WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - AUDITWATER RESOURCE MANGEMENT - AUDIT ABSTRACT. Water audit is an effective management tool for minimizing losses, optimizing various uses and thus enabling considerable conservation of water not in irrigation sector alone but in other sectors of water use such as domestic, power and industrial as well. A water audit determines the amount of water lost from a water supply system and the cost of this loss to the utility. It will quantify Unaccounted for Water (UFW) and Non- Revenue Water (NRW). Water audits balance the amount produced with the amount billed and account for the remaining water (loss). Comprehensive audits can give the utility a detailed profile of the water supply system and water users, allowing easier management of resources and improved reliability. It is an important step towards water conservation and, if linked with a leak detection plan, can save the utility a significant amount of money and time. Key words: Unaccounted for Water(UFW), Non-Revenue Water (NRW), Water Audit, Water treatment plant, Leaks, Losses, Rain Water Harvesting system(RWH).INTRODUCTIO! Water audit is an important management tool for effective conservation of water. Broadly water audit should be conducted categorically in two systems, resource audit or supply side audit and the other one as consumption audit on demand side. All efforts should be made for improvement of not only water use efficiency and distribution system, but also on the efficient development and management of the source of water. On the other hand demand for fresh water is increasing with every passing day. It is not only due to rapid population growth alone, but also on account of many other factors such as rise in per-capita water demand arising out of continuous upward movement of living standards, increased reliance on irrigated agriculture massive urbanization and industrialization etc. and it will become scarce in the coming decades. With a view to limited availability and increasing demand of water, standardization and popularization of the water audit system for conservation of water in all sectors of water use and improve the water use efficiency is must. What is Water Audit The water audit displays how quantity of water flows into and out of the distribution system and to the customer. Water auditing is a systematic & scientific examination of water accounts of the projects. It provides a rational, scientific framework that categorizes all water use in your system. It is a tool to overcome shortage, leakage and losses in the system. With the help of water audit, we identify and quantify what steps can be taken to reduce water use and losses. Water audit and its analysis which can solve not only many water related problems but also save precious resources and public money. Water audit is most effective tool for water management. Comprehensive Water Audit can give a detailed profile of distribution system and water users, there by facilitating easier & effective management resources and improved reliability. It may also prove as an effective tool for realistic understanding & assessment of present performance level of the service for future expansion Water auditing process involves checking of sector-wise water use against project planning and losses actually realized on the projects. Elements of water audit include a record of the amount of water produced (total water supply), water delivered to metered users, water delivered to unmetered users, water loss and suggested measures to address water loss (through leakages and other unaccounted for water losses). Thus it is a tool to identify public money wastage due to the water loss, un-authorized connections as an advantage over the optimized use of, water resources with environmental protection.WATER MANAGEMENT -AUDIT The Water Balance ‘Whereas water audit refers to the conducting of periodic exercises to determine water supplied into the distribution system as well as water lost and/or used within the distribution system, the water balance chart is the tool used to enhance a meaningful water audit report. Table- 1 shows the Water Balance of the Water Audit Method. Authorised | Billed Billed metered consumption Revenue consumption | Unauthorised Water consumption | Billed unmetered consumption Unbilled Unbilled metered consumption System Input ae een consumption | Unbilled unmetered consumption Unauthorised consumption Non- Revenue Water losses | spparent losses [Consumer meter under-registering Billing adjustment and waivers | Water Report Leaks Real losses | Unreported lows Table-I Water Balance © Water Losses: This is derived by subtracting authorized consumption from corrected system input volume. Water losses exist in two major classifications apparent losses and real losses. © Apparent Losses: Apparent loss is water that has been consumed but not paid for due to error in quantifying the volume of water. These losses cost water utilities revenue and understate the collective measure of customer consumption in the water utility’s service area. Valued at the customer retail (revenue) rate, these losses are often very cost effective to recover. © Real Losses: These are the “physical” losses, largely leakage, from the infrastructure: mains, valves, service lines, and tank overflows. Leakage occurrences are categorized as “reported” (visible) events or “unreported” (non visible—found only by active leak detection} events © Revenue Water: Revenue water consists of billed wholesale water exported and billed metered and unmetered water. These are usually the primary categories through which the utility can generate revenue. © Non-revenue Water: This term is the sum of apparent loss, real loss, and Unbilled authorized consumption. Non-revenue water is clearly defined as all water for which no revenue is received.WATER MANAGEMENT -AUDIT. SCOPE WATER MANGEMENT AUDIT The scope of this water balance manual shall cover all aspects from the water supplied to the distribution system as well as water losses and/or used with the distribution system and what eventually reaches to the customer's premises and is, billed/converted into revenue for the utility. Water audit improves the knowledge and documentation of the distribution system, problem and risk areas and a better understanding of what is happening to the water after it leaves the source point. THE MAIN OBJECTIVES ARE :- > Reduced water losses. Improved financial performance. Improved reliability of supply system. + Enhanced knowledge of the distribution system, > Efficient use of existing supplies, Better safeguard to public health and property. Improved public relations. + Reduced legal liability Reduced disruption, thereby improving level of service to customers. > Ease assessment of the utility’s water loss situation . Improve understanding and identification of issues pertaining to reduction of unaccounted for water and enhance effectiveness of its improvements through more reliable data Identify and regularize illegal connections. Reduced water losses. ose aN —-“isy—,WATER MANAGEMENT -AUDIT IETHODOLOGY OF PREPARING AN WATER AUDIT ~ Water Supply and Usage Study :- A study of the availability of water sources and past consumption patterns for various sectors is necessary to understand the present water utilization and projecting future requirement. Data on development of sustainable source of water through rainwater harvesting and effluent recycling should also be taken into consideration. Water audit comprises of preparation of layout of water sources, distribution network, service/delivery points to water users and return flow of waste or excess water. The layout should include locations and capacities of flow measurement devices installed at key points. ~> Process Study Water quality of the distribution system needs to be monitored regularly at strategic points to find out the level and nature of contaminants present in the supplied water. Depending on the types of application and degree of purity needed, the treatment system can be designed and developed. The water distribution system, leakage assessment etc. will form an integral part of this study.Such studies will also prove useful for future extension, renovation of the system. + Per Capita Water Requirement :- The quantity of water required for domestic purposes depends mainly on habits, social status, climatic conditions and customs of the people. The per capita water requirement in urban areas is more than that in the rural areas.As per yardstick of the Union Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation, water requirement for domestic purposes in urban areas is 40 liters per capita per day (ipcd) in case of supply through public stand posts and 70 Ipcd in the case of supply through house service connections, where no sewerage system is existing or contemplated. + Water Losses Water losses are losses in the distribution systems that are not due to authorized consumption. Water losses can be categorized as either apparent losses or real losses.Water losses are calculate before the distribution of the water to the house holds domestic industrial and irrigation purposes. + Non-Revenue Water (NRW) :- Non-revenue water is water that is not billed and for which no payment is received, Non-revenue water can be the result of authorized consumption and from water losses, both apparent and real. Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered Non Revenue WaterWATER MANAGEMENT -AUDIT ‘Among the benefits of NRW control initiatives are: 1. Reducing operating losses and improving revenue collection 2. Minimizing unscheduled water supply disruption through water pressure control measures and close supervision of quality of work and materials 3. Increasing the efficiency of water supply distribution system management 4. Improving asset management and water supply network systems and their components through the use of latest hardware and software technology 5. Performing water audit as a tool for checking the overall performance of water supply activities 6. Determining capital expenditures. ~ System Audit :- The current water usages and systems for water use under various sectors such as irrigation, industry and commerce, hydro power, domestic water supply, thermal power and others need to be studied to check their operational efficiency and level of maintenance. The scope for any modification or upgradation depend on the status of existing systems. Measurement methodology from the intake point of the system through various sub-systems to the ultimate user points needs to be verified periodically for its suitability, efficiency and accuracy. Bulk metering should be done at the source for zones, districts etc. and revenue metering for consumers. This will help in identifying the reaches of undue wastewater generation. ~ Discharge Analysis :- The domestic wastewater, return flows from irrigation, and effluents from the industries need to be studied for conformity to environment standards, possibility of recovery of valuable by-products and the opportunity for recycling of waste water. ~ Water Audit Report : ‘An effective water audit report may be purposeful in detection of leak in distribution system, taking timely action for plugging such leaks and thereby reducing conveyance losses of water and improving efficiency of the system. Water audit of the system should be undertaken at regular interval of time, at least on an annual basis. ‘Awater audit report may, invariably, contai (a) Amount of water earmarked/made available to the service. (b) Amount of water utilized both through metered and unmetered supplies. (c) Water loss and efficiency of the system along with reasons for such losses. (a) Suggested measures to check water loss and improve efficiency. ‘An effective water audit report may be purposeful in detection of leak in distribution system, taking timely action for plugging such leaks and thereby reducing conveyance losses of water and improving efficiency of the system. Water audit of the system should be undertaken at regular interval of time, at least on an annual basis.WATER AUDIT REPORT SMAPLE Now, we take water audit sample of an area [X].The area “x” consists of 2 streets. Each street has 6 households. The total population of the area is 48. Now we are performing the water audit for this area. The source of the water for this area is an lake nearby. And the water is supplied through an main pipe line. And the main pipe line is divide into 2 sub pipe lines[2 streets]. The total no of pipe connections 12 ‘The total water demand of the area is 1920 liters per day. The total no of bends in pipe lines in this area are 14. WATER AUDIT TABLE FOR AREA “X” Total pipe bend losses = kX v?/2g. Where, K = co-efficient of bend. V= velocity of fluid. (meter per second) B= gravity of water. NO OF | WATER NO OF | PIPEBEND | TOTAL | ACTUAL STREETS | CONSUMPTION CONNECTIONS | LOSSES | DEMAND | WATER DRINKING | DOMESTIC mee 1 é zo lIters | 960 ters | (1/2 inches | 120 ters | 1080 iters | 1200 liters pipe) 2 € 120 liters | 720Kiters | (1inch pipe) | 9OIiters | BAO ters | 930 ters ‘The above water audit table describes the total water usage of an area.WATER MANGEMENT - AUDI WATER TREATMENT PRACTISE Water treatment is performed in order to improve water quality. The processes employed for water treatment depend on the quality of the water supply. In all cases, water has to be disinfected in order to deactivate any existing microorganisms present in water. Water can be contaminated by the following agents: Pathogens ~ disease-causing organisms that include bacteria, amoebas and viruses, as well as the eggs and larvae of parasitic worms. + Harmful chemicals from human activities (industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers). Chemicals and minerals from the natural environment, such as arsenic, common salt and fluorides. Some non-harmful contaminants may influence the taste, smell, colour or temperature of water, and make it unacceptable to the ‘commu Generally water treatment practise is divide into two parts : Household water-treatment systems — boiling; — domestic chlorination. Community water-treatment systems — storage and sedimentation; — up-flow roughing filter; — slow sand filtration; — chlorination in piped water-supply systems.WATER MANGEMENT - AUDIT. RAIN WATER HARVESTIN Rapid industrialization and urbanization coupled with continuous decline in per capita water availability is putting a lot of pressure on the available water resources in the country. There is a need for water conservation, not only to restore the fast, deteriorating Eco-system of the country but also to meet the inevitable emergency of shortage even for drinking and domestic water in near future. Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rainwater at the surface or in sub-surface aquifers, before itis lost as surface runoff. Ground water augmentation through diversion of rainfall to sub-surface reservoirs, by various artificial recharge techniques, has special relevance in India where due to terrain conditions most of the rain water is lost as flash floods and local streams remain dry for most part of the year. A twin strategy of adopting simple artificial recharge techniques in rural areas like Percolation Tanks, Check dams, Recharge Shafts, Dug well Recharge and Subsurface dykes and adopting Roof top rainwater harvesting in urban areas, can go a long way in redeeming the worsening situation of shortage of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting has to be taken up in a big way to solve the crisis of water scarcity. Uncovered areas, particularly in urban and semi- urban localities, are continuously diminishing due to phenomenal pace of industrialization and urbanization and massive use of concrete all around in the country. ‘Apart from this, harvesting of surface runoff in open areas, both public and private, may also need to be encouraged. Some of the benefits of rainwater harvesting are as follows: Y Increases water availability Y Checks the declining water table Y Improves the quality of ground water through the dilution of fluoride, nitrate and salinity. Y Prevents soil erosion and flooding espe ¥ Is environmentally friendly. ly in urban areas.WATER RESOURCE MANGEMEENT - AUDIT DATA ANALYSIS By, using the water auditing process we have analyzed water supply and usage reports of an area. Water auditing is an primary tool for conservation water resources.in above water auditing we have used the water balance chart to find the losses in the water supply of an area. We have to find the ‘no bends in the pipe to find the total losses. The methodology used for water auditing is used to supply the limited water supply to the an area. We find different types of losses like real losses, apparent losses, unmetered water, metered water and supply the water to the households by calculating the total water water losses. Finally, water auditing is a tool used to maintain the efficient supply of water and conserve the water resources. CONCLUSION Water audit is an important management tool for effective conservation of water. Broadly water audit should be conducted categorically in two systems, resource audit or supply side audit and the other one as consumption audit on demand side. Allefforts should be made for improvement of not only water use efficiency and distribution system, but also on the efficient development and management of the source of water. REFERNCES :- https://i journals. in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/9. 4210~ Ramraje. compressed. pdf 3: //www. google. com/url 2sa=idurl=h sASAN2FIOT Wn, researchgate, ne Fpubl ication’2F278036481 WATER AUDIT A CASE STUDY OF WATER SUPPLY sci SHRIVARDHANRps n-AOWaw DuhBt 3745371 ERAzk Ihust=165054004 3625000&source=images&ed=vfe&ved=0CA0Q jhxqFwoTCNC] xvwCoveCFQAAAAAGAL AABAO https://www, hyderabadwater. gov. in/en/themes/iMNS/down] oads/rainwaterh arvesting. pdf h 3: //amm, ede, /water treatment, html