A TERM PAPER ON

FIBER AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

Submitted By: Under the Guidance

HARSH VATS DR. JITENDRA MOHAN
(9916102075)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,
NOIDA (U.P.) November, 2019

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the term paper report entitled, ―Fiber and its Applications‖
submitted by Harsh Vats in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida is an authentic work carried out by
him under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in this report is original
and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature of Supervisor:
Dr. Jitendra Mohan
ECE Department,
JIIT, Sec-128,
Noida-201304

Dated: 27 Nov 2019

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission represents my own ideas in my own words
and where others' ideas or words have been included, they have been adequately cited
and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.

Place: JIIT-128,
Noida Date: 29 Nov
2019

Name: Harsh Vats

Enrollment: 9916102075

ii
 ABSTRACT

The need of communication is an all-time need of human beings. For communication some
channel is needed. In recent years it has become apparent that fiber optics are steadily
replacing copper wires as an appropriate means of communication. They span a long
distance and act as a backbone for many networks. To cope with everlasting need of
bandwidth for communication with low latency, fiber optics cables are the way to go.
This study covers the limitations of old copper system and development of new tyoe of multi
core fibers for industrial use and the important different sensors that optical fibers are
used in. This study will also throw some light on how only a few number of optical fiber
cables supports 99% of the world’s internet through cables that are laid on the seabad.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable

supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our term paper
supervisor Dr. Jitendra Mohan, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering at Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Sector-128 in bringing this
report to a successful completion. I am grateful to our term paper coordinator Dr.
Bhagirath Sahu to make the facilities available in Department to carry out project
successfully. Last but not the least I express my sincere thanks to all my friends who
have patiently extend all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.

Name: Harsh Vats

Enrollment: 9916102075
27th, November 2019

iv
 CONTENTS

Certificate ............................................................................................................i

Declaration............................................................................................................ii

Abstract.................................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... iv

List of Figure. ....................................................................................................... vi

1) Introduction. ........................................................................................................ 7

1.1) Background. ....................................................................................... 7

1.2) Global Data. .......................................................................................7

Structure And Basic Working

1.3.1) Structure. .............................................................................8

1.3.2) Working. ................................................................................9

Optical Fiber Communication. ............................................................. 10

2) Working Modes. ................................................................................................. 11

Single Mode Optical Fiber........................................................................... 11

Multi Mode Optical Fiber. .......................................................................... 12

3) Literature Survey. ............................................................................................ 13

Multi-Core Optical Fiber. ........................................................................... 13

Classification of Multi Core Fiber. ................................................ 14

Sensors using Optical Fiber......................................................................... 15

3.2.1) Landslide Monitoring Using Fiber Optic Sensor ........... 15

Submarine Cables. ................................................................................ 15

4) Conclusion. ....................................................................................................... 17

References. ....................................................................................................... 18

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Growth And Major Clients .......................................................................... 8

Structure of Optical Fiber ................................................................... 9
Total Internal Reflection. .................................................................... 9 ..
Optical Fiber Communication ........................................................... 10
2.1 Single Mode Fiber. ............................................................................ 11
2.2 Multi Mode Fiber .............................................................................. 12
3.1
Types of Multi Core Fibers. ............................................................... 13 .
Submarine Cable Map. ............................................................................................. 16 .
..
Laying of Submarine Cable. ..................................................................................... 16
..
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...
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.
..
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..
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 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Background

Fiber optics is one of the methods of transmitting information that works by sending pulses
of light through an optical fiber. The light transmitted forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave modulated to carry information. Optical fiber cable (OFC), especially for
telecommunication companies, has become a preferred transmission medium for catering to
aggressive bandwidth demands. Furthermore the increasing cloud based applications, audio-
video services, and Video-on-Demand (VoD) services stimulate the demand of fiber optic
cable.

Global Data
• The fiber optic cable market is expected to witness growth, registering a CAGR of
12.26 percent during the forecast period of 2019-2024. With the increasing demand
for IoT and more number of connected devices, data transmission has become vital
for the users. Hence, the fiber optic cable market is witnessing a huge opportunity of
growth during the forecast period.

• Further, technological advancements in the telecom sector have increased the

deployment of broadband network architectures. Fiber to the Home (FTTH) and
Fiber to the Building (FTTB) are the few prominent broadband networking
architectures that necessitate the large scale deployment of fiber optics networks.
This factor is driving the demand for fiber optic cables.

• The major benefit of fiber optic cable is the increased security option that cannot be
tapped with the traditional copper cable. This is another major factor driving the fiber
optic cables market (Fig: 1.1)

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 Figure 1.1 – Growth and Major Clients [5]

Structure and Basic Working

Structure
An Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality glass (silica) or plastic,
slightly thicker than a human hair. It either functions as a waveguide or light pipe that
transmits light between two ends of the fiber or fiber cable. Optical fibers are widely used
in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Same way as copper
cables, fiber cables varies in specifications, mainly depending on the applications they are
designed for. Variations might affect core diameter, materials used, and environment cable
could be used in. In order to better understand how fiber cable works, one should have a
look at its components. Each fiber optics strand has three components inside (Fig: 1.2):

• Core

• Cladding

• Coating

8
 Figure 1.2 – Structure of Optical Fiber [7]

Working

Light travels down a fiber-optic cable by bouncing repeatedly off the walls. Each tiny
photon (particle of light) bounces down the pipe like a bobsleigh going down an ice run.
Now you might expect a beam of light, traveling in a clear glass pipe, simply to leak out
of the edges. But if light hits glass at a really shallow angle (less than 42 degrees), it
reflects back in again—as though the glass were really a mirror. This phenomenon is
called total internal reflection (Fig: 1.3). It’s one of the things that keeps light inside the
pipe.

Figure 1.3 – Total Internal Reflection [8]

The other thing that keeps light in the pipe is the structure of the cable, which is made
up of two separate parts. The main part of the cable—in the middle—is called the core
and that’s the bit the light travels through. Wrapped around the outside of the core is
another layer of glass called the cladding. The cladding’s job is to keep the light signals
inside the core. It can do this because it is made of a different type of glass to the core.
(More technically, the cladding has a lower refractive index.)

9
 1.1 Optical Fiber Communication

Figure 1.4: Communication through Optical Fiber

As shown in the figure 1.4 above, below are the components of an optical fiber
communication:

 Light source – LED or laser is used.LED for Multimode fiber and Laser Diode for
Single mode fiber.

• Optical Fiber - Works on the principle of Total Internal Reflection. The core has higher
refractive index while cladding has less Snell’s Law state ratio of the sines of the angles
of incidence and refraction of a wave are constant when it passes between two given
media.

• Receiver end has a Photo detector in it. Photo detector converts light pulses into electrical
energy.

10
 CHAPTER - 2

WORKING MODES

Single Mode Optical Fiber

Single Mode cable is a single stand (most applications use 2 fibers as shown in Figure
2.1) of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of transmission.
Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through which only one mode will
propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but
requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms mono-mode optical fiber,
single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber .Single Modem fiber is
used in many applications where data is sent at multi-frequency (WDM Wave-Division-
Multiplexing) so only one cable is needed - (single-mode on one single fiber) single-
mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than
multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than
multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that
could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the
highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.
Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode
can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.

Figure 2.1: Single Mode Fiber

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Multimode Optical Fiber
Multi-Mode cable has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameters in the 50-to-
100 micron range for the light carry component (in the US the most common size is 62.5
um). Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is used, 2 fibers are used (WDM is not
normally used on multi-mode fiber as shown in Figure 2.2). POF is a newer plastic-based
cable which promises performance similar to glass cable on very short runs, but at a lower
cost.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to
275m to 2km) over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or
modes, as they travel through the cable’s core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical
multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers. However, in long cable
runs (greater than 3000 feet [914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal
distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission so
designers now call for single mode fiber in new application Gigabit and beyond.

Figure 2.2: Multi-Mode Fiber [9]

12
 CHAPTER - 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

Multi Core Fiber

Multi-core Optical Fiber.(OFS) is a revolutionary new approach to engineer a fiber for
high capacity applications. MCF prototypes in both single- mode (SM) and multi-mode
(MM) with a multiple of cores ranging from 4 to 8 (Fig: 3.1) have been produced. SCFs.
In SDM transmission systems, several different signals are transmitted simultaneously
by providing multiple spatial paths with cost effective ways.MCF approach is expected
as a good candidate since the core multiplicity and mode multiplicity can be combined
in MCFs, however, the suppression of crosstalk between neighboring cores becomes an
issue if the number of cores increases in a limited cladding size.
 The first approach is to incorporate multiple separate cores with sufficiently low
crosstalk between neighboring cores in a single fiber, which is known as a
weakly-coupled multi-core fiber (MCF).
 The second approach is to utilize multiple different modes in a fiber, which is a
few-mode fiber (FMF) or multimode fiber (MMF).
Firstly, crosstalk estimation and crosstalk suppression techniques in MCFs are de-
scribed. Therefore the maximum number of cores and the core arrangement has to be
carefully determined based on the allowable crosstalk level and upper cladding size.
Recently developed MCFs with supporting a few spatial modes in each core, which are
few-mode MCFs (FM-MCFs), are also presented.

Figure 3.1: Types of Multi Core Fiber

13
3.1.1 Classification of Multi core Fibers

In the late 2000s, the SDM approach with MCFs had come to attract much attention
again because the future capacity crunch became an issue with reality. The first type is a
weakly-coupled MCF, in which each core is used as an individual waveguide with
sufficiently low interference between neighboring cores. In weakly-coupled MCFs, the
optical crosstalk between adjacent cores is an important problem, since a part of the
optical power launched into one of the core is coupled with neigh boring cores during
the propagation, and the crosstalk (XT) is = defined as XT 10log10 (P’/P) [dB], where P
and P’ are the output power from the input core and that from the neighboring core,
respectively. In order to keep crosstalk level lower - than 30 dB, the coupling coefficient
’K’ between neighboring cores should be less than for transmission longer than 10 km
by sacrificing the core density and its typical core to core distance 40um.
The second type is a strongly-coupled MCF, in which the crosstalk between cores is
intentionally introduced by decreasing the core-to-core distance, resulting in the core
density improvement. In theory, the strongly-coupled MCF sup ports several super-
modes and it can be considered a form of MMFs .Among these two categories of
MCFs, SDM based on weakly coupled MCFs is a simple and promising approach for
increasing SCC Recent SM-MCF transmission experiments have achieved the
transmission capacity well beyond the fundamental limit of SM-SCF.

14
Sensors Using Optical Fiber

3.2.1 Landslide Monitoring Using Fiber Optic Sensor

In the past twenty years, many monitoring methods were proposed, but the dominant
method is displacement amount testing, such as mechanics-electronics displacement
measuring, topographic surveys and GPS surveys. These traditional monitoring
techniques give information about displacements only in a few numbers of points. In
addition, it takes much time and money for a large number of points to measure on a
continuous basis. In fact, the landslide will occur when the balance between the hill’s
weight and the countering resistance forces is tipped in favor of gravity. So, if the intra-
stress distribution and changes of the landslide bodies can be monitored, the occurrence
of landslides will be predicted accurately. With particular advantage, a distributed fiber
optic stress sensor can be used to monitor the intra-stress distribution and changes in
landslide bodies. According to the characteristics of the intra-stress distribution and
changes detected by the distributed fiber optic stress sensor, combining with some
applications of specific mathematical models, the movement the landslides can be
predicted, thus the disaster can be avoided.

Submarine Cables

Submarine cables play a critical role in global interconnected networks, carrying about
99 percent of international communications traffic. Sharp growth in demand for data,
fueled by bandwidth-intensive applications such as video and a proliferation of cloud-
based services, has driven a considerable uptick in global submarine cable deployments.
The last five years have seen an average 26 percent increase in available capacity per
year on major routes. Fig 3.2 shows the current state of submarine cable across the
world.

15
 Fig 3.2: Submarine Cable Map [6]

The history of submarine communications cables goes back to 1850, when the first cable
was laid across the English Channel to allow telegraph communications between the
United Kingdom and continental Europe.
These cable use optical fiber to give speeds upto 35 Tb/s . Some of the newer and most
cutting edge cable the ―Merea‖ cable which connects Virginia , United States to Balboa ,
Spain is totally funded by Facebook and Google is capable of data transmission rates
upto 160 Terabits per second. This is equivalent to 71,000,000 HD videos at the same
time. The laying of the cable is performed by a special trawler ships which carry giants
spools of internet cables and unreeling them as they pass from shore to shore (Fig: 3.3).
A sea plow is towed along the back of the ship as well to aid the bearing of the cable a
few inches below the surface for enhanced protection.
.

Fig 3.3: Laying Of Submarine Cable [10]

16
 CHAPTER – 4

CONCLUSION

The study concludes that fiber optics is the technology to look forward to. It offers high
bandwidth for large consumption of data. It is also free from attenuation in long range
and fibers are electrically insulated. It is cost effective and is more affordable the than its
counterpart copper system. With single fiber core mode nearing its end, the industry is
going to switch to multi core fibers as its offers endless probabilities and bandwidth.The
sheer value of fiber over something like satellite communication is very clear. Be it any
weather or terrain optical fiber is leaps ahead of its counterpart.

17
 REFERENCES

1) Dai, Qiang, Hong Bo Bai, Xiao Liang Zhu, Li Jia Ma, and Tao Zhang, ―Fabrication
and Optical Properties of Linear-Corearray Multicore Fiber‖, International
Conference onOptoelectronics and Microelectronics (ICOM), September 2013

2) Saitoh, Kunimasa, ―Multicore Fiber Technology.‖ Optical Fiber Communication

Conference, 2015

3) Dai, Zhi-Yong, Yong Liu, Li-Xun Zhang, Zhong-Hua Ou, Ce Zhou, and Yong-Zhi
Liu, ―Landslide Monitoring Based on High- Resolution Distributed Fiber Optic Stress
Sensor‖, 1st Asia- Pacific Optical Fiber Sensors Conference, 2008

4) Doug Brake, ―Submarine Cables: Critical Infrastructure for Global Communications‖

Information Technology And Innovation Foundation, 2019

5) Market Research Firm, ―Fiber Optics Market‖, Accessed November 29, 2019

6) www.submarinecablemap.com

7) https://www.google.com/search?q=optical+fiber+structure&rlz=1C1CHZL_enIN820IN820&sxs
rf=ACYBGNRmH-
UAgpNOLk3iK0IvU7XxLsEofg:1575305680989&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwiyqZz8tpfmAhUMzTgGHZ_QB7UQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw&biw=1536&bih=711#imgrc=
JKVHS_EKiHQbkM:

8) https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHZL_enIN820IN820&biw=1536&bih=711&tbm=isc
h&sxsrf=ACYBGNTsmyVR6Eai4oOR8Q2qWwHO_hc0Rg%3A1575305682787&sa=1&ei=0k
HlXczfL5Ob4-
EPmqumQA&q=optical+fiber+total+internal+reflection&oq=optical+fiber+tot&gs_l=img.1.0.0j
0i8i30.415433.416015..417511...0.0..0.136.725.0j6......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i67j0i24j35i39.uv8OrIXnY2I#imgrc=lId7xUhoLuWIzM:

9) https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHZL_enIN820IN820&biw=1536&bih=711&tbm=isc
h&sxsrf=ACYBGNQc-
T2KKxGmPP8VhcA6MwmHeM84TQ%3A1575306101294&sa=1&ei=dUPlXb_LEcf0rAHlq4
uIBw&q=optical+fiber+multimode&oq=optical+fiber+multi&gs_l=img.1.0.0l2j0i8i30l8.35637.
39890..41049...0.0..0.122.1039.0j9......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39.d4BQsRaIrAU#imgrc=qylafz1RLUfgQM:

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h&sxsrf=ACYBGNQLqp1SZLVZAsevAXUWUT3YNOPPxg%3A1575306210412&sa=1&ei=
4kPlXa_hGNHIyAO1xpO4Cw&q=submarines+cables+laying&oq=submarines+cables+laying
&ghkbck:

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