(L  )  L   n 2 Al 
the coil. The ends of the coil are connected to an 5. Give the working principle of AC generator.
external circuit by means of slip rings (R1 and R2 ) „Why the current generated by it is called
and brushes(B1 and B2 ). alternating current? (May 2022)
Principle: Electromagnetic induction
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Alternating current: The direction of current
1. State and explain Faraday‟s law of changes periodically and reverses periodically.
electromagnetic induction. (March 2017)
State Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction. ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
(1 mark) (July 2014, March 2016, March 2018) 1. Give the expression of energy stored in an
Statement: The magnitude of the emf induced in a inductance coil carrying current. (March 2014)
coil is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic 1
flux linked with the coil. U  LI 2
2
Explanation: In Faraday’s experiment, when
2. Mention the significance of Lenz‟s law.(March
magnet is moved faster, the magnetic flux linked 2015, July 2016, March 2017, March2020, May2022)
with the coil changes at a faster rate. In this case,
Law of conservation of energy.
galvanometer deflection is more (i.e. induced emf 3. What is motional electromotive force (motional
is more). When the magnet is moved slower, the emf)? (July 2017, Aug 2022)
rate of change of magnetic flux is smaller. In this The emf induced in a conductor due to its motion
case, galvanometer deflection is smaller (i.e. in a magnetic field is called motional emf.
induced emf is smaller). Hence induced emf in a 4. How the self inductance of a coil depends on
coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of number of turns in the coil? (March 2019)
d Directly proportional to square of number of turns
magnetic flux linked with the coil. i.e.  
dt  
L n 2 .
d 5. Name the law used to find the polarity of
 
dt induced emf in a coil.
The negative sign indicates the direction of emf Lenz’s law.
and current in a closed loop.

MANJUNATH B 23
6. How does self-inductance of an ideal coil vary 7. What is AC generator?
with the current passing through it? AC generator is a device used to convert
Self-inductance does not depend on current mechanical energy into electrical energy
passing through it. (Alternating current).
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: Current through the circuit, I  V

1. Arrive at the expression for the impedance of a Z
series LCR circuit using phasor diagram method 2. Show that the current lags the voltage by
and hence write the expression for the current in an AC circuit containing a pure inductor.
through the circuit. (March 2018)
Derive an expression for the impedance of a Draw the phasor diagram for it. (May 2022)
series LCR circuit, when an AC voltage is applied Show that the voltage leads current by in an
to it. (March 2019) AC circuit containing pure inductor. (Aug 2022)
Show that voltage leads current by ⁄ when ac
voltage is applied to pure inductor.
The instantaneous value of alternating voltage is

v  Vmsin ωt ----- (1)
An emf induced in inductor is  L di
dt
Using kirchhoff’s loop rule,
Let VR, VL , VC and V represent the voltage across di
the resistor, inductor, capacitor and the source vL 0
dt
respectively and I be the current in the circuit. di (From equ(1))
Vmsin ωt  L
VR = IR - VR and I are in phase dt
VL = IXL - VL leads I by ⁄ Vm
di  sin ωt dt
VC = IXC - I leads VC by ⁄ L
The phasor diagram for series LCR when V C > VL Integrating,
is shown in fig. Vm Vm   cos t 
 di   L sin ωt dt  L   
Using Pythagorean theorem, we get  
V2 = VR2 + (VC – VL )2 Vm  π   π 
i sin  ωt    cos ωt  sin  ωt -  
V2 = (I R)2 + (I XC - I XL )2 ωL  2   2 
V2 = I2 [R2 + (XC – XL )2 ]  π
V2
i  I m sin ωt        (2)
I2   2
R 2 + (X C - X L ) 2
Where, I m  Vm  Vm - maximum value of ac
V V ωL X L
I 
Z X L  ωL - inductive reactance
2 2
R + (XC - X L )
Clearly, R  (XC  X L ) is the effective opposition of
2 2
From equ (1) and (2) it is clear that voltage leads
the series LCR is called its impedance (Z). the current by .
 Z  R 2  (X  X ) 2
C L

MANJUNATH B 24
THREE MARK QUESTIONS: Let NP and NS be the number of turns in the
1. What is a transformer? Mention any two sources of primary and secondary respectively. Then
energy loss in transformer. (March 2016, March 2017) according to Faraday’s law,
What is the principle behind the working of a Induced emf in the primary coil
transformer? Mention any two sources of energy d
 p  N P    (1)
loss in transformer. (July 2015) dt
Mention one power loss in transformer. Induced emf in the secondary coil
(1 mark) (March 2018) d
 s  N s      (2)
What is a transformer? Mention any one sources dt
of energy loss. (2 mark) (June 2019) (2)  s N s
Mention the three type‟s energy loss in an actual  
(1) p Np
transformer. (3 mark)(March 2019, May 2022)
To a good approximation,  s  Vs and  p  V p
Mention two sources of energy loss in
transformer. (2 mark) (March 2020) Vs N s

What is transformer? On which principle it Vp N p
works? (Aug 2022) 4. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of
A transformer is an electrical device which series circuit containing inductor, capacitor and
converts low alternating voltage into high resistor. (July 2014)
alternating voltage or vice versa. The force at which XL =XC is called resonant
Principle: The transformer works on the principle frequency.
of mutual induction. XL = X C
Energy (Power) loss in a transformer are 1
(i) Flux Leakage 0L
(ii) heating due to resistance of the windings
0 C
(iii) Eddy currents 1
 02 
(iv) Hysteresis loss. LC
2. Explain the construction of a transformer. 1
 0
Mention its principle. (March 2014) LC
1
2 f 0 
LC
1
f0 
2π LC
Construction: A transformer consisting of two 5. Show that current leads voltage by ⁄ when ac
coils wound on an insulated iron core as shown in voltage is applied to pure capacitor.
fig. One of the coils connected to an ac source is
called primary coil (input coil). The other coil is
connected to load is called secondary coil(output
coil).
Principle: The transformer works on the principle
of mutual induction.
3. With diagram, explain the working of a
transformer. (July 2016)
The instantaneous value of alternating voltage is
v  Vmsin ωt ----- (1)
If the capacitor is connected to an instantaneous
voltage v, instantaneous current i flows through it,
then q is the charge on the capacitor.
The ac source connected to primary coil produces a q  C v  CVmsin ωt
varying current in the primary winding creates a Current at any instant is
varying magnetic flux in the core of transformer. dq dCVmsin ωt 
This varying magnetic flux ϕ gets linked with the i 
dt dt
secondary coil and produces an emf (voltage) in it.
i  CVm ω cos ωt

MANJUNATH B 25
  π  The frequency at which inductive reactance is
Vm  π  cosωt   sin ωt   equal to capacitive reactance is called resonant
i sin  ωt     2 
1  2 frequency.
ωC
 π √ √
i  I m sin ωt   - - - - - (2) 2. Write the expression for the natural frequency of
 2
oscillations in an LC circuit. (1 Mark) (May 2022)
Vm V
Where I m   m - maximum value of ac. What is LC oscillation? Mention the expression
1 XC
for frequency of LC oscillations.
ωC
1 LC oscillations are the electrical oscillations
XC  - capacitive reactance produced in a parallel combination of inductor and
ωC
From equ (1) and (2) it is clear that current leads capacitor.
the voltage by . The natural frequency of oscillations in an LC
6. Show that voltage and current are in phase when oscillations is
√ √
ac voltage is applied to pure resistor.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. How is rms voltage of ac related to peak value of
ac voltage? (March 2014)
Vrms = = 0.707 Vm
√
2. Write the relation connecting rms value and peak
value of alternating current. (July 2017)
The instantaneous value of alternating voltage is Irms = = 0.707 Im
√
v  Vmsin ωt -----(1) 3. Write the condition for „resonance‟ of series LCR
Using ohm’s law, the instantaneous value of circuit.
current is Inductive reactance=Capacitive reactance(i.e, XL =XC)
v Vm sin ωt 4. How does capacitive reactance vary with
i  frequency?
R R
i  I msin ωt ------ (2) Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to
Vm frequency. ( )
Where, I m  - maximum value of ac
R 5. Mention the value of power factor on a pure
From equ(1) and (2) it is clear that the voltage and capacitor. (July 2017)
current are in phase. Zero.
6. What are wattless current?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Wattless current is the current flowing in the
1. What is resonant frequency? Write the expression circuit for which the power dissipation is zero.
for resonant frequency. (Sept 2020)

1. What is displacement current? Write the Displacement current is that current which appears
expression for displacement current and explain in the region in which the electric flux is changing
the terms. (Aug 2022) with time.
What is displacement current? Write the The expression for displacement current is
expression for displacement current. d E
ID  0
(July 2015, March 2020, May 2022) dt
Define displacement current. (1 mark)(March17) Where,  0 - permeability of free space
Write an expression for the displacement current. d E
(1 mark) (March 2016) - rate of change of electric flux with time
dt

MANJUNATH B 26
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: The speed of electromagnetic waves in free space is
1. Give two uses of microwaves. (July 2014) 1
Write one application of microwave. c
 0 0
(1) Microwave ovens Where,  0 and  0 are permeability and
(2) Radar systems used in aircraft navigation permittivity of free space.
(3) tennis-serves 8. Write two properties of Electromagnetic waves.
(4) automobiles 1.These waves do not require any material
2. Mention two applications of infrared radiation. medium for their propagation.
(March 2015, Sept 2020) 2.Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
(1) Remote switches of household electronic 3.The oscillations of electric and magnetic fields
systems (TV remote) are in the same phase.
(2) Infrared lamps are used in physical therapy 9. Write any two uses of gamma rays.
(3) Infrared detectors are used earths satellite. (1) To destroy cancer cells
3. Give any two applications of X-rays. (March 2018) (2) To produce nuclear reactions
(1) To produce images of internal organs of the
body ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
(2) Treatment for certain forms of cancer 1. Give the wavelength range of X-rays.(March 2016)
4. Write any two uses of ultraviolet rays. 10 -8 m to 10 -13 m.
(July 2018, June 2019) 2. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in
(1) To kill germs in water purifiers ascending order of their wavelength: Radio
(2) LASIK eye surgery waves, Gamma rays, Infrared waves, X-rays.
5. Who predicted the existence of electromagnetic (March 2020)
waves? Give the wave length range of Gamma rays, X-rays, Infrared waves, Radio
electromagnetic spectrum.(March 2014, Aug 2022) waves.
Give the wavelength range of electromagnetic 3. Name the type of electromagnetic rays lying
spectrum. (1 Mark ) (Sept 2020) between ultraviolet and gamma rays. (May 2022)
James clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of X-ray
electromagnetic waves. 4. Write the relation between the magnitude of the
The wavelength range of electromagnetic spectrum electric and the magnetic fields in an
is 10 -14 m to 10 7 m. electromagnetic wave. (May 2022)
6. What are electromagnetic waves? Write the Eo
expression for the velocity of electromagnetic Bo 
c
waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic 5. Name the physical quantity which remains same
permeability of free space. (July 2016) for microwaves of wavelength 1 mm and UV
Electromagnetic waves are sinusoidal oscillations radiations of 160 nm in vacuum.
with time varying electric and magnetic fields Speed remains same.
perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to 6. Which kind of electromagnetic radiations are
the direction of propagation. used in LASIK eye surgery?
The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space Ultraviolet radiations.
1 7. Mention the angle between electric field and
is c 
 0 0 magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave.
7. Write Maxwell‟s equation for the speed of 90 o
electromagnetic waves and explain the terms. 8. Name the electromagnetic wave which keeps the
(July 2017) Earth warm by greenhouse effect.
Write the expression for speed of light interms of Infrared radiation.
“0 ” and “0 ”, explain the terms used.(March 2019)

MANJUNATH B 27

2. Derive an expression for the equivalent focal
1. Derive lens maker‟s formula.
length of two thin lenses kept in contact.
(March2019,March2017,July2015,July2016, July2017)
(March 2016, Aug 2022)
Derive lens maker's formula for a convex lens. Derive the expression for effective focal length of
(May 2022)
two thin lenses kept in contact.(3mark)(July 2018)
Consider two thin convex lenses L1 and L2 of focal

Let R1 and R2 be the radii of curvature of two lengths f1 and f2 placed in contact with each other.
spherical surfaces ABC and ADC respectively. The first lens L1 alone form the image at I’ of an
The formation of image can be considered in two object O at a distance v’.
steps. 1 1 1
(i) Refraction at the surface ABC: In the absence Using lens formula,   ------- (1)
v u f1
of ADC, surface ABC form the image I’of the object
The image I’ acts as a virtual object for second lens
O(v = v’)
L2 (u=v’), which forms the final image I at a
n2 n1 n2  n1 distance v.
  ------ (1)
v u R1 1 1 1
Using lens formula,   ------- (2)
(ii) Refraction at the surface ADC: The image at I’ v v f 2
acts as an virtual object (u=v’). I is the final image Adding equs (1) and (2), we get
of object O. 1 1 1 1 1 1
n1 n2 n1  n2 n n     
    2 1 ----- (2) v u v v f1 f 2
v v R2 R2 1 1 1 1
Adding equs (1) and (2), we get    ------- (3)
v u f1 f 2
n2 n1 n1 n2 n2  n1 n2  n1
     If two thin lenses in contact is equivalent to a
v u v v R1 R2 single lens of focal length f, then
1 1  1 1 1
  n2  n1    
n1 n1
  ------- (4)
v u  R1 R2  v u f
1 1  From equs (3) and (4),
1 1
n1     n2  n1     1 1 1
v u  R1 R2   
f f1 f 2
1 1  n2  1 1 3. Deduce the relation between n, u, v and R for
    1   
v u  n1   R1 R2  refraction at a spherical surface where the
1 symbols have their usual meaning.
1 
  n21  1   
1 1
(March 2018, July 2014, March 2018)
v u  R1 R2  Consider a spherical surface with centre of
When u=  , the image is formed at the principal curvature C and radius of curvature R.
focus v = f. A ray ON from a medium of refractive index n 1 is
1 1  incident on the surface of another medium of
 n21  1  
1
 refractive index n 2 . A ray ON incident at an angle i
f  R1 R2 

MANJUNATH B 28
is refracted along NI at an angle r. I is the real
image of object O.
Draw NM perpendicular to the principal axis.  , 

and  are angles shown in fig. At the surface AB, the angle of incidence is i and
angle of refraction is r1 . So the deviation at the
MN
For small angles,   tan   surface is 1  i  r1
OM
MN At the surface AC, the angle of incidence is r 2 and
  tan   angle of refraction (or emergence) is e. So the
MI
MN deviation at the surface is  2  e  r2
  tan  
MC  Total deviation produced by the ray is
In triangle NOC, i     (i is an exterior   1   2  i  r1   e  r2 
angle)   i  e  r1  r2  ------(1)
MN MN
i  ----------(1) From triangle AQR,
OM MC A+(90 0 -r1 )+(90 0 -r2 )=180 0
In triangle INC,   r    r     A= r1 + r2 ------(2)
MN MN Substituting equ (2) in (1),
r  ----------(2)
MC MI   i  e  A
Using snell’s law n1 sin i  n2 sin r
A    i  e ------(3)
For small angles n1i  n2 r As i increases,  first
 MN MN   MN MN  decreases and reaches a
n1     n2  
 OM MC   MC MI  minimum value Dm
 1 1   1 1  and then increases.
n1     n2   When the prism is in
 OM MC   MC MI  the position of
n1 n n n minimum deviation,
 1  2  2
OM MC MC MI i = e, r1 = r2 ,   Dm .
n2 n n n From equ (3), A  Dm  i  i  2i
 1  2 1 ----------(3)
MI OM MC A  Dm
Using Cartesian sign conventions, OM  OP = -u, i
MI  PI = v and MC  PC = R.
2
From equ (2), A= r+ r=2r
n n n n A
 2 1 2 1 r
2
v u R
From Snell’s law, the refractive index of the
4. Derive an expression for refractive index of the
material of the prism in terms of angle of the material of the prism is
prism and angle of minimum deviation. sin i
n
(March 2015) sin r
Let ABC represent the principal section of prism  A  Dm 
sin  
and A be the angle of the prism as shown in fig. n  2 
 A
sin  
2

MANJUNATH B 29
5. Derive the mirror formula in the case of concave 2.The angle of incidence in denser medium should
mirror producing a real image. be greater than the critical angle for the given
pair of media.
2. Mention three applications of total internal
reflection of light. (March 2014)
1.Mirage.
2.Optical fibers.
3.Brilliance of diamond.
4.Total reflecting glass prism.
3. What is total internal reflection? Mention two
applications of optical fibers. (July 2016)
Mention any three uses of optical fibres.
Consider an object AB is placed in front of the (Aug 2022)
concave mirror perpendicular to the principal axis The phenomenon of reflection of total light when it
beyond centre of curvature C of the mirror. A real travels from a denser medium to the rarer medium
and inverted image A 'B ' of the object is formed as at an angle greater than the critical angle is called
shown in the fig. total internal reflection.
From similar triangles ABC and A ' B ' C , we have Applications of optical fibers:
1.Used for transmission of optical signals.
AB CB ---- (1)
 2.Used as a light pipe to facilitate visual
AB CB
examination of interal organs (like stomac,
From similar triangles ABP and A' B ' P , we have
intestine)
AB PB --- (2) 3.Used in decorative lamp.

AB PB 4. Define critical angle. Write two conditions of
Comparing equns (1) and (2), total internal reflection. (July 2017)
CB PB Write the two conditions of total internal

CB PB reflection. (2 mark) (July 2015)
PB  PC PB The angle of incidence in the denser medium for

PC  PB PB which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium
Using Cartesian sign convention, becomes 90 0 is called critical angle (C).
PB = - u, PC = - R, PB '  v Condition for total internal reflection:
1.Light should travel from a denser medium to a
u  R u rarer medium.

Rv v 2.The angle of incidence in denser medium should
 uR  vR  2uv be greater than the critical angle for the given
pair of media.
Dividing throughout by uvR, we have, 5. Derive the relation between focal length and
1 1 2 radius of curvature of concave mirror. (July 2019)
  Arrive at the relation between focal length and
v u R
radius of curvature of a spherical concave mirror.
1 1 1 (R = 2f)
  (Mar 2020)
v u f
This relation is known as mirror equation.
1. What is total internal reflection? Mention the
conditions for total internal reflection.(Sept 2020)
The phenomenon of reflection of total light when it
travels from a denser medium to the rarer medium
at an angle greater than the critical angle is called
total internal reflection. Consider a ray parallel to the principal axis
Condition for total internal reflection: incident at M of a concave mirror. After reflection,
1.Light should travel from a denser medium to a it passes through its principal focus F. Let  be the
rarer medium. angle of incidence and draw MD perpendicular to
the principal axis. Then,

MANJUNATH B 30
MCP   and MFP  2 4. Give the reasons for the following statements :
MD MD a) The sun is visible a little before the actual
From fig, tan  and tan 2  sunrise and until a little after the actual sunset.
CD FD b) The sky appears blue. (May 2022)
For small  , tan    MD and tan 2  2  MD (a) Refraction of light through the atmosphere
CD FD (b) Scattering of light by the atmospheric particles

MD
2
MD 5. Define power of a lens. How does the power of a
FD CD lens vary with its focal length? (Aug 2022)
CD How does the power of a lens vary with its focal
FD  length?(March2015,March2016,March17,Sept 2020)
2
For small  , the point D is very close to the point The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent of
P. Therefore FD=f and CD=R. the angle by which it converges or diverges a beam
of light falling at unit distant from the optical
R
f  centre.
2 Power of a lens is the reciprocal of focal length of
Focal length (f) is equal to half of the radius of 1
curvatures (R). the lens. P 
f
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: 6. State law‟s of reflection.
1. Write the ray diagram for formation of image in 1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
the simple microscope. (March 2019) reflection.
2. The incident ray, normal at the point of
incidence and the reflected ray all lie’s in the
same plane.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. For which position of the object magnification of
convex lens is -1 (minus one)? (March 2019)
2. State law‟s of refraction. (July 2014) Object position at 2F (twice the focal length) from
1.The incident ray, the refracted ray and the the lens.
normal at the point of incidence, all lies in the 2. Why does sky appear blue?(March2020, Aug2022)
same plane. It is due to the scattering of sunlight by the
2.The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to particles of atmosphere.
the sine of angle of refraction is constant for 3. Give the relation between focal length and radius
of curvature of a spherical concave mirror.
sin i
given pair of media. i.e.,  constant  n 21 (Aug 2022)
sin r R
3. Draw the ray diagram of image formation in case f 
2
of compound microscope. (March 2015)
4. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed
in a medium of refractive index 1.65. What is the
nature of the lens?
convex lens.

MANJUNATH B 31
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: nD

1. Obtain the expression for the fringe width in the x Where n=0,1,2,3,------
case of interference of the light wave. d
(March 2014, July 2014, March 2020, Sept 2020) The positions of two successive bright fringes are
Derive an expression for the fringe width of D
interference fringes in the double slit experiment. For n=1, x1 =
d
(June 2019)
2 D
For n=2, x2 =
d
Fringe width (  ) is the separation between two
successive bright or dark fringes.
  x 2  x1
2D D
 
d d
D

d
Consider A and B are two narrow slits separated
by a small distance d. Screen placed at a distance D THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
from slits A and B. A point P on the screen at 1. What is interference? Write the condition for path
distance x from the center O. difference in case of constructive and destructive
The path difference, x  BP  AP -------(1) interference. (March 2015)
From triangle BNP, Write the relation between the path difference
 d
2 and wavelength of light waves used for
BP  BN  NP  D   x   -------(2)
2 2 2 2
constructive and destructive interference of light.
 2 (2 mark) (July 2016)
From triangle AMP, The modification in the distribution of light energy
2
 d due to the superposition of two or more waves of
AP 2  AM 2  MP 2  D 2   x   -----(3) light from two coherent sources is called
 2
interference of light.
2  3  For constructive interference, path difference is
  d  
2
 d 
2 x  n where n  0,1,2   
BP 2  AP 2   D 2   x      D 2   x    For destructive interference, path difference is
  2     2  

BP  AP BP  AP   2xd x  2n  1 where n  0,1,2   
2
BP  AP   2xd 2. Write the expression for limit of resolution of (a)
BP  AP  microscope and (b) telescope. Write one method
x 
2xd 
From equ(1)  of increasing the resolving power of microscope.
BP  AP  (July 2014)
If x << D and d << D, then BP+AP = 2D The limit of resolution of microscope is
2xd 1.22
x  d
2D 2n sin 
xd The limit of resolution of telescope is
x  1.22 0.61
D d  
For bright fringes, x  n 2a a
xd The resolving power of microscope can be
 n increased decreasing the wavelength.
D

MANJUNATH B 32
3. Mention any three application of polaroids. 6. Arrive at Snell‟s law of refraction, using Huygen‟s
(March 2017) principle for refraction of a plane wave.
Mention two application of polaroids. (March2018)
Write any two uses of polaroids(2 mark)(May 2022)
1.Used in sun glasses.
2.Used in wind screens of automobiles.
3.Used in 3D movie cameras.
4.Used in photographic cameras.
4. What is polarization of light? Mention two
methods of producing plane polarized light.
(Sept 2020) Consider a plane wavefront AB incident on a plane
What is polarization of light? Name any one XY. If v1 and v2 are the velocity of plane wave in
method of producing plane polarized light. medium 1 and medium 2, then
(2 mark) (July 2018) v1
It is the phenomenon in which the vibrations of n21 
v2
light wave are restricted to one plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Let t be the time taken by the wavefront AB to
travel the distance BC strikes the surface XY at C,
Plane polarized light produced by
then the distance
(1) scattering of light BC= v1 t
(2) reflection of light During the same time t, refracted wavefront travel
5. Using Huygens principle, show that the angle of a distance
incidence is equal to angle of reflection during a AD = v2 t
plane wave front reflected by a plane surface. Let i and r be the angles of incidence and refraction
(June 2019, March 2020) respectively.
Using Huygen's principle, show that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, when BC
From triangle ABC, sin i  ------- (1)
a plane wavefront is reflected by a plane surface. AC
(May 2022, Aug 2022) AD
From triangle ADC, sin r  ------- (2)
AC
(1) sin i BC AC BC
  
(2) sin r AD AC AD
sin i v1t

sin r v2t
sin i v1
  n21  constant
Consider a plane wave AB incident at an angle i on sin r v2
a reflecting surface MN. Let ‘v’ be the speed of the
This proves Snell’s law of refraction.
wave and ‘t’ be the time taken by the wavefront to 7. Explain Young‟s double-slit experiment.(July 2015)
reach from the point B to C. Then the distance
BC = t.
During the same time t, secondary wavelet from
point A will travel a distance
AE = t.
In triangles EAC and BAC, AE = BC = t and
Light from a monochromatic source is incident on
∠ 𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠ 𝐴 𝐶 = 90 0 . Therefore triangles are
a narrow slit S. S1 and S2 are two narrow slits at
congruent.
equal distance from S. Wavefront from S incident
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∠ 𝐴𝐶 = ∠ 𝐴𝐶𝐸
on two narrow slits S1 and S2 . S1 and S2 then
𝑖=
behaves like two coherent sources. Wavefronts
emerging from S1 and S2 interfere with each other
and produces the alternative bright and dark

MANJUNATH B 33
fringes on a screen. Constructive interference TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
produces bright fringe and destructive interference 1. What is diffraction of light? (March 2019)
produces dark fringe. What is diffraction of light? (1mark) (Sept 2020)
8. Write any three differences between interference The phenomenon of bending of light around the
and diffraction. (July 2017) edges of small obstacles and entering into a
Interference Diffraction geometrical shadow of the obstacle. Diffraction is
Interference is the Diffraction is the result of the result of superposition of secondary waves
result of superposition superposition of coming from different parts of the same wavefront.
of two waves coming secondary waves coming 2. Explain Malus law for polaroids. (March 2014)
from two coherent from different parts of When completely polarized light is incident on the
sources. the same wavefront. analyser, the intensity I of the light transmitted by
the analyser is directly proportional to the square
All bright and dark Diffraction fringes have
of the cosine of angle between the pass axes of the
fringes are of equal unequal width. analyser and the polarizer
width.
i.e., I  cos 2 
All bright fringes are Intensity of bright fringes
I  I 0 cos 2 
of same intensity. decreases as we move
away from central bright Where I0 – intensity of the polarized light incident
on the analyser.
fringe.
3. Mention the expression for limit of resolution of
The dark fringes are The dark fringes are not a telescope and explain the terms. (Aug 2022)
perfectly dark. perfectly dark. The limit of resolution of telescope is
9. Derive the expression for Brewster‟s law of 1.22 0.61
polarisation of light. d  
2a a
Where, 2a – diameter of the lens.
 - wavelength of light.
4. What is the shape of the emergent wavefront
when a plane wavefront is incident on: (a) a
prism and (b) a convex lens?
(a) The tilting of the plane wavefront
(b) A spherical wavefront and converges to the
principal focus F.
In the fig, the ray light AO is incident on interface
XY at the angle of incidence  p , so that reflected ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. What is wavefront of light wave? (March 2014)
ray OB is completely plane polarised. The reflected
The locus of all points which oscillate in the same
ray and the refracted ray are perpendicular to each
phase is called a wavefront.
other. 2. How can the resolving power of a telescope be
Using Snell’s law, n1 sin  p  n2 sin r -----(1) increased? (March 2016)
By increasing the diameter(2a) of the objective lens.
From Fig, r +  p = 90 r = 90 -  p 3. How does the resolving power of a telescope
0 0
or
change on increasing the diameter of the
(1)  n1 sin  p  n2 sin(900   p ) objective lens? (May 2022)
Increases.
n2 sin  P sin  P 4. Write the formula for Malus law. (July16, Aug22)
 
n1 sin(90   P ) cos P
0
I  I 0 cos 2 
 n21  tan p 5. A blue ray of light enters an optically denser
medium from air. What happens to its frequency
This is known as Brewster’s law. in denser medium? (July 2018)
Frequency remains same.

MANJUNATH B 34
6. For which angle of incidence reflected ray is 10. Write the condition for diffraction maxima in
completely polarized? (March 2019, Aug 2022) terms of wavelength of light and slit width.
Brewster’s angle ( polarizing angle ) Secondary maxima,
7. Mention a method to increase the resolving
 1
power of a microscope. (March 2020)   n   where n  1,2,  
Resolving power can be increased by choosing a  2 a
medium of higher refractive index. 11. How does the resolving power of a telescope
8. What are coherent sources of light? (May 2022) change on decreasing the aperture of its
Two sources of light which emit light waves of objective lens?
same wavelength (or frequency) and constant
Resolving power of a telescope decreases.
phase difference
9. Name the type of wave front observed from a
distant point source.
Plane wavefront.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect is

1. Write the experimental observations of K max  h  0  h  h 0
photoelectric effect. (March 2016, Sept 2020) Einstein‟s explanation of photoelectric effect:
Write any three experimental observations of 1.The intensity of radiation increases means the
photoelectric effect. number of photons striking the metal surface per
(3 mark) (March 2017, July 2018, March 2019)
unit time increases. As each photon eject one
Define photoelectric work function. Write the four
experimental observations of photoelectric effect.
electron, so that the number of ejected
(May 2022)
photoelectrons increases with the increase in
(i) Photoelectric work function: The minimum
intensity of incident radiation.
photo energy required by an electron to escape
from the metal surface is called work function. 2.If    0 , the kinetic energy of photoelectrons
Experimental observations of photoelectric effect: become negative. This has no physical meaning.
1.For a given photosensitive material and above So photoelectric emission does not occur below
threshold frequency, the photoelectric current is the threshold frequency ( 0 ).
directly proportional to the intensity of incident
light. 3.If    0 , then Kmax depends linearly on 
2.For a given photosensitive material and above  K max  h  0  . The kinetic energy of
threshold frequency, saturation current is photoelectrons increases with the frequency  .
proportional to the intensity of incident radiation 4.Photoelectric effect is instantaneous process
and stopping potential is independent of its because the collision between a photon and an
intensity. electron can be considered as the elastic collision
3.For a given photosensitive material, there exists a between two micro particles, which results in
certain minimum cut-off frequency (threshold instantaneous transfer of energy.
frequency), below which no emission of 3. Explain Hallwach‟s and Lenard‟s observations on
photoelectrons takes place. Above the threshold photoelectric effect. Define (a) work function
frequency, the stopping potential (or maximum (b) threshold frequency (c) stopping potential.
kinetic energy) increases linearly with the (July 2015)
frequency of the incident radiation. Define the terms (a) work function (b) threshold
4.The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous frequency (c) stopping potential.(3mark)(July 2017)
process. Hallwach‟s observation: zinc plate lost its charge
2. Write Einstein‟s equation of photoelectric effect. when it was illuminated by uv light. The
Give Einstein‟s explanation of photoelectric uncharged zinc plates becomes positively charged
effect. (March 2015) when uv light incident on it. Hallwach concluded

MANJUNATH B 35
that negatively charged particles emitted from zinc  - frequency of incident light
plate. 0 - work function.
Lenard‟s observation: when uv radiations were 4. Give three characteristics of photons.(March 2014)
allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated 1.Photons are electrically neutral.
glass tube enclosing two electrodes, a current flows 2.Photons travel with a speed of light.
in the circuit. When uv radiation stopped, the 3.The energy of photon depends only on the
current flow stopped. frequency of the radiation and not on its intensity.
(a) Work function: The minimum energy required
4.The rest mass of a photon is zero.
by an electron to escape from metal surface is
called work function. TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
(b) Threshold frequency: The minimum frequency 1. Define (i) Photoelectric work function
of incident light below which no emission of (ii) electron volt (eV). (July 2016)
electrons from metal surface is called threshold (i) Photoelectric work function: The minimum
frequency. photo energy required by an electron to escape
(c) Stopping potential: The minimum negative from the metal surface is called work function.
potential of the anode at which photocurrent (ii) Electron volt (eV): Electron volt is the energy
becomes zero is called stopping potential. gained by an electron when it is accelerated
through a potential difference.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS: 2. What are de-broglie waves? How does the de-
1. Name the three types of electron emission. broglie wavelength vary with momentum of
(June 2019) moving particle. (July 2017)
Write any two types of electron emission. The wave associated with moving particles of
(2 mark) (March 2014) matter is called de-broglie wave or matter wave.
Mention any one type of electron emission. de-broglie wavelength increases with decrease in
(1 mark) (March 2019) momentum of the moving particle.
1.Thermionic emission 3. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength
2.Photoelectric emission of electrons in terms of electric potential and
3.Field emission explain the terms used. (March 2019)
2. What are matter waves? Write the expression for h
de-broglie wavelength of a particle and explain de-Broglie wavelength of electron,  
2meV
the terms. (July 2016)
Where, h - Planck’s constant
Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength
m - mass of electron
of a particle. (1 mark)(March 2017)
V - accelerating potential
The wave associated with moving particles of
e - charge of electron.
matter is called matter wave or di-broglie wave.
4. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength
The expression for de-broglie wavelength of a
of a charged particle and explain the terms.
h (Aug 2022)
particle is  
p de-Broglie wavelength of charged particle,
Where,  - wave length of a moving particle, 
h
p = mv – momentum of the particle, 2mqV
h – planck’s constant. Where, h - Planck’s constant
3. Define work function. Write Einstein‟s m - mass of charged particle
photoelectric equation and explain the terms. V - accelerating potential
(March 2020) q - charge of charged particle.
The minimum energy required to eject an electron 5. An alpha particle, a proton and an electron are
from the metal surface is called work function. moving with equal kinetic energy. Which one of
Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect is these particles has the longest de Broglie
K max  h  0 wavelength? Give reason. (March 2020)
Where, Kmax - maximum kinetic energy of emitted An electron has the longest de Broglie wavelength.
photoelectron de Broglie wavelength of moving particle,
h - energy of incident light 
h
h - Plank’s constant 2mK

MANJUNATH B 36
It is because mass of an electron is less than mass 2. What is the conclusion of Davisson and Germer
of a proton and an alpha particle experiment on the nature of electron?
6. What are de Broglie waves? Name an experiment (March 2014, March 2017)
which verified the wave nature of electrons. Wave nature of moving electron.
(May 2022) 3. How does the stopping potential of a
The wave associated with moving particles of photosensitive material vary with intensity of
matter is called matter wave or di-broglie wave. incident radiation?
Davisson and Germer experiment verifies the Stopping potential does not change with intensity
wave nature of electrons. of incident radiation.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. What is the rest mass of photon ? (June 2019)
Zero
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: Assuming the expression for radius of the orbit,
1. Write three postulates of Bohr. Mention two derive an expression for the total energy of an
limitations of Bohr atom model. (March 2014) electron in stationary state of the hydrogen atom.
State Bohr‟s postulates of the hydrogen atom (July 2018)
model. (3 mark)(March 2018, July 2015) Derive an expression for the energy of an electron
Write the three postulates of Bohr‟s atomic in nth stationary orbit of hydrogen atom by
model. (3 mark)(March 2019) assuming the expression for the radius.(June2019)
Write the three postulates of Bohr model of the
hydrogen atom. (May 2022)
Write the Limitations of Bohr's atomic model.
(2 mark)(Sept2020)
Bohr‟s postulates:
1.An electron can revolve around nucleus in
certain stable circular orbits without the emission Consider an electron of mass m, charge –e
of energy. These are called the states of the atom. revolving round the nucleus of charge +Ze in a
2.An electron can revolve only in those orbits in circular orbit of radius r with an orbital velocity v.
which its angular momentum is an integral According to Bohr’s postulates,
h h centripetal force = electrostatic force of attraction
multiple of i.e. L  n . h-planck’s constant.
2 2 mv2 1 Zee 
3.An electron can jump from higher energy (E2 ) 
r 4 0 r 2
orbit to lower energy (E1 ) orbit. In this process a
photon is emitted having energy equal to the 1 Ze2
mv2 
energy difference between the initial and final 4 0 r
states. i.e. h  E2  E1 . The kinetic energy of electron in the n th orbit is
Limitations: 1 Ze2
1.It is applicable to hydrogen atom. It cant be K n  mv 2 
2 8 0 r
extend to two or more electron atoms.
The potential energy of electron in the n th orbit is
2.It does not explain the relative intensities of the
frequencies in the spectrum. 1 Ze e Ze2
Un  
2. Derive an expression for total energy of an 4 0 r 4 0 r
electron in stationary state of hydrogen atom The total energy of the electron in the n th orbit is
assuming the expression for the radius.
En  K n  U n
(July 2014, July 2016, July 2017)
Ze2 Ze2
En  
8 0 r 4 0 r

MANJUNATH B 37
Ze2 Ze2 m 2
En   r r
8 0 r  0n2h2
The radius of n th orbit is
n 2 h 2 0
n h 0
2 2 r
r Ze2 m
Ze2 m
n 2 h 2 0
Ze 2 Radius of nth orbit is rn 
En   Ze2 m
 n 2 h 2 
8 0  2 0  For hydrogen atom Z=1,
 Ze  m  n 2 h 2 0
rn 
Z 2e 4 m e2 m
En  
8 02 h 2 n 2 Bohr Radius is the radius of first orbit of hydrogen
For hydrogen atom Z=1, atom i.e., 𝑛
e4m h 2 0
En   2 2 2 Bohr Radius, ao 
8 0 h n e 2 m
3. Using Bohr‟s postulates derive the expression for
the radius of nth stationary orbit of electron in THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
hydrogen atom. Hence write the expression for 1. Derive an expression for velocity of electron
Bohr radius. (March 2020) revolving round the nucleus of hydrogen atom.
By assuming Bohr‟s postulates, derive an
expression for radius of nth orbit of electron
revolving round the nucleus of hydrogen atom.
(3 mark)(March 2015, Sept 2020)
Consider an electron of mass m, charge –e

revolving round the nucleus of charge +Ze in a
circular orbit of radius r with an orbital velocity v.
According Bohr’s quantized condition,
Consider an electron of mass m, charge –e nh
revolving round the nucleus of charge +Ze in a mvr 
circular orbit of radius r with an orbital velocity v. 2
According to Bohr’s postulates, Velocity of electron in nth orbit is
centripetal force = electrostatic force of attraction nh
vn       (1)
mv 2 1 Ze2 2 m rn
 The radius of n th orbit is
r 4 0 r 2
n 2 h 2 0
rn       (2)
1 Ze2 Ze2 m
r ---------(1)
4 0 mv 2 Substituting equ (2) in (1), we get
Using Bohr’s quantized condition
nh
nh vn 
mvr   n 2 h 2 
2 2 m  2 0 
nh  Ze  m 
v ---------(2)
2 m r Ze2
vn 
Substituting equ (2) in (1), we get 2 0 n h
1 Ze 2 1 Ze 2 4 2 m 2 r 2 For hydrogen atom Z=1,
r 
4 0  nh  2 4 0 mn2 h 2 e2
m  vn 
 2 m r  2 0 n h

MANJUNATH B 38
2. Give de Broglie‟s explanation of Bohr‟s second ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
postulate. 1. Name the spectral series of hydrogen which lies
According to de Broglie in the ultraviolet region of electromagnetic
hypothesis, orbiting spectrum. (March 2015)
electron around the nucleus Lyman series.
of an atom is associated 2. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom in the
with a standing wave. visible region of electromagnetic spectrum.(July15)
Waves with other Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom which
wavelengths interfere with lies in the visible region of electromagnetic
themselves upon reflection spectrum. (June 2019)
and their amplitudes quickly drop to zero. For an Balmer series.
electron moving in nth circular orbit of radius rn, 3. Write the expression for energy of an electron in
the total distance is the circumference of the orbit = electron orbit of hydrogen atom. (March 2019)
2  r n. e4m
En  
Thus 2 rn  n 8 02 h 2 n 2
h 4. What is meant by the ionisation energy of an
de Broglie wavelength,   atom? (May 2022)
mv
The minimum energy required to remove an
h
2 rn  n electron from the atom.
mv 5. Define Impact parameter. (Aug 2022)
h The impact parameter is the perpendicular
mvrn  n
2 distance of the initial velocity vector of the  -
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: particle from the centre of the nucleus.
1. Draw the diagram representing the schematic 6. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom in the
arrangement of Geiger-Marsden experimental infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.
setup for the alpha particle scattering (Rutherford Paschen series, Brackett series and Pfund series.
alpha scattering experiment).(March2018,May2022)

1. State radioactive decay law. Derive Statement: The number of nuclei undergoing the
for radioactive element. (March 2017) decay per unit time at any instant is directly
Using radioactive decay law, derive proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei
for a radioactive element where the symbols have present in the sample at that instant.
their usual meaning. (Aug 2022) N0 - number of radioactive nuclei present at t 0 = 0,
State radioactive decay law. (1 mark)(March 2014) N - number of radioactive nuclei present at t.
dN - the number of nuclei undergoing decay in the
small interval dt.

MANJUNATH B 39
Taking natural logarithm, we get
According to radioactive law,  T1  ln 2
2
dN
N ln 2 0.693
dt T1  
2  
dN 3. Define „mass defect‟ and „binding energy‟ of a
  N
dt nucleus. Write the relation between them.
Where  is decay constant or disintegration (May 2022)
constant and negative sign shows that the number Mass defect: It is the difference between the sum
of undecayed nuclei decreases with time. of masses of nucleons and the actual mass of the
nucleus.
dN
 dt Binding energy: It is the minimum energy
N required to separate all the nucleons from the
N
dN t nucleus.
Integrating,     dt
N0 N 0 Relation: Eb = ( ) c2 or Eb = ( ) 931.5 MeV
4. Give the differences between nuclear fission and
  t 0
N t
ln N N0 fusion.
ln N  ln N 0   t  0 What are nuclear fission and fusion?
Fission Fusion
N Definition: It is the Definition: It is the
ln   t
N0 process of splitting of a process of combining
N heavy nucleus into two the two lighter nuclei to
 e  t light nuclei with a form a heavier nucleus
N0 release of large amount with a release of large
N  N 0 e  t of energy. amount of energy.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS: Energy released per Energy released per
1. State any three characteristics of nuclear force. nucleon is less nucleon is more
(March 2016, July 2014) It takes place at all It takes place at high
Write any two characteristics of nuclear forces. temperatures temperatures only
(2 mark)(March 2018) TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1.Nuclear forces are strong attractive forces. 1. What are isotopes and isobars? (March 2016)
2.Nuclear forces are charge independent. What are isotopes? (1 mark)(July 2014, June 2019)
3.Nuclear forces are short range forces. What are isobars? Give example. (Aug 2022)
2. Define half life period of a radioactive sample. What are isotopes and isobars? Give one
Arrive at the relation between half life and decay example.
constant. (July 2014) Isotopes: The atoms having the same atomic
Derive the expression for the half life of a number but different mass number are called
radioactive nuclide. (March 2018) isotopes.
Define half life of a radioactive sample.(July2017) Ex: Isotopes of hydrogen are 1 H 1 , 1 H 2 and 1 H 3 .
Definition: The time interval in which one-half of Isobars: The atoms having the same mass number
the radioactive nuclei originally present in the but different atomic number are called isobars.
sample to disintegrate is called the half life of a Ex: 1 H 3 and 2 He3
radioactive sample. 2. What are isotones? Give one example?
From radioactive decay law, N  N 0 e  t --------(1) These are the nuclei having same neutron number
When t = T 1 (Half life of a radioactive substance), but different atomic number.
2 Ex: 1 H 3 and 2 He4
N 3. Define atomic mass unit. Write the value of 1
then N  0
2 atomic mass unit in kilogram.
N0  T 1 Atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12 th of the
 N 0e 2
mass of the carbon (12 C) atom.
2
 T1 1u =1.660539 × 10 -27 kg
e 2 2

MANJUNATH B 40
4. Define mass defect. Give the equation of mass The decay of proton to neutron is possible only
defect. inside the nucleus because proton is smaller than
Mass defect is the difference between the sum of neutron.
masses of nucleons and the actual mass of the 6. Write the relation between Half-Life and Mean-
nucleus. Life of radioactive element. (March 2019)
Mass defect, (𝐴 T1   ln 2  0.693 
Where, Rest mass of the nucleus 2
Number of Protons Z each of mass , 7. U238 undergoes alpha decay giving rise to
92
Number of neutrons (A – Z) each of mass thorium. What is the mass number of daughter
nuclide? (July 2018)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
Mass number of daughter nuclide (thorium) is 234.
1. What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two
8. Write the nuclear reaction equation for alpha
nuclei having mass numbers in the ratio 1:3?
decay of 92 U238 . (March 2020)
(July 2016)
One (because nuclear density is constant and it is
238
92U  23490Th  2 He
4
independent of A) 9. Give an example for conversion of mass to

2. Define specific binding energy. (March 2015) energy.
The binding energy per nucleon (or specific Nuclear fusion, Nuclear fission.
binding energy) is the average energy per nucleon 10. Who discovered neutrons?
needed separate nuclons from the nucleus. (or) James Chadwick.
It is the ratio of binding energy of the nucleus to 11. How is the radius of the nucleus of an atom
the number of nucleons in that nucleus. related to its mass number?
3. Write the SI unit of radio activity.(March17, July15) R=RoA1/3
Name the SI unit of activity.(Sept 2020, Aug 2022) 12. How does the nuclear density depend on the size
becquerel (Bq). of the nucleus?
4. In the following nuclear reaction, identify the Nuclear density is independent of the size of the
particle X. n  p  e  X (March 2016) nucleus.
13. What is nuclear force?
X is antinutrino (  ) It is the strongest attractive force that holds the
5. The decay of proton to neutron is possible only nucleons together with in the nucleus.
inside the nucleus. Why? (March 2018)

2. What is rectification? With a relevant circuit
diagram and wave forms, explain the working of
p-n junction diode as a full wave rectifier.
(July 2015, March 2016, March 2017)
Explain the working of p-n junction diode as a
full wave rectifier with circuit diagram. Give
input and output waveform.(March2018,July2014)
What is rectifier? With the suitable circuit
diagram, explain the working of p-n junction
diode as a full-wave rectifier. Draw the input and
the output waveforms. (May 2022) It consists of a centre-tap transformer, two diodes
Rectification: The process of converting ac into dc (D1 and D 2 ) and load resistor RL .
is called rectification. During positive half cycle of the input ac, A is
Rectifier: The circuit which ac into dc (pulsating positive potential with respect to centre-tap and B
voltage) is called rectifier. is negative potential with respect to centre-tap. The
diode D 1 is forward biased and D 2 is reverse
biased. As a result D 1 conduct current and D 2 does

MANJUNATH B 41
not conduct current. Therefore the output voltage Zener diode as voltage regulator:
is developed across RL .
During negative half cycle of the input ac, A is
negative potential with respect to centre-tap and B
is positive potential with respect to centre-tap. The
diode D 2 is forward biased and D 1 is reverse
biased. As a result D 2 conduct current and D 1 does
not conduct current. Therefore the output voltage
is developed across RL .
The input and output waveforms are shown in fig.
3. What is rectification? Describe the circuit The unregulated dc voltage is connected to the
diagram the working of a p-n junction diode as Zener diode through a series resistance Rs such that
half wave rectifier with input and output the Zener diode is reverse biased. If the input
waveform. (June 2019, March 2020) voltage increases, the current through Rs and Zener
What is rectification? With relevant circuit diode also increases. This increases the voltage drop
diagram and waveforms, explain the working of across Rs without any change in the voltage across
p-n junction diode as a half wave rectifier? the Zener diode. This is because in the breakdown
(Aug 2022) region, Zener voltage remains constant even though
Rectification: The process of converting ac into dc the current through the Zener diode changes.
is called rectification. Similarly, if the input voltage decreases, the current
through Rs and Zener diode also decreases. The
voltage drop across Rs decreases without any
change in the voltage across the Zener diode. Thus
the Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator
4. On the basis of energy bands, distinguish between
a metal, a semiconductor and an insulator. Explain
the formation of energy bands in solids. (March14)
Distinguish between conductor and semiconductor
It consists of a transformer, diode and load resistor on the basis of band theory of solids.
RL . (3 mark)(M2015)
During positive half cycle of the input ac, voltage
at A is positive with respect to B. The diode D is
forward biased and conducts current through R L .
Therefore output voltage is developed across RL .
During negative half cycle of the input ac, voltage
at A is negative with respect to B. The diode is
reverse biased and does not conduct current (The
reverse saturation current of diode is negligible Metals (Conductors): The energy gap between
and can be considered equal to zero). Therefore valence band and the conduction band is very less
there is no ouput voltage across RL . or overlap with each other. Ex: Copper,
The input and output waveforms are shown in fig Aluminium, iron, salt solutions etc.
Semiconductors: The energy gap between valence
above.
band and the conduction band is less(<3eV). The
3. What is a Zener diode? Explain the action of
energy gap is 0.72 eV for germanium and 1.1 eV for
Zener diode as a voltage regulator with relevant
silicon. Ex: Germanium, Silicon.
circuit diagram. (Sept 2020) Insulators: The energy gap between valence band
Explain the use of zener diode as a voltage and the conduction band is very large(>3eV). Ex:
regulator? (3 mark) (March 2014, July 2017)
Rubber, Paper, Mica, Glass, Wood etc.
How is Zener diode used as voltage regulator? Formation of energy bands in solids:
(3 mark) (July2018)
When atoms combine together to form a solid, the
Zener diode is a heavily doped diode designed to
energy of the electrons may increase or decrease
operate under reverse bias in the breakdown
due to the interaction between the electrons of
region.

MANJUNATH B 42
different atoms. The energies of electrons spreads I –V characteristics of p-n junction diode:
out and forms an energy band. Energy band
formed from the valence electrons is called valence
band. The upper energy band in solids is called
conduction band.
4. Describe with suitable block diagram action of p-n
junction diode under forward and reverse bias
conditions. Also draw I –V characteristics. (July18)
Explain the working of p-n junction diode in
forward bias. (3 Mark) (Aug 2022)
p-n junction diode under forward bias:
1. Give any three difference between n-type and p-
type semiconductors. (July 2014, July 2016,
March 2017, March 2018, Aug 2022)
Distinguish between n-type and p-type
semiconductors. (2 mark)(March 2019)
If the forward voltage is small, the barrier potential n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor
will be reduced only slightly and only a small n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor
number of carriers (carriers which have uppermost is formed by doping is formed by doping
energy levels) cross the junction. So the current pentavalent impurity to trivalent impurity to
will be small. If the forward voltage increased, the the pure the pure
barrier height will be reduced and more number of semiconductor. semiconductor.
carriers will cross the junction. Thus the current Electrons are majority Holes are majority
increases.
carriers. carriers.
Due to the forward voltage, electrons from n-side
Holes are minority Electrons are minority
cross the depletion region and reach p-side, and
carriers. carriers.
holes from p-side cross the junction and reach the
Free electron density is Hole density is much
n-side. The total diode forward current is sum of
much greater than hole greater than free
hole diffusion current and conventional current
density i.e ne >> nh electron density i.e n h
due toelectron diffusion.
>> ne
p-n junction diode under reverse bias:
2. What is NAND gate? Write its logic symbol and
truth table. (June 2019)
What is a NAND gate? Give its logic symbol.
What is the logic symbol and truth table of
NAND gate? (2 mark) (March 2016)
Write the truth table of NAND gate.
If the reverse voltage is applied, the barrier height
(1 mark)(July 2016)
increases and the depletion region widen. This
NAND gate is an AND gate followed by a NOT
suppresses the flow of electrons from n to p side
and holes from p to n side. But the electric field gate. If the inputs A and B both are 1, then output
Y is 0.
direction of the junction is such that the electrons
Logic symbol:
from p-side or holes from n-side cross the junction.
This drift of carriers gives rise to very small
current.
Truth table:

MANJUNATH B 43
3. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic 3. What is photo diode? Mention its one use.
semiconductors. (March 2020) (March 2015)
Give any three differences between intrinsic and Photo diode is a reverse biased p-n junction diode
extrinsic semiconductors. (May 2022) which converts incident light energy into photo
Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor current.
It is a pure form of It is a doped The photodiodes are used as photodetector to
semiconductor. semiconductor. detect optical signal (alarm systems, counting
The number of free The number of free systems, cd players).
electrons(𝑛 is equal to electrons (𝑛 is not 4. Write the logic symbol of AND gate and write its
the number of holes equal to the number of truth table. (Aug 2022)
(𝑛 ) 𝑖 𝑒 𝑛 𝑛 hole (𝑛 𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑛 Write the circuit symbol of AND gate.
Electrical conductivity is Electrical conductivity is (1 mark) (July 2014, July 2017)
low high What is AND gate?
Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity AND gate is a basi gate which produces a high (1)
depends on depends on temperature output when all the inputs are high(1).
temperature. and dopants. Logic symbol :
4. What are optoelectronic devices? Name any two
optoelectronic devices. (Sept 2020)
These are the p-n junctions in which the charge
carriers are generated by photons. Truth table :
Optoelectronic devices are Photo diode, LED, Solar
cell.
5. Explain Conduction band, Valance band and
Energy gap in semiconductors. (March 2019)
In semiconductors, energy gap is finite but small. It
is less than 3eV. Because of small energy gap, at
5. What are the majority and minority charge
room temperature some electrons from valance
carriers in n-type semiconductor and p-type
band can acquire enough energy to cross the semiconductor?
energy gap and enter the conduction band. These
n-type semiconductor: majority charge carriers are
electrons (small in number) can move in the free electrons and minority charge carriers are
conduction band. holes
p-type semiconductor: majority charge carriers are
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: holes and minority charge carriers are free
1. What are intrinsic semiconductors? Name the electrons
element used as a dopant to obtain p-type 6. What is forward and reverse bias of diode?
semiconductor. (July 2015)
The diode is said to be forward biased when
Semiconductor in its purest form is called as an positive terminal of the battery is connected to p-
intrinsic semiconductor.
type and negative terminal of the battery is
The element used to obtain p-type semiconductor
connected to n- type semiconductor of the diode.
are Boron, Aluminium, indium, Gallium
The diode is said to be reverse biased when
2. Write any two advantages of light emitting diode
positive terminal of the battery is connected to n-
(LED) over conventional incandescent low power
type and negative terminal of the battery is
lamps. (July 2018)
connected to p- type semiconductor of the diode.
Give any two advantages of LEDs over
7. What is solar cell? Mention its one use.
conventional incandescent low power lamps.
(May 2022) A solar cell is a p-n junction which generates emf
Write any one advantage of LED when radiation falls on the p-n junction.
(1 mark) (July 2017) Uses:
LED’s are operate at low voltage, consumes less (1) They are used to supply power to satellites and
power, have long life, operate at very speed. space vehicles.
(2) They are used in calculators.

MANJUNATH B 44
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: 7. What is the output of this combination?
1. Write the truth table of logic OR gate.(March2014)
What is a OR gate? Give its logic symbol.
OR gate is a basic gate which produces a high(1)
output if at least any one of the input is high(1).
(March 2018)
Logic symbol :
Ans: 1
8. Draw the logic symbol of NOT-gate. (May 2022)
What is NOT gate? Write its logic symbol and
truth tale.
Truth table :
NOT gate is a gate which produces a ‘1’ output if
the input is ‘0’ and vice-versa.
Logic symbol :
2. Mention any one application of Light Emitting Truth table :

Diode (LED). (July 2014)
What is LED?
LED’s are used in remote controls, burglar alarm
systems, optical communication.
LED is a heavily doped p-n junction which emits
radiation when forward biased.
9. Give an example for elemental semiconductor.
3. Input of NAND gate are A=1, B=0. What is the
(May 2022)
output? (July 2015)
Silicon or Germanium (Si or Ge).
Y  A  B  1 0  1 10. Draw the circuit symbol for p-n junction diode.
4. What is a depletion region in a semiconductor
diode? (March 2018)
The region near the junction consists of ionised
11. In the following circuit, if 𝐴 = 1 and = 1,
donors on n-side and ionised acceptors on p-side is
called the depletion region or space charge region. what is the value of Y? Name the equivalent
5. Which logic gate is used as inverter? (Sept 2020) logic gate that this circuit represents.
NOT gate
6. Draw the logic symbol of NOR gate.
What is NOR gate? Write its logic symbol and
truth table. If 𝐴 = 1 and = 1, then y=0
NOR gate is an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. If Equivalentlogic gate is NOR gate
the inputs A and B both are 0, then output Y is 1.
Logic symbol :
Truth table :

MANJUNATH B 45

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Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges +q

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Derive , where the symbols have

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THREE MARK QUESTIONS:

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FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: Current through the circuit, I  V

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Consider two thin convex lenses L1 and L2 of focal

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FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: nD

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