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Text Lecture 2c - Geometric and Geopotential Altitude
Text Lecture 2c - Geometric and Geopotential Altitude
Today
we
will
look
at
the
difference
between
the
geopotential
and
geometric
altitude,
and
what
it
actually
is.
Because
I
don’t
know
if
you
noticed,
by
during
the
derivation
of
the
hydrostatic
equation
and
especially
the
standard
atmosphere,
we
made
a
simplification.
Let’s have a look at our little disk of air which we used in the hydrostatic equation.
But
in
reality,
if
you
go
up
in
the
atmosphere
the
g
changes,
and
this
means
that
we
are
actually
wrong
with
our
altitude.
The
altitude
which
we
calculated,
which
is
the
geopotential
altitude
as
it
is
commonly
called,
is
not
the
real
altitude.
The
real
altitude
is
the
geometric
altitude,
and
you
would
use
the
geometric
altitude
if
you
would
also
let
the
gravity
acceleration
vary
with
altitude,
because
the
gravity
(the
force
of
gravity)
decreases
if
we
get
further
away
from
the
centre
of
the
Earth.
You
see
here
the
difference
expressed
in
the
equations,
so
the
dh
without
an
index
is
the
geopotential
altitude,
because
this
is
actually
the
default
altitude
which
we
always
use.
The h_g is the geometric altitude, with the correct g. Let’s have a look at what the difference is.
For this we will first look at the gravity (the law of gravity) itself.
On
the
right
side
of
the
screen
here
we
see
the
Earth
with
the
radius
of
the
Earth
(R_e)
and
the
mass
of
the
Earth
indicated
as
M_e,
and
we
are
a
certain
mass
m
flying
at
a
geometric
altitude
h_g.
The
general
law
of
gravity
is
written
as
“F_G
is
the
gravity
constant
times
one
mass
times
the
second
mass,
divided
by
the
distance
squared”.
We always write F_G is m times our gravity constant, for instance at sea level.
So
let’s
see
what
the
g
at
sea
level
is.
g_0
basically
becomes
the
mass
of
the
Earth
times
the
gravity
constant
divided
by
R_e
squared,
while
at
altitude
our
g
becomes
G
(times)
again
the
mass
but
then
(divided
by)
the
radius
of
the
Earth
plus
the
geometric
altitude
squared.
From this we can see what the relation between the two types of g is.
And for this we can simply divide then by saying g divided over g_0 is
well
the
gravity
constant
and
the
mass
of
the
Earth
is
the
same,
which
means
we
get
1
divided
by
R_e
plus
h_g
squared
on
the
top
side
of
the
division,
and
we
get
1
divided
by
the
radius
of
the
Earth
squared
on
the
bottom
side.
In other words, this becomes our relation for the two g’s, because that is the origin of our error.
So this relation we will now use to see what the effect is on the hydrostatic equation.
In
the
hydrostatic
equation
we
have
written
dp
is
minus
rho
(times)
g
(times)
dh,
and
it
is
this
part
that
we
are
interested
in:
Assuming
that
we
have
the
same
pressure
difference,
we
want
to
see
what
the
difference
in
altitude
is.
So
in
one
case
we
have
used
g_0
with
the
geopotential
altitude,
in
the
other
situation
we
have
should
have
used
the
real
g
with
the
geometric
altitude.
And
this
shows
the
relation
between
the
two
types
of
altitude:
the
change
in
geopotential
altitude
is
g
over
g_0
times
the
change
in
geometric
altitude.
And
for
this
we
just
derived
a
relation:
R_e
squared
divided
by
R_e
squared
plus
the
geometric
altitude.
So R_e squared (over) R_e plus h_g squared, and again times dh_g.
So
taking
this
and
this
side
of
the
equation
and
again
(because
this
is
only
true
for
small
altitude
changes),
by
making
it
into
an
integral
we
can
solve
this,
so
let’s
see
what
happens
if
we
go
to
a
certain
altitude.
With
this
geopotential
altitude,
so
we
go
to
a
certain
altitude
with
dh,
and
this
should
be
equal
then
to
going
to
(if
there
is
the
same
pressure
change)
to
the
geometric
altitude
which
then
becomes
this
equation.
And this is an integral we can solve, it is a simple polynomial divided by a polynomial.
We can write this in a neater way, so let’s solve this integral.
(The
integral
of)
dh
and
writing
it
like
this
(R_e
squared
times
(the
integral
of)
zero
to
h_g
of
1
divided
by
R_e
plus
h_g
squared
(times)
dh_g)
and
this
is
the
same
as
R_e
plus
h_g
to
the
power
of
minus
2,
in
other
words
the
integral
becomes
minus
1
divided
by
R_e
plus
h_g
(again
multiplied
by
R_e
squared),
minus (and we need to fill in the zero altitude), which will give us this equation.
So
to
get
rid
of
one
R_e
we
bring
one
Earth
radius
inside
the
brackets,
which
means
we
get
R_e
times
minus
R_e
divided
over
R_e
plus
h_g
minus
minus
R_e
divided
by
R_e,
and this now simplifies into R_e times minus R_e divided by R_e plus h_g plus 1.
In other words R_e plus h_g minus R_e divided by R_e plus h_g.
And
this
shows
that
the
final
result
is
the
Earth
radius
divided
by
the
Earth
radius
plus
the
geometric
altitude
times
the
geometric
altitude.
And
this
is
our
value
h,
because
this
is
the
solution
of
the
left
side
of
the
equation.
So
the
final
solution
of
the
relation
between
the
geometric
altitude
and
the
geopotential
altitude
is
this
equation.
What
do
we
learn
from
this
equation?
Well
we
can
see
that
what
really
matters
is
how
large
h_g
is
compared
to
the
Earth
radius.
To get an impression, the Earth radius is 6384 kilometres, or something like this.
So
the
altitudes
at
which
we
fly
are
always
in
the
order
of
20
kilometres,
so
we
can
see
that
the
effect
is
not
that
large.
But
we
can
also
look
at
an
actual
value,
let’s
take
an
example
(for
instance
the
20
kilometres)
and
see
what
the
effect
really
is,
what
the
percentage
of
the
error
is
which
we
make
if
we
use
the
geopotential
altitude
instead
of
the
geometric
altitude.
So
what
is
the
effect
of
our
approximation,
of
using
the
geopotential
altitude
instead
of
the
geometric
altitude?
Well
let’s
use
the
result
of
our
derivation
to
calculate
it,
we
know
that
the
average
Earth
radius
is
6378
kilometres
and
let’s
use
a
very
high
altitude
of
20
kilometres
to
see
the
effect
of
the
difference
between
geopotential
and
geometric
altitude.
Well, if we use our equation and fill in these numbers we can see that the actual error is very small:
At
the
geometric
altitude
of
20,000
metres
(of
20
kilometres)
our
geopotential
altitude
would
say
that
we
are
‘only’
at
19,937.5
metres.
This
means
the
error
is
about
0.3
%,
which
is
very
small.
And
this
is
also
one
of
the
reasons
why
we
get
away
with
this
approximation
and
why
we
use
the
geopotential
altitude.
Often
by
the
way
it
is
the
other
way
around:
when
we
say
we
are
at
20,000
metres
altitude
(so
20
kilometres)
you
might
wander
“what
is
in
that
case
the
geometric
altitude?”.
For
this
you
need
to
invert
the
equation
on
the
top
side
of
the
slide
and
then
fill
in
the
number
20
kilometres
for
the
geopotential
altitude
h
and
then
you
can
calculate
the
geometric
altitude.