CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT

Subject: RADIOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

Code: CUTM3061
Project Topic: MAMMOGRAPHY AND ULTRASOUND

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

ROJALIN NAYAK Mr. Jitendra Gupta
Registration ID: 211704090006
Branch: Bsc.OTT (2ND SEM)
School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Bhubaneswar
MAMMOGRAPHY MACHINE
Mammograms are done with a machine designed
to look only at breast tissue. The machine takes x-
ray at lower does than the x-rays done to look at
other parts of the body, like the lungs or bones.
The mammogram machine has 2 plates that
compress or flatten the breast to spread the tissue
apart. This gives a better-quality picture and allow
less radiation to be used.

VIEWS
There are two basic types of mammographic examinations: screening and diagnostic.
Screening mammography refers to an examination of an asymptomatic woman to detect
clinically occult breast cancer.
The screening examination includes two views of the breast, sometimes referred to as the
standard views: A MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE and A CRANIOCAUDAL VIEW.
Diagnostic mammography, also called “consultative” or “problem-solving” mammography,
is performed when there are clinical findings, such as
palpable lump or an abnormal screening mammogram,
requiring additional study. Diagnostic mammography
may entail additional view of the breast, such as spot
compression and magnification, a correlative clinical
examination, and ultrasonography.
Diagnostic mammography should also be performed
when a biopsy is being considered for a palpable lump
in a woman older than 30 years of age.
● Magnification views- small area or whole breast. Increases fine detail but is more
susceptible to motion.
● Focal compression – small paddle used to compress overlying tissue away from area
of interest.
● Rolled views- the top of the breast is rolled relative to the bottom to spread out the
tissues and provide localization for images only seen in one plane.
● Extended CC views- to see axillary or far lateral tissue.
● Tangential views- put the skin or an abnormally in tangential to the x-ray beam to aid
localization
● Cleavage views- used for accessing medial abnormalities.

ULTRASOUND
An ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create a picture of organs, tissues,
and other structures inside the body. Unlike x-rays, ultrasound can also show parts of the
body in motion, such as a heart beating or blood flowing through blood vessels.
There are two main categories of ultrasounds: pregnancy ultrasound and diagnostic
ultrasound
● Pregnancy ultrasound – is used to look at an unborn baby. The test can provide
information about a baby’s growth, development and overall health.
● Diagnostic ultrasound- is used to view and provide information about other internal
parts of the body.

TRANSDUCER
An ultrasound transducer converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and based on the
piezoelectric effect. It is the hand-held part of the ultrasound machine that is responsible for
the production and detection of ultrasound waves.
It consists of five main components: -
1. Crystal element with piezoelectric properties: -
● Usually lead zirconate titanate
● May consist of a single element
● Element thickness is determined by what resonance frequency is
desired.
2. Positive and ground electrodes on the faces of the element: -
● This allows for electrical connection
● Positive electrode is in the back of the element
● Ground electrode is on the front of the element

3. Damping block: -
● Adhered to the back of the crystal
● Absorbs ultrasound energy directed backward
 4. Matching layer: -
● Interface between the transducer element and the tissue
● Each layer is one-quarter wavelength thick
5. Housing: -
● Electrical insulation and protection of the element
● Includes a plastic case, metal shield and acoustic indicator
Transducers can produce an ultrasound beam in two ways-
a. Linear array (also called sequential array)
b. Phased array

ULTRASOUND PROBES
The ultrasound probe is the part of the ultrasound system that touches the patient’s body. It
holds the crystals that send and receive the sonic pulses.
Probe types are most easily determined by looking at the shape of the probe. Each type of
probe has a different speciality, but some can be used for a myriad of tests.

PROPERTIES OF ULTRASOUND
The different uses of ultrasound are in navigation, cleaning, medical field, crack detection in
metals etc. Out of these the medical field has multiple applications like electrocardiography,
ultrasonography.

Pregnancy. Ultrasound images have many uses during pregnancy.

Diagnostics.
Use during medical procedures.
Therapeutic applications.

DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
A doppler ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to show blood moving through
blood vessels. A regular ultrasound also uses sound waves to create images of structures
inside the body, but it can’t show blood flow.

Doppler ultrasound works by measuring sound waves that are reflected from moving objects,
such as red blood cells. This is known as the Doppler effect.