Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021 CE 526 FORM2D: Research Proposal v2021

1 I.
Theoretical Background
2
3 I.1 Introduction
4 The construction industry is one of the biggest consumers of resources. New construction
5 consumes 40% of raw materials globally (Designing Buildings 2022). Sand and aggregate are
6 the world’s second-most extracted resource behind only water and more than 75% of dredged-
7 up sand is used in construction as the key component of glass and concrete, often causing
8 major damage to ecosystems and coastlines (Hayes and Petrović, 2020). The global use of
9 sand and gravels has been found to be 10 times higher than that of cement. This means that,
10 for construction alone, the world consumes roughly 40 to 50 billion tons of sand on an annual
11 basis (Meredith, 2021). Figure 1 shows the sand consumption of major countries in 1000 metric
12 tons according to Statista (2021).
13
14 Figure 1. Major Countries in Industrial Sand and Gravel Production Worldwide in 2021
Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

CE 526 FORM2D: Research Proposal v2021
15 Sand mining is the largest extraction of minerals, surpassing both fossil fuels and biomass
16 (Torres et. al, 2017), where, according to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP-
17 GEAS), report estimates that sand and gravel account for up to 85% of the weight of minerals
18 mined globally each year. The problem lies in the type of sand we are using. Desert sand is
19 largely useless. The overwhelming bulk of the sand we harvest goes to make concrete, and for
20 that purpose, desert sand grains are the wrong shape. Eroded by wind rather than water, they
21 are too smooth and rounded to lock together to form stable concrete (Beiser, 2019). Sand can
22 be extracted from river sources and such deposits do not require much processing other than
23 size grading, most of the tropical and subtropical countries still depend on river sources such as
24 instream, floodplain, and terrace deposits to meet their aggregate requirements, especially
25 sand, the fine aggregate, in construction works (Padmalal and Maya, 2014).
26 The volume being extracted is having a major impact on rivers, deltas and coastal and marine
27 ecosystems, sand mining results in loss of land through river or coastal erosion, lowering of the
28 water table and decreases in the amount of sediment supply (Green Facts, 2015).
29 Unsustainable sand mining could result in riverbank collapse, deepening of river beds, sinking
30 deltas and coastal erosion as well as biodiversity loss, especially when coupled with the impacts
31 of dams and climate change (Tengberg, 2015). The natural ingredients, fine aggregate, and
32 coarse aggregate constitute more than 70% volume of concrete. The availability of these natural
33 resources is decreasing at a very high pace. In fact, due to the severe problem with natural
34 sand, the construction industry is faced with a pressing need to consider available options to
35 lessen the reliance on natural fine aggregate (Bhoi, 2018).
36 Because of this, a growing prominence of introducing alternative materials in all forms of

37 constructions to reduce the pressure on good quality natural materials have been noted, which
38 will balance the economical purpose of the project while also taking care of the environment
39 (Dey et. al., 2014). Copper slag is one of the materials that have a tremendous potential to be
40 adopted in place of the natural fine aggregate in concrete.
41
42 I.2 Copper Slag
43 Copper slag is a by-product obtained during matte smelting and refining of copper. The common
44 management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value
45 added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive, tiles, glass,
46 road-base construction, railroad ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing rate of reusing
47 copper slag, the huge amount of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles to
48 date. One of the greatest potential applications for reusing copper slag is in cement and

49 concrete production (Shi, 2008). The slag is a black glassy and granular in nature and has a
50 similar particle size range like sand. The specific gravity of slag lies between 3.4 and 3.98. The
51 bulk density of granulated copper slag is varying between 1.9 to 2.15 kg/m^3 which is almost
52 similar to the bulk density of conventional fine aggregate. The hardness of the slag lies between
53 6 and 7 in MoH scale. This is almost equal to the hardness of gypsum. The pH of aqueous
54 solution of aqueous extract as per IS 11127 varies from 6.6 to 7.2. The free moisture content
55 present in slag was found to be less than 0.5%. Gradation test was conducted on copper slag
56 and sand showed that both copper slag and sand had comparable particle size distribution.
57 However, it seems that sand has higher fines content than copper slag (Brindha, 2011).
58 Table 1: Physical Properties of Copper Slag
Physical Properties Copper Slag

Particle Shape Irregular
Appearance Black and Glassy
Type Air Cooled
Specific Gravity 3.9
Percentage of Voids 43.2%
Bulk Density 2.08 g/cc
Fineness Modulus 3.47
Angle of Internal Friction 51 ° 2’
Ultimate Shear Stress 0.4106 kg/cm^2
59
60 The presence of silica in slag is about 26% which is desirable since it is one of the constituents
61 of the natural fine aggregate used to normal concreting operations.
62 The chemical composition of copper slag is presented in Table 2.
63 Table 2: Chemical Composition of Copper Slag
Chemical Component Percent (%)
SiO2 25.84
Fe2 O 3 68.29
Al2 O3 0.22
CaO 0.15
Na2 O 0.58
K2 O 0.23

LoI 6.59
Mn2 O 3 0.22
TiO2 0.41
S O3 0.11
CuO 1.20
Sulphide Sulfur 0.25
Insoluble Residue 14.88
Chloride 0.018
64
65 Copper slag has high concentrations of Si O2 and Fe2 O 3 compared with OPC. In comparison
66 with the chemical composition of natural pozzolans of ASTM C 618-99, the summation of the
67 three oxides (silica, alumina and iron oxide) in copper slag is nearly 95%, (National council for
68 cement and building materials, Ballabgarh) which exceeds the 70% Percentile requirement for
69 Class N raw and calcined natural pozzolans. Therefore, copper slag is expected to have good
70 potential to produce high quality pozzolans (Brindha, 2011).
71 This study investigates the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks mixed with copper
72 slag. The researchers aim to study compare the specified mechanical property to a conventional
73 concrete hollow block for building application and to lessen the ecological footprint of the
74 construction sector.
75
76 I.3 Related Literature
77 The physical properties and chemical composition of copper slag makes it suitable for many
78 possible applications in terms of construction.
79 As for copper slag sand replacement, the study done by Al-Jabri et. al. (2009) used copper slag
80 as sand replacement for high performance concrete. The experiment investigates the effect of
81 using copper slag as a replacement of sand on the properties of high performance concrete
82 (HPC). Eight concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging
83 from 0% (for the control mix) to 100%. Concrete mixes were evaluated for workability, density,
84 compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and durability. The results indicate that
85 there is a slight increase in the HPC density of nearly 5% with the increase of copper slag
86 content, whereas the workability increased rapidly with increases in copper slag percentage.
87 Addition of up to 50% of copper slag as sand replacement yielded comparable strength with that
88 of the control mix. However, further additions of copper slag caused reduction in the strength

89 due to an increase of the free water content in the mix. Mixes with 80% and 100% copper slag
90 replacement gave the lowest compressive strength value of approximately 80 MPa, which is
91 almost 16% lower than the strength of the control mix. The results also demonstrated that the
92 surface water absorption decreased as copper slag quantity increases up to 40% replacement;
93 beyond that level of replacement, the absorption rate increases rapidly. Therefore, it is
94 recommended that 40 wt% of copper slag can used as replacement of sand in order to obtain
95 HPC with good strength and durability properties.
96 In addition, Al-Jabri et. al. (2009) also experimented on the effect of superplasticizer addition on
97 the properties of HSC made with copper slag. Two series of concrete mixtures were prepared
98 with different proportions of copper slag. The first series consisted of six concrete mixtures
99 prepared with different proportions of copper slag at constant workability. The strength and
100 durability of HSC were generally improved with the increase of copper slag content in the
101 concrete mixture. However, the strength and durability characteristics of HSC were adversely
102 affected by the absence of the superplasticizer from the concrete paste despite the
103 improvement in the concrete strength with the increase of copper content. All concrete mixtures
104 did not meet the strength and durability design requirements due to the segregation and
105 dryness of the concrete paste. Therefore it can be concluded that the use of copper slag as
106 sand substitution improves HSC strength and durability characteristics at same workability while
107 superplasticizer is very important ingredient in HSC made with copper slag in order to provide
108 good workability and better consistency for the concrete matrix.
109 Furthermore, Wu and Zhang (2010) tested on the optimum content of copper slag as a fine
110 aggregate in high strength concrete. This study investigated the mechanical properties of high
111 strength concrete incorporating copper slag as a fine aggregate and concluded that less than
112 40% copper slag as sand substitution can achieve a high strength concrete that comparable or
113 better to the control mix, beyond which however its behaviors decreased significantly. The
114 workability and strength characteristics were assessed through a series of tests on six different
115 mixing proportions at 20% incremental copper slag by weight replacement of sand from 0% to
116 100%. The results indicated that the strength of the concrete with less than 40% copper slag
117 replacement was higher than or equal to that of the control specimen and the workability even
118 had a dramatic growth. The microscopic view demonstrated that there were limited differences
119 between the control concrete and the concrete with less than 40% copper slag content. It also
120 suggested that the determination of the copper slag replacement level should consider with the
121 desired compressive strength of concrete.
122 Moreover, Khanzadi and Behnood (2009) investigated the feasibility of using copper slag as
123 coarse aggregates in high-strength concrete. The effects of replacing limestone coarse

124 aggregate by copper slag coarse aggregate on the compressive strength, splitting tensile
125 strength, and rebound hammer values of high-strength concretes are evaluated in this work.
126 Concrete mixtures containing different levels of silica fume were prepared with water to
127 cementitious materials ratios of 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30. The percentages of the cement
128 replacements by silica fume were 0%, 6%, and 10%. The use of copper slag aggregate
129 compared to limestone aggregate resulted in a 28-day compressive strength increase of about
130 10–15%, and a splitting tensile strength increase of 10–18%. It can be concluded from the
131 results of this study that using copper slag as coarse aggregate in high-strength concrete is
132 technically possible and useful.
133 Lastly, the research done by Ambily et. al. (2015) studied on ultra-high performance concrete
134 incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. The studies demonstrated that it is possible to
135 produce UHPC having compressive strength greater than 150 MPa by incorporation of copper
136 slag. The complete replacement of standard sand by copper slag resulted in a maximum
137 decrease in 28-day compressive strength of about 15–25% whereas, the flexural strength,
138 fracture energy recorded was of the similar order. It can be concluded from the results that use
139 of copper slag as fine aggregate in UHPC is technically viable.
140 As for copper slag cement replacement, Al-Jabri, Taha, and Al-Ghassan (2002) used copper
141 slag (CS) and cement by-pass dust (CBPD) as cementitious materials. the main objective of this
142 research is to investigate the potential use of copper slag and cement by-pass dust in concrete
143 as partial replacements for Portland cement. The highest compressive strength was achieved in
144 samples containing 5% CBPD + 95% cement, which was 41.7 MPa after 90 days. The optimum
145 copper slag and cement by-pass dust to be used is 5%. In addition, it was determined that using
146 cement bypass dust as an activating material will work better than using lime.
147 Additionally, Moura, Gonçalves, and Lima (2007) utilized copper slag as a supplementary
148 cementing material to concrete. This paper presents the results of a study on the use of copper
149 slag as pozzolanic supplementary cementing material for use in concrete. The results pointed
150 out that there is a potential for the use of copper slag as a supplementary cementing material to
151 concrete production. The concrete batches with copper slag addition presented greater
152 mechanical and durability performance.
153 Since most of the studies that incorporate copper slag to concrete, either replacing sand or
154 cement, are just repetitive which replicates data and confirms it, the researchers only took note
155 of the studies that are closely related to their research.
156

157 I.4 Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
158 Concrete hollow block (CHB) is a construction material used to build walls for partition purposes
159 which is made by combining cement, sand, and water. Proportioning of concrete for the
160 manufacture of CHBs is done in two different ways, by weight or by volume. The mix proportion
161 of water, cement, and sand is ½:1:7 respectively. In this study, the researchers will be
162 proportioning by weight and will be reducing the volume of sand, replacing it with copper slags,
163 by percentage.
164
165 I.4.1 CHB ASTM C129 Specifications
166 ASTM C129 covers hollow and solid non-load bearing units, intended for use in non-load
167 bearing partitions. These units are not suitable for exterior walls subjected to freezing cycles
168 unless effectively protected from the weather. These units must be clearly marked to preclude
169 their use as load bearing units. Minimum net area compressive strength requirements are 500
170 psi (3.45 MPa) for an individual unit and 600 psi (4.14 MPa) average for three units. Non-
171 bearing blocks are intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers, and the like carrying their
172 weight (Fajardo et. Al, 2000). The geometry of the CHB is shown in Figure 2.
173
174 Figure 2. CHB Geometry
176
177 II. Significance of the Research Work
178
179 Due to both the global shortage of sand and the environmental impacts of mining them, and
180 knowing that construction industry consumes the most number of sand compared to any other
181 industries, providing an alternate substitute for its uses in construction materials not only help
182 addressing these problems, but also, helps both reducing the cost of construction and

183 repurposing waste material generated in copper industries. By recycling coper slag in terms of
184 construction, the study aims to provide a substitute for sand by using coper slag in its
185 replacement through making a masonry unit, Concrete Hollow Block (CHB). The result of this
186 study will help us find out whether copper slag can substitute sand in the CHB mixture.
187
188 III. Scope and Limitations

189
190 The research study will attempt to make a concrete hollow block which is incorporated with
191 copper slags. The mixture of a conventional concrete hollow block is primarily consists of water,
192 cement, and sand. The experiment will be replacing certain percent volume of sand with copper
193 slags. The researchers will only consider the compressive strength since the main purpose of a
194 non-load bearing CHB is for walls, partitions, fences, dividers, and carrying their own weight;
195 therefore data pertaining to the other mechanical properties like flexure strength, horizontal
196 shear strength, and diagonal shear strength are excluded. The crushed limestone fine
197 aggregate proportion in relation to traditional fine aggregate would be varying from 20%, 40% to
198 60% by weight, with 0% serving as a control mixture. This study limits the source of copper slag
199 at Carmen Copper Corporation, Inc., Don Andres Soriano (DAS), Toledo City, Cebu.
200
201 IV. Research/Experimental Design & Methods
The research experiment will be carried out in accordance with the American Society of Testing
and Materials' standard procedure (ASTM). The research experiment will be conducted in three
(3) phases. First is the collection and selection of materials needed for the experiment. Second
is designing the mixed proportion of the water, cement, and aggregates ratio, and the fabrication
of concrete hollow blocks using the established proportion of the materials mixtures with varying
proportions of copper slag aggregate. Third is the slump test and the compressive strength test.
Phase 1:
The researchers will be preparing the materials needed to perform the study and checks
if it is in accordance with the ASTM standards.
Phase 2:
The researchers will be designing the mix proportion, which is copper slag replacement
of sand by 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% with three (3) specimens each percentage to get
the average compressive strength and reduce the margin of error. The established
mixture will undergo slump test and then will be used in the fabrication of the CHBs in
accordance to ASTM C129. The specimens will be cured for 28 days and will be brought
to a lab for the proceeding phase.
Phase 3:
The researchers will bring the specimens to a laboratory to perform the compressive
strength test.
IV.1 Materials
202 IV.1.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

203 Ordinary Portland Cement will be used in this experiment as it conforms to ASTM Error:
204 Reference source not found. It will be sourced from the local hardware. Ordinary Portland
205 Cement, also known simply as Portland cement or Type 1 cement, is widely used in
206 construction work. It is made of Argillaceous or silicates of alumina (clay and shale) and
207 calcareous or calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk, and marl). It is used for general construction
208 purposes and most masonry works (Error: Reference source not foundPublishing Company,
209 2022). The type 1 cement that will be used is shown in Figure 3.
210
211 Figure 3. Ordinary Portland Cement or Type 1 Cement

212

213 IV.1.2 Sand
214 Sand to be used in this experiment will be bought locally from a source in Cebu City is shown in
215 Figure 4. As per ASTM D 2487, sand must pass through a No.4 sieve and retained on No. 200
216 sieve which will be done by a wire mesh or sand sifter. Sand will also be cleaned to avoid
217 integration of other elements such as clay lumps, shale, and other organic materials.
218
219 Figure 4. Sand from a local source
220
221 IV.1.2.1 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate as per ASTM C136
222 The method for determining the particle size distribution of fine aggregates will be through a
223 sieve 211 analysis. Particle size distribution (grading) will be presented together with the
224 acceptable ASTM 212 limits as shown in Figure 5.
225
226 Figure 5. Particle size distribution

227 IV.1.3 Water
228 Potable water from a tap faucet will be used in this experiment.
IV.1.4 Copper Slag

Copper slag will be bought from a local source, at Carmen Copper Corporation, Inc., Don
Andres Soriano (DAS), Toledo City, Cebu.
Figure 6. Carmen Copper Corporation Location via Google Maps

229

IV.2 Methodology Flow
The flowchart methodology of this research is shown in Figure 7.
230
Reject
231
Failed
232
233
Screening Sand
ASTM D75 Copper Procurement of Materials
Slag
Passed
Preparation
Sieving Proportioning Varying

Passed Copper Slag Percentage
ASTM C136
(0%, 20%, 40%, 60%)
Failed
Reject Sample Mix Testing

3 Samples per Mix Slump Test
Moulding
Curing
Fully Cured
28 days
Testing Compression
ASTM C140

CE 526 FORM2D: Research Proposal v2021 Conclusion
IV.3 Experimental Methodology
IV.3.1 Phase 1
234 The researchers will be buying a Hollow Block Molder, ___ sack of Ordinary Portland cement,
235 ___ sacks of sand, and ___ kilos of copper slag. The shovel and wire mesh that will be used
236 will be borrowed. The Hollow Block Molder that will be used is shown in Figure 8.
237
238 Figure 8. Hollow Block Molder
239
240 IV.3.2 Phase 2
241 The researchers will be employing the mixtures at varying percentage of 0%, 20%, 40%, and
242 60% by weight replacing traditional fine aggregate with three (3) specimens each percentage
243 where the 0% is the control specimen. Results of concrete compressive strength test of
244 Madheswaran et. al. (2014) is shown in Figure 9.

245
246 Figure 9. Compressive Strength and Slump of Concrete with Copper Slag
247 The study will compare the compressive strength of conventional hollow blocks with hollow
248 blocks mixed with copper slag in three (3) different weight changes of sand. The ratio of water,
249 cement, and sand on a conventional hollow block, according to the Humanitarian Shelter
250 Working Group (2014), is ½:1:7 respectively. The mixed proportion of the experimental block,
251 0% (conventional), 20%, 40%, and 60% replacement by weight copper slag are shown in Table
252 1.
253 Table 1
Mixing Proportion
Materials A (0%) B (20%) C (40%) D (60%)

Water 0.35 kg 0.35 kg 0.35 kg 0.35 kg
Cement 1.01 kg 1.01 kg 1.01 kg 1.01 kg
Sand 7.82 kg 6.26 kg 4.69 kg 3.13 kg
Copper Slag 0 kg 2.03 kg 4.07 kg 6.10 kg
Dry Volume 5587.2 cc 5587.2 cc 5587.2 cc 5587.2 cc
Wet Volume 4656 cc 4656 cc 4656 cc 4656 cc
254
255 IV.3.2.1 Slump Test as per ASTM C143

256 The slump of fresh concrete will be determined using the slump cone method. A sample of
257 freshly mixed concrete will be placed and compacted in a frustum-shaped cone mold. The cone
258 will be raised and the concrete will be allowed to subside for a brief time. The vertical distance
259 between the original and displaced position of the center of the top surface of the concrete is
260 measured as the slump of the concrete. The w/c ratio in the mortar mixture shall be sufficient to
261 produce a slump of 125 to 200 mm using the ASTM C143 process, according to ASTM C270.
262 This will support the strength of the mixture as it is still fresh to achieve the workability of the
263 mortar. To perform the testing, the cone will be moistened and will be laid on a dust-free
264 horizontal level plane. Freshly mixed concrete will then be poured into the cone every third
265 height of the molds using a shovel. In each load, a rod will be used to uniformly tamp the fresh
266 concrete on the cone 25 times. This will ensure that the cone will be completely filled. When the
267 cone is filled, the tamping rod will be rolled without pressing hard to remove any excess
268 concrete on top. The fresh concrete-filled cone will be held in place and the area around the
269 lower base will be cleaned. The mold will then be lifted upward gently. Finally, the slump will be
270 measured immediately by measuring the vertical gap between the top of the cone and the
271 displaced original center of the top surface of fresh concrete.
272 IV.3.2.2 Fabrication of CHB
273 The researchers will be manually making the CHB using a 4” CHB Molder. Mixing of materials
274 will be done manually with the use of a shovel. The first step is by separating the materials into
275 four categories with respect to the percentage of copper slag. The measured quantity of sand
276 and copper slag will be on the platform and the cement atop. The sand, cement, and copper
277 slag will be mixed thoroughly several times with the shovels until the mixture attains an even
278 color and the copper slag is visibly spread evenly. The mixture will then be mixed thoroughly by
279 turning over and turning from the center to the side, then back to the center, and again to the
280 sides several times. Ditching will then be made at the center of the mixed materials. Seventy-
281 five percent (75%) of the required quantity of water will be added to the center and mixed. The
282 remaining amount of water will then be added and mixed until a uniform color and consistency
283 of concrete is obtained. The concrete mix will undergo the slump test. The concrete mix will be
284 loaded into the manual CHB Molder. Vibration will then be applied by slowly tapping the sidings
285 of the manual CHB Molder to make the concrete mixture compact and to fill in all the spaces
286 inside the mold during casting. The molded CHB will be removed from the manual CHB Molder
287 as soon as it has been properly pressed. This molded CHB will then be placed in an
288 undisturbed area. The CHB units will be damped for several days over the next 48 hours to
289 ensure effective curing. This can be accomplished by sprinkling water in a shaded area
290 regularly.

291 IV.3.3.3 CHB Dimensions
292 A minimum of three (3) masonry unit specimens will be measured for length, width, and height
293 for each design mix proportion of the materials. The dimensions of the units will be measured
294 with a caliper. The width, length, and height are the dimensions to be taken from the CHB are
295 summarized in figure.
296

Description Method of Measuring
Width, W at mid-length across the top and bottom
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded
values to determine the width of the
specimen
Height, H at mid-length on each face. Average the two
recorded values to determine the height of
the specimen.
Length, L at mid-height on each face. Average the two
recorded values to determine the length of
the specimen
297
298
299 Figure 10. Measuring masonry units as per ASTM C140

300
301 V. Compressive Strength Test
302 The compressive strength of a minimum of three (3) masonry unit specimens will be obtained
303 using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). This specification provides minimum design
304 standards for testing machines that will be used to measure the compressive strength of
305 concrete masonry units, related units, and masonry prisms covered under Test Methods ASTM
306 C140 and ASTM C129, solid and hollow concrete units made from cement, water, aggregates
307 with or without the inclusion of other materials. Following ASTM C1552, the practice covers
308 apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping concrete masonry units, related units,
309 including coupons or other specimens obtained from such units, and masonry prisms for
310 compression testing. This can be computed using the Equation 1.

P max
311 Net Area Compressive Strength ( MPa )=
An
312 where:
313 Pmax =¿maximum compressive load (N)
314 An =¿values determined for each of Average of the net area the three absorption
315 specimens (mm2 )
316
317 V.1 Density of CHB
318 The density of a minimum of three (3) masonry unit specimens is their mass per unit volume of
319 materials. It is expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3). Moreover, density is directly
320 proportional to compressive strength. The density of a minimum of three (3) masonry unit
321 specimens will be determined and averaged. The blocks will be weighed and the volume will be
322 calculated. Equation 5 can be used to calculate density of the CHB.
323 Density , ρ
( )
kg m ave
m3
=
V
324 where:
325 mave =¿the average weights of the CHB
326 V =¿volume of the CHB
327
328 References
329 There are no sources in the current document.
330
331 V. References
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as cementitious materials. Cement, concrete and aggregates, 24(1), 7-12.
Moura, W. A., Gonçalves, J. P., & Lima, M. B. L. (2007). Copper slag waste as a supplementary
cementing material to concrete. Journal of materials science, 42(7), 2226-2230.
Madheswaran, C. K., Ambily, P. S., Dattatreya, J. K., & Rajamane, N. P. (2014). Studies on use
of copper slag as replacement material for river sand in building constructions. Journal of the
Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 95(3), 169-177.
VI. Cost Estimates(NOTE: In making the cost estimates please include contingency which is
about 20% of the total cost.)
6.1 Proposed Budget for Materials

Item Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
[1] Portland Cement 1 bag ₱ 260.00 ₱ 260.00
[2] Traditional Fine Aggregate 2 bags ₱ 56.00 ₱ 112.00
[3] Copper Slag 37 kg ₱ 3/kg ₱ 111.00
Total ₱ 483.00
6.2 Proposed Budget for Laboratory Equipment/Apparatus Use

Item Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
[1] Hollow Block Molder 1 pc ₱1,015.00 ₱ 1,015.00
[2] Hand Trowel 1 pc ₱50.00 ₱ 50.00
[3] Rubber Disposable Blue 3 pcs ₱15.00 ₱ 45.00
Nitrile Gloves
Total ₱ 1,110.00
6.3 Room Rental Costs

Room No. of hours Cost/hour Subtotal
[1] CTU-Main Campus 672 hours 0 0
Total 0
6.4 Miscellaneous Costs

Manpower/Overtime Costs
Name of Person Position Rate/Fee No. of Hours Subtotal
[1] Manpower (Overtime) - - - -
Total 0
External Analysis
Description No.of Samples/ Analysis Fee Subtotal
Frequency
[1]
Total
Documentation Costs
Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
Total
Transportation and Accommodation Costs
Description No. of persons Rate/person Subtotal
Total
Incidental Costs
Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
Total
332
333 VII. Workplan and Expected Output
334
June Person(s)
Activity/Task 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expected Output Responsibl
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
June Person(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 e

June/July Person(s)
7 8 9 0 e
July Person(s)
0 e
July Person(s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
July Person(s)
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 e

July Person(s)
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 e
August Person(s)
e
August Person(s)
0 1 2 3 4 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
August Person(s)
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 e
August Person(s)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 e

August/September Person(s)
9 0 1 e
September Person(s)
0 1 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
September Person(s)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 e
September Person(s)
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 e

September/October Person(s)
6 7 8 9 0 e
October Person(s)
e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
October Person(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 e
October Person(s)
7 8 9 0 1 2 3 e
Activity/Task October Expected Output Person(s)

2 2 2 2 2 2 3 Responsibl
4 5 6 7 8 9 0 e
October/November Person(s)
1 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
November Person(s)
0 1 2 3 e
November Person(s)
4 5 6 7 8 9 0 e
November Person(s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e

November/December Person(s)
8 9 0 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
December Person(s)
0 1 e
December Person(s)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 e
December Person(s)
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 e
Activity/Task December/January Expected Output Person(s)

2 2 2 2 3 3 1 Responsibl
6 7 8 9 0 1 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
January Person(s)
e
January Person(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 e
January Person(s)
6 7 8 9 0 1 2 e
January Person(s)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 e
[1]

[2]
[3]
[4]
January/February Person(s)
0 1 e
February Person(s)
0 1 2 e
February Person(s)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 e
February Person(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 e
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

February/March Person(s)
7 8 e
March Person(s)
0 1 2 e
March Person(s)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 e
335
336
337


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Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021 CE 526 FORM2D: Research Proposal v2021

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1 I.

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

36 Because of this, a growing prominence of introducing alternative materials in all forms of

42 I.2 Copper Slag

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

58 Table 1: Physical Properties of Copper Slag

Physical Properties Copper Slag

62 The chemical composition of copper slag is presented in Table 2.

63 Table 2: Chemical Composition of Copper Slag

Chemical Component Percent (%)

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

76 I.3 Related Literature

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

165 I.4.1 CHB ASTM C129 Specifications

174 Figure 2. CHB Geometry

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

188 III. Scope and Limitations

201 IV. Research/Experimental Design & Methods

202 IV.1.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

211 Figure 3. Ordinary Portland Cement or Type 1 Cement

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

219 Figure 4. Sand from a local source

221 IV.1.2.1 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate as per ASTM C136

226 Figure 5. Particle size distribution

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

IV.1.4 Copper Slag

Figure 6. Carmen Copper Corporation Location via Google Maps

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Sieving Proportioning Varying

Reject Sample Mix Testing

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

238 Figure 8. Hollow Block Molder

240 IV.3.2 Phase 2

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Materials A (0%) B (20%) C (40%) D (60%)

255 IV.3.2.1 Slump Test as per ASTM C143

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

272 IV.3.2.2 Fabrication of CHB

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

299 Figure 10. Measuring masonry units as per ASTM C140

301 V. Compressive Strength Test

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

313 Pmax =¿maximum compressive load (N)

317 V.1 Density of CHB

325 mave =¿the average weights of the CHB

326 V =¿volume of the CHB

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

6.1 Proposed Budget for Materials

6.2 Proposed Budget for Laboratory Equipment/Apparatus Use

6.3 Room Rental Costs

6.4 Miscellaneous Costs

333 VII. Workplan and Expected Output

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021

Activity/Task October Expected Output Person(s)

Department of Civil Engineering AY 2020-2021