The Son of the Review: 1715 - 1850

A. GLOBAL ECONOMY:
1. Political: The dominant political structure was dynastic with the exceptions of England and Holland. 2. Economic: Mercantile empires dominated the Atlantic seaboard. 3. Social: The mercantile class, especially in Britain and Holland, grew in importance. 4. Conflicts: Wars for empire were fought for the New World and India.

B. NEW BALANCE OF POWER:

More formalized alliance system to check any attempts at hegemony but major powers grew in power and influence.

C. ENLIGHTENMENT:
1. 18TH century intellectual revolution that challenged and permeated all aspects of European society. 2. Objectives: create rational and uniform society 3. Scientific Revolutions principles applied to laws governing society.

D. OLD REGIME (ANCIEN REGIME):

1. Political: divine right absolute monarchy with the exception of England, Netherlands and minor republics 2. Economic: largely agrarian society with industry developing slowly in England some major commercial centers hangovers from feudal period still abound ie Trade Guilds and provincial tariffs. 3. Social: rigid feudal class structure 4. Religious: established churches

E. ENLIGHTENED THINKERS:
1. Political: all agree on need for restructuring but disagree on new structure of society e.g., Montesquieus separation of powers, Voltaires enlightened despotism, Rousseaus republicanism 2. Social: generally attacked aristocratic and feudal culture with heavy stress on individualism 3. Economic: Laissez faire physiocrats 4. Religious: toleration - deism

Section II: FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON:

A. CAUSES 1. Political: incompetent monarchy example of American Revolution rising demands of the bourgeoisie 2. Economic: bankruptcy of French government\ 3. Social: tremendous class antagonism especially between nobles and upper middle-class 4. Intellectual: ideas of Enlightenment B. RADICALISM of the FRENCH REVOLUTION 1. change begets more change no clear program revolution need for more inventive ways to control the mob 2. Thermidorean Reaction: return and need for law and order on the part of the middle class C. SLOGANS 1. LIBERTY: ideal of individual rights constitutional government representative government 2. EQUALITY: legal equality equality before the law 3. FRATERNITY: concept of nationalism and humanitarianism

FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON cont D. NAPOLEONS CONTRIBUTIONS Politically confiscated revolution in France but spread ideals of the Revolution throughout Europe and in the Code Napoleon. E. CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Napoleons attempt to create Continental blockade to strangle England economically. F. WESTPHALIA AND CONGRESS OF VIENNA Westphalia recognized the sovereignty of states while Vienna was concerned with the balance of power. Westphalia recognized what existed while Vienna tried to suppress what had emerged (democratic ideals and nationalism)

SECTION III: THE AGE OF METTERNICH: A. CONCERT OF EUROPE:

1. Purpose Concert of Europe aimed to suppress revolutions to 2. Methods Quadruple and Quintuple alliances
stop nationalism and return to a pre-French Revolution world

B. ISMS
1. Liberalism belief in natural goodness of man need for parliamentary
democracy support for Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. still a middle class dominance

2. Conservatism fundamental distrust of human nature restoration

aristocracy of the Old Order need for strong government, usually monarchy supported by landed and the Church

3. Republicanism extreme form of liberalism where monarchy is ended and universal manhood suffrage is established.

ISMS cont 4. Socialism: extreme form of republicanism arguing for economic equality 5. Humanitarianism: subtle reform movement that permeated all
political and class structures based on ideals of Christianity and the French Revolutionary concept that all people have rights. 6. Romanticism: visionary movement with different applications in different nations

C. CRACKS IN THE CONCERT OF EUROPE, 1830-38:

1. REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 - success of revolutions in Greece and

Spanish Latin America proved the ineffectiveness of the Congress system to suppress ideas of liberalism and nationalism 2. LOUIS PHILLIPE 1830 revolutions imposed bourgeois monarch 3. REFROM BILL of 1832 liberal measure to prevent upheaval in Britain 4. REVOLUTIONS of 1848 sweeping impact of ideas of liberalism and nationalism could not be suppressed even though individual revolutions were crushed

SECTION IV: THE AGE OF REALPOLITIK

A. Post-1848 Mood
1. CAVOUR liberal politician used war and diplomacy to forge Italy 2. NAPOLEON III manipulation of the masses, name recognition, interest in socialism 3. BISMARCK tough-minded conservative creator of the German Empire used diplomacy to maintain the Empire 4. MARX attacked the social exploitation created by the Industrial
Revolution and proposed that a new order could only be achieved through revolution

5. CRIMEAN WAR new vision of power politics and diplomacy

B. Methods of Creating Nation States

1. Cavour manipulative wars, diplomacy and alliances 2. Bismarck manipulative wars 3. Alexander II freed serfs continued policies of Russification 4. Franz Joseph creation of Dual Monarchy 5. Lincoln civil war 6. Mutsuhito Meiji Restoration (look it up!)

SECTION V: AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

A. Effects of Industrialization:
1. Political growing influence and power of bourgeoisie extended suffrage gradual governmental response to the plight of the working class 2. Economic tremendous growth of capital mass production penetration of the world for markets and resources

A. Effects of Industrialization cont

3. Social mass societies new social divisions between rich and poor greater social importance of the bourgeoisie as the new aristocrats

B. Economic
Industrial nation states adopted the philosophy of economic liberalism which was further strengthened by the ideas of Social Darwinism in the late 19th century. Countries adopted those aspects of the philosophy suitable to their own ends.

C. Contributions to theory of Industrial Capitalism

1. Smith Wealth of Nations idea of laissez faire 2. Ricardo Iron Law of Wages 3. Malthus Essay on Population

D. IDENTIFICATIONS:
1. Anti-Corn Law League English liberals intent on eliminating the tariff on grain and instituting free trade 2. Factory Act, 1833 limited workday for children eighteen and mandated education for children under nine 3. Reform Bill of 1832 shifted control of House of Commons to commercial and industrial middle class by enfranchising the middle class and reapportioning Commons. 4. Chartism English city workers strived for universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, annual elections, salary for members of Parliament, and removal of property qualifications for members of Parliament.

E. REVOLUTIONS:
1. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION:
Causes 17th Century struggle between king and parliament in
England: religious issue

Leadership Whigs and Tories combined to oppose the king Extremes treatment of dissenters and Catholics Final Outcome Government balance between king and Parliament,
which established the character of modern England.

2. AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
colonies and England

Causes economic and political differences between American

Leadership Yankee and Virginian aristocrats

Extremes treatment of dissenters and Catholics Final Outcome American independence end of mercantilism
establishment of Classical Republic

E. Chart on Revolutions cont

3. FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Causes inept monarchy social antagonisms class distinctions too great Leadership aristocrats versus king in first stage middle class versus aristocracy which gave way to the rise of radicals and the mob finally the Thermidorean Reaction (return to stability) Extremes conservative pro-monarchists versus radical republicans with every shade of the political spectrum in between

4. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION:

Final Outcome the rise of Napoleon Causes autocratic tsar tremendously backward economy

Leadership middle class intellectuals who were overthrown by Bolsheviks

Extremes Whites vs. Reds

Final Outcome Soviet Union