SLIDE 2: Background

-The water scarcity is contagious and has made people do not have access to proper
clean water sources and sanitation facilities, especially people with low economic
income because the Indian government could not keep up with the demand for the
water supply and the people’s needs for water are way faster than the time needed by
the government to build proper water infrastructure.
-Seeing the obstacles often faced by developing countries, especially in the field of
allocating development funds, prompted the World Bank to provide foreign assistance.
Therefore, through reforming the construction of clean water facilities, the World Bank
encourages the creation of clean water facilities that are easily accessible to the public.

SLIDE 4: Framework
In this research, I am going to use 4 theories, which are; Liberal Institutionalism by
Robert Keohane, International Organizations by Clive Archer, Environmental Justice by
Clifford Rechtschaffen and Eileen Gauna, & Foreign Loan Theory by Alan Rix.
In Liberal Institutionalism, IR Actors are divided into 2 (State and Non-State Actor), in
here India & the World Bank. As a state actor, in cooperating with another actor, India
brings its National Interest, in this case solving the clean water crisis, while the World
Bank brings its mission to end poverty. Then they both make cooperation to achieve the
absolute gain, which is the right to water for everyone in the targeted area.
Then for a deeper analysis about the World Bank as an IO actor, I analyze it with IO
theory by Clive Archer. The Bank’s role as an IO is divided into 3; Instrument (the world
bank is used by India as an instrument to achieve its national interest, Arena (the world
bank provide space for its member country to discuss, debate and cooperate), Actor
(As an IO Actor, the World Bank giving loan to India for the water project then i will
analyze it with foreign loan theory by Alan Rix)
The Foreign Loan then used to support the project Implementation which aim to give
the right to water for everyone in the targeted area, which is one of the World Bank’s
Mission.
Then the Environmental Justice approach is used to support the people’s right to
adequate and safe water.
SLIDE 7: Human rights
- Adequate, the water supply for each person must be adequate and continuous for
personal and domestic use, such as drinking, personal sanitation, washing clothes, food
preparation, household hygiene.
- Safe, Water required for personal and domestic use must be safe and free from
microorganisms and chemical substances that endanger human health.
- Accessible, Water and irrigation facilities and services must be:
Physically accessible; means that it must be within safe physical reach for all.
Economically accessible; Water cost must be affordable by everyone.
Informationally accessible: people have rights to get and provide any knowledge on
water issues.

SLIDE 8: Impact
-Health, Waterborne diseases, such as diarrhoea, are a serious problem from the public
health point of view as they can spread rapidly affecting large sections of the population.
-Economic, why does it really impact the economy sector? because all the things that
are delayed due to lack of water lead to hunger, decreased standard of living of the
community, decreased employment opportunities, and a negative impact on people's
income and expenditure.
-Politic, because The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghan rivers that flow through the
South Asian region are being fought over by countries that pass through them, such as
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan and China.

SLIDE 9: Env Justice

Therefore, in this case, the World Bank gave India A concessional Loan (With only low
interest rates (around 3.5%), and long repayment period (around 25 years). Then the
Indian Government used this loan to fund the Maharashtra Rural Water and Sanitations
“Jalswarajya” Project.

SLIDE 13: Arena

As an Arena organization provides a meeting place for its members to come together to
discuss, debate, cooperate, or to disagree on something and member countries have
the right to do something according to their interests.

SLIDE 14: Actor

-In this first stage, the World Bank is tasked with identifying the root of the problem and
establishing a strategy. In the process of identifying problems, the World Bank assessed
that usually the problem is financial problems. The lack of financial budgets has resulted
in low public water and sanitation facilities in India. So the initial strategy used by the
World Bank to fund for further and efficient policy development was to ensure that its
member countries use the money through effective and equitable spending through
partnerships with ministries of finance.
-During project preparation, the World Bank team takes a role in designing the project
while India as the borrowing country does the Environmental and social impact
assessments.
-After the borrowing country could pass the first and second stage and is considered
worthy to receive the loans and do the project, the next stage is board approval. Then
After the country gets the board approval, the project implementation can start as soon
as possible.
-The fourth phase is implementation.
-Then after the implementation process is done, The last one is evaluation. At this
stage, World Bank employees prepare a complete report at the end of the evaluation of
the project as well as the borrower's performance. Then the lessons from this evaluation
will relate to future project designs.
SLIDE 16: Instrument
The role of international organizations as an instrument is used by countries primarily as
an instrument to achieve foreign policy goals or national interest.