Topics in Algebra Assignments 10/18

105201010
張誌麟
Exercise 6.4. If M is an R-module and (Ni )i∈I is a family of R-modules, establish the fol-
lowing isomorphisms of abelian groups:
( )
⊕ ∏
(a) HomR Ni , M ∼= HomR (Ni , M );
( i∈I ) i∈I
∏ ∏
(b) HomR M, Ni ∼ = HomR (M, Ni ).
i∈I i∈I

Deduce that
 
⊕ ∏ ∏
HomR  Mi , Nj  ∼
= Hom(Mi , Nj ).
i∈I j∈I (i,j)∈I×J

Establish an abelian group isomorphism HomZ (Z, Z) ∼= Z. Deduce that, for all positive integers
n and m,
HomZ (Zn , Zm ) ∼
= Znm .
Solution. (⊕ ) ∏
(a) Define f( : HomR ) i∈I Ni , M → i∈I HomR (Ni , M ) by f (θ) = (θ ◦ in(i )i∈I for every )
⊕ ⊕
θ ∈ HomR i∈I Ni , M . Assume f (θ) = f (φ) for some θ and φ in HomR i∈I⊕Ni , M .
Then (θ ◦ ini )i∈I = (φ ◦ ini )i∈I and so θ ◦ ini = φ ◦ ini for all i ∈ I. Let (ni )i∈I ∈ i∈I Ni .
Then
( ) ( )
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
θ((ni )i∈I ) = θ ini (ni ) = θ(ini (ni )) = φ(ini (ni )) = φ ini (ni ) = φ((ni )i∈I )
i∈I i∈I i∈I i∈I
∏
and so θ = φ. ⊕ hence f is one-to-one. To show ∑ that f is onto, let (θi )i∈I ∈ i∈I HomR (Ni , M ).
Define
∑ θ : i∈I Ni → M by θ((ni )i∈I⊕ ) = i∈I θi (ni ). Note that θ is well-defined since
θ (n ) is a finite sum as (n ) ∈ N . Then f (θ) = (θ ◦ ini )(i∈I = (θi )i∈I). Hence f
i∈I i i i i∈I i∈I i
⊕
is onto. f is a group homomorphism since for every θ and φ in HomR i∈I Ni , M ,

f (θ + φ) = ((θ + φ) ◦ ini )i∈I = (θ ◦ ini + φ ◦ ini )i∈I = (θ ◦ ini )i∈I + (φ ◦ ini )i∈I = f (θ) + f (φ).
( ∏ ) ∏
(b) Define (f : HomR )M, i∈I Ni → i∈I HomR (M, Ni ) by f (θ) = (pr ( i ◦∏ θ)i∈I for
) every
∏
θ ∈ HomR M, i∈I Ni . Assume f (θ) = f (φ) for some θ and φ in HomR M, i∈I Ni . Then
(pri ◦ θ)i∈I = (pri ◦ φ)i∈I and so pri ◦ θ = pri ◦ φ for all i ∈ I. Let m ∈ M . Then
θ(m) = (pri (θ(m)))i∈I = (pri (φ(m)))i∈I = φ(m)
∏
∏ f is one-to-one. To show that f is onto, let (θi )i∈I ∈ i∈I HomR (M, Ni ).
and so θ = φ. hence
Define θ : M → i∈I Ni by θ(m) = (θi (m))i∈I . Then f (θ) = (pri ◦ θ)(i∈I = (θi )i∈I) . Hence f is
∏
onto. f is a group homomorphism since for every θ and φ in HomR M, i∈I Ni ,
f (θ + φ) = (pri ◦ (θ + φ))i∈I = (pri ◦ θ + pri ◦ φ)i∈I = (pri ◦ θ)i∈I + (pri ◦ φ)i∈I = f (θ) + f (φ).
By the associativity of direct product,
 
∏ ∏ ∏
HomR (Mi , Nj ) ∼=  HomR (Mi , Nj )
(i,j)∈I×J j∈J (i,j)∈I×{j}
( ) ( )  
∏ ∏ ∏ ⊕ ⊕ ∏
∼
= HomR (Mi , Nj ) ∼
= HomR Mi , N j ∼
= HomR  Mi , Nj  .
j∈J i∈I j∈J i∈I i∈I j∈J

By Exercise 2.4, HomZ (Z, Z) ∼

= Z via the isomorphism θ 7→ θ(1). Therefore HomZ (Zn , Zm ) ∼
=
nm ∼ nm
((HomZ (Z, Z)) =Z .