European History: PCS- Past Papers Analysis

By Sadiq Lehri

1- French Revolution 1789 (Topic)

1- Fiscal causes lay at the root of the French revolution of 1789, comment
argumentatively.

2- How Napoleon Bonaparte strengthened or weakened the French

revolution?

3- What were the political, social and economic causes of French revolution?

2-Rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte (Topic)

1-Napoleon whole history including wars and contribution in French revolution.

2-His war strategies and policies.

3-His continental system and failure. His downfall causes etc. How he shaped
the political map of Europe.

3- Concert of Europe and Congress of Vienna (1815)

1- The history of Europe from 1815 onwards has been the history of undoing the
cardinal error of congress of Vienna. Elucidate.

2- The concert of Europe, viewed by the conservative power as a dam against

the revolution, was thought of by British, rather as a choice gate, allowing a
measured flow of national and liberal powers, discuss with the reference part
played by the British.
3- The real object of the congress of Vienna was to divide among the conquerors
spoils of the conquered, elaborate critically?

4- The congress of Vienna was a meeting of the victors to divide the vanquished,
discuss in detail.

5- What were meant by Concert of Europe? What led to its ultimate failure?

4- The Prince Metternich Era and his policies. (Topic)

1- Why Metternich has been described as the High priest and apostle of the
forces of the darkness by the historiographers?

2- Explain the ascendancy of Metternich in Austria and Europe. How do you rate
Metternich as a state policy maker?

3- What can be learned from the period of Metternich as to the best means of
combating criticism of political, social and economic conditions?

5- Revolution of 1830 and 1848. (Topic)

1- Compare and contrast the significance of revolution of 1830 with that of
1848.

2- Describe the causes of the revolution of the 1848 and its impacts on the
European politics.

6- Industrial Revolution in Europe 1770-1850. (Topic)

1-Discuss comprehensively the importance of the Industrial revolution for the whole
mankind.

2-Highlight and amplify the significance, worth and economic impact of the industrial revolution.

7- Age of reason and role of philosophers and Intellectuals or

age of discovery. Topic
1- Describe the outstanding characteristics of European society in 18th Century?
Why it is regarded as the “Age of Reason"?

2- Describe over all the chief personalities of French revolution and their overall
contribution?

3-Give a full assessment of age of discovery in the history of Europe?

4-Long before the revolution 1789, there had been occurred a revolution of
ideas. Explain the quotation with special reference to the role of philosophers in
French Revolution?

8- Unification of Italy (Topic)

1- Elucidate and elaborate the historic role played by the Count Cavour by the in
the unification of Italy?

2- To what extent it is true to say that the methods to unify Germany and Italy
were identical?

9- Unification of Germany (Topic)

1- Describe the role of Bismarck as an architect of Modern Germany?

2- What were the means adopted by Bismarck to preserve the status quo in
Europe from 1871-1890.

3- From 1871 to 1890 Bismarck was the Arbitrator of European politics

Elucidate.

4- To what extend the foreign policy of Germany from 1871-1890 may be

termed as the personal policy of Bismarck. What were its consequences?

5-To what extent it is true to say that the methods to unify Italy and Germany
were identical?

6-Discuss the essentials of Socialism, its growth in Germany and Bismarck

reaction to it?
7-Estimate and examine the attainments of Bismarck which entitled him to be
rated and acclaimed as the greatest among the sons of Germany?

10- Eastern Question Topic

1-The congress of Berlin made a watershed in the history of Europe. It has been
preceded by thirty years of conflict and upheaval; it was followed by thirty- four
years of peace" Discuss this question with reference to the Eastern Question?

2- Write a detailed note on Eastern Question from 1820- 1878?

3- What is meant by Eastern Question? How did the elements destabilize the
political scenario in Europe?

4- What do you understand by the Eastern question? Briefly describe the

important stages between the 1848 -1878?

11- World Wars

1- To what extend the foreign policy of Hitler is responsible for the outbreak of
World War second.

2- Political division of Europe had not lasted before or after the World War
second.

3- What were the main causes of outbreak of World War first?

4- Treaty of Versailles contained the germs of world war second?

5- Examine the causes of Dictatorial rule in Europe before the world war
second?

6- What in your opinion were the main difficulties in the way of agreement
between, the Britain, France and Russia in the year 1939?

12- League Of Nations 1919-20

1-What gains were made by France in the terms of Versailles, 1919? Why was
Clemenceau determined to punish Germany in 1919?
2-Show how the League of Nations maintained International peace during the
years 1920-1936. Why was it more successful in the 1920s than in 1930s?

3-What were the aims of peacemakers at the treaty of Versailles in 1919?

Describe the terms of the treaty and German dissatisfaction with it.

4- The most important and single factor in European affairs in the year following
1919 was the French demand for security. Discuss?

13-United Nations 1945

1-How far it is true that Security Council protects the interests of big powers?
How can it be made responsive only to the overall global interests?

2-How do you find the future of UNO after the Iraq war of March 2003?

3-It is argued that UNO may be more successful in her objectives, both political
and economic, if represented by people rather than by Governments? Do you
agree?

4- The establishment of United Nations is a great achievement of mankind.

Discuss?

5- Discuss the origin and of UNO. Explain in detail the peace keeping and peace-
making mission of UNO with historical references.

14- Russian Revolution Role of prominent leaders- 1917 to

1991- Including Cold War-USSR Rise and fall (Topic)
1-Discuss the causes of failure of communist regime in Russia.

2-How far do you agree with the view that Russian revolution 1916 was an
economic explosion hastened by the stupidities of the autocratic Governments?

3-Define Cold War and trace its origin, in what ways does it differ from Hot war?

4-What is meant by cold war and discuss the role of USSR and USA during the
cold war and its consequences?
5-What were Lenins achievements during 1917 to 1924?

6- Critically analyze the elements of weakness in social and political structure of

Russia at the end of 19th and 20th centuries?

7- What were the Lenins achievements between his seizure of powers in

November 1917 and his death in January 1924?

8- Give a brief account of the efforts of USSR to spread its influences in the
Eastern Europe and Asia after the world war 2nd till 1960?

9- Describe the economic policies of Joseph Stalin and FROM 1928 to 1941.
What were the main weaknesses of his industrial programme?

15- Nazism, Fascism, Hitler, Mussolini policies (Topic)

How Germany goes to Nazi and Italy to Fascists. Elucidate

What were the similarities and differences between the fascist’s regimes in
Germany and Italy? Discuss

What reasons can you give for Mussolini decrease against the Jews in 1918?

Describe the stages by which Hitler increased his power in Germany during the
years 1929 to 1934. Why was he able to overcome opposition in these years?
The appeasement policy?

16-For Short Questions.

1- EU
2- BREXIT
3- Holly Alliance
4- Nato
5- Warsaw Pact
6- Seato and Cento
7- Common Wealth of Nations
8- Entente Cordial- Triple Alliance
9- Great Economic Depression
10- Appeasement policy
11- USSR- Causes of failure
12- Cold War
13- Cuban Missile Crisis
14- Communism Capitalism
15- U-2 Incident
16- Glasnost and Perestroika Policy
17- Joseph Stalin policies
18- Lenin policies
19- Bi-polar and Multi-polar powers
20- Buffer states