Chapter 28.

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53. Dawes Plan (1924)- The reparations commission appointed an international committee of financial experts headed by American banker Charles D. Dawes to re-examine reparations from a broad perspective. The resulting Dawes Plan (1924) was accepted by France, Germany, and Britain. Germany's yearly reparations were reduced and depended on the level of German economic prosperity. This would help Germany in its recovery and help pay France and Britain which would then be able to pay America the large sums of money that they owed America. 54. Young Plan (1929)55. Locarno Treaties: What they provided- In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. Germany and France solemnly pledged to accept their common border, and both Britain and Italy agreed to fight either France or Germany if one invaded the other. Stresemann also agreed to settle boundary disputes with Poland and Czechoslovakia by peaceful means, and France promised those countries military aid if Germany attacked them. 56. Kellogg-Briand Pact- In 1928 15 countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and the US secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg. This multinational pact "condemned and renounced the war as an instrument of national policy." The signing states agreed to settle international disputes peacefully. 57. Mein Kampf- Hitler wanted to seize control of the government, but it was poorly organized and easily crushed, and Hitler was sent to Prison. In prison he outlined his theories and program in his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle). Throughout the 1920s, Hitler's national socialist party attracted support only from a new financial anti-Semites, ultranationalists, and disgruntled exservicemen. 58. American Jazz in Paris Image- This woodcut from 1928 French book on cafes and nightclubs suggests how black musicians took Europe by storm, although the blacks were represented stereotypically. On French critic concluded that American blacks had attained a pre-eminent" place in music since the war, "for they had impressed the entire world with their vibrating or melancholy rhythms." 59. Challenges to Democracy in Germany- Members of Germany's recently formed Communist party were active and noise on the left. The Communists, directed from Moscow, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for their cousins the Social Democrats, who they endlessly accused of betraying the revolution. The working classes were divided politically, but a majority supported the non-revolutionary but socialist Social Democrats.

60. Challenges to Democracy in France- Very similar to the problem in Germany. Communists and Socialists battled for the support of the workers. After 1924 the democratically elected government rested mainly in the hands of coalitions of moderates, and business interests were well represented. 61. Rise of the labor party in Great Britain- Relative social harmony was accompanied by the rise of the Labour party as a determined champion of the working classes and of greater social equality. The Labour party replaced the Liberal party as the main opposition to the conservatives. In 1924 and 1929, the Labour party under Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937) governed the country with the support of the smaller Liberal party. Yet Labour moved toward socialism gradually and democratically, so that the middle classes were not overly frightened as the working classes won new benefits. 62. Gertrude Stein- Writer Gertrude Stein (1874-1946), a leader of the large colony of American expatriates living in Paris, later recalled, "Paris was where the 20th century was." 63. The Great Depression- Depressions weren't unusual and new. What was Great about this one was its severity and duration. It struck the entire world with ever greater intensity from 19291933, and recovery was uneven and slow. Only with the Second World War did the depression disappear in much of the world. The depression shattered the fragile optimism of political leaders in the late 1920s. Mass unemployment and failing farms made insecurity a reality for millions of ordinary people. 64. why the Depression lasted so long (2 reasons)- Though economic activity was already declining moderately in many countries by early 1929, the crash of the stock market in the United States in October of that year triggered the collapse into the Great Depression. The American economy had prospered in the late 1920s, but there were large inequalities in income and a serious imbalance between real investment and stock market speculation. 65. mass unemployment Along with economic effects, mass unemployment posed a great social problem that mere numbers cannot adequately express. Millions of people lost their spirit and dignity in an apparently hopeless search for work. Homes and ways of life were disrupted in millions of personal tragedies. Young people postponed marriages they could not afford, and birthrates fell sharply. There was an increase in suicide and mental illness. Poverty or the threat of poverty became a grinding reality. 66. New Deal Full of charm and confidence in 1932, he won a landslide electoral victory with grand but vague promises of a New Deal for the forgotten man. Roosevelts basic goal was to reform capitalism in order to preserve it. In his words, A frank examination of the profit system in the spring of 1933 showed it to be in collapse; but

substantially everybody in the United States, in public office and out of public office, from the very rich to the very poor, was as determined as was my Administration to save it.

67. Scandinavian Socialism Scandinavian socialism grew out of a strong tradition of cooperative community action. Even before 1900, Scandinavian agricultural cooperatives had shown how individual peasant families could join together for everyones benefit. Labor leaders and capitalists were also inclined to work together. 68. Oslo Breakfast Image 69. Macdonald in Britain In 1924 and 1929, the Labour party under Ramsay MacDonald (18661937) governed the country with the support of the smaller Liberal party. Yet Labour moved toward socialism gradually and democratically, so that the middle classes were not overly frightened as the working classes won new benefits. 70. France during the Depression Because France was relatively less industrialized and more isolated from the world economy, the Great Depression came late. But once the depression hit France, it stayed and stayed. Decline was steady until 1935, and a short-lived recovery never brought production or employment back up to pre-depression levels. Economic stagnation both reflected and heightened an ongoing political crisis. There was no stability in government. 71. Leon Blum and the Popular Front In the next few months, Blums Popular Front government made the first and only real attempt to deal with the social and economic problems of the 1930s in France. Inspired by Roosevelts New Deal, the Popular Front encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and a forty-hour workweek. Popular with workers and the lower middle class, these measures were quickly sabotaged by rapid inflation and cries of revolution from fascists and frightened conservatives. 72. Spanish Civil War Inspired by the Spanish civil war, the painting commemorates the bombing of the ancient Spanish town of Guernica by fascist planes, an attack that took the lives of a thousand people one out of every eight inhabitantsin a single night of terror. Combining the free distortion of expressionism, the