2020 The 5th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy

Monitoring Thermal Comfort Level of Commercial Buildings’ Occupants in a Hot-

Humid Climate Country Using K-nearest Neighbors Model

Faridah Hani Mohamed Salleh Mulyana binti Saripuddin

Department of Computing Department of Computing
College of Computing & Informatics College of Computing & Informatics
Universiti Tenaga Nasional Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN
43000 Kajang, Malaysia 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
e-mail: faridahh@uniten.edu.my e-mail: mulyanasaripuddin@gmail.com

Abstract—This paper presents a thermal comfort monitoring
system that able to simulate the thermal comfort level of
commercial building occupants in a hot-humid climate country.
The main benefit of this monitoring system is to reduce the
energy usage by observing the actual thermal comfort value of
the building constantly. The predictive model proposed in this
research aims to optimize building energy performance without
sacrificing occupant thermal comfort. The system was
developed based on KNN (K-nearest neighbors) model using the
six thermal comfort factors. The data used for evaluating our
proposed model was obtained from a study of adaptive thermal
comfort of lecture halls in Malaysia universities. Another set of
data is also used to assess the suitability of the proposed model
when applied to data of non-hot humid climate (temperate
climates). As a result, the proposed monitoring system scores
72.97% of accuracy outperforms PMV that scores 43%
accuracy. As for non-hot humid climate country dataset, PMV
outperforms our proposed monitoring system, with 35.13%
accuracy while the proposed monitoring system only reach up
to 18.19%. The results of the experiment reveal that the
recommended model is only suitable for use on buildings in hot-
humid climate country and may not be suitable for buildings in
temperate climate country.
Keywords-HVAC monitoring system; thermal comfort; KNN;
green technology
RP-884 database [1]. Our model use data of six factors,
including four environmental factors (indoor temperature,
indoor humidity, mean radiant temperature and air velocity)
and two vital ones (metabolic rate and clothing insulation) [2].
The original plan of this research was to get the actual data
read from the sensors. The sensors shall be installed at the
identified places in our university and was planned to be used
as gold standards to assess the accuracy level of the proposed
model. Getting an actual response on the thermal (cold, slight
cool, slight warm, hot) from the buildings’ occupants was also
part of the plan. However, due to some constraints, the sensors
were unable to be installed. The actual votes on how the
occupant’s feels when in the building were unable to be
collect because most of the students had to leave university
due to movement control order enforced by the government
of Malaysia. Movement control order was enforced to prevent
COVID-19 from being spread widely in community.
Alternatively, we use the data provided by the other
researchers in Malaysia. Fig. 1 shows the overview of the
proposed thermal comfort monitoring system if to be used in
reality. The computerized system shall calculate the thermal
comfort value by utilizing the six thermal factors, which the
data shall be provided by the sensors placed in the building.

I. INTRODUCTION
Thermal comfort is a condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment [1]. Thermal
comfort is the key to the design and modeling of smart
buildings. People today spend over 90% of their time in
buildings, and poor comfort in buildings increases the chances
of sick building syndrome, absenteeism and cognitive
degradation [2], [3]. Therefore, it is important to create a
healthy and comfortable indoor space, while at the same time
minimizing the energy consumption of the building. The main
step in achieving this goal is to create an accurate thermal
comfort model. Previously, thermal comfort modeling has
received a lot of attention from the researchers. The most
prominent model is Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) [1], [4].
Our proposed model use KNN and was trained using
dataset obtained from American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed thermal comfort monitoring system

978-1-7281-9026-6/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 209

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 The subsequent sections discuss about our proposed  Cross-validated, k-fold=12
model (uses KNN and trained by RP 884 data) that was 4. Generate 𝑇𝐶, convert into class
transformed into thermal comfort monitoring system for according to Lookup
testing. We use dataset provided by [5] and data from several 5. Return 𝑇𝐶
Europe Countries [6] for accuracy testing of our proposed 𝑇𝑎 , Air Temperature (°C)
thermal comfort monitoring system. 𝑇𝑟 , Mean Radiant Temperature (°C)
𝑅𝐻, Relative Humidity (%)
II. THERMAL COMFORT MODELS 𝑉𝑒𝑙, Air Speed (m/s)
New approaches to building conditioning require an 𝐶𝑙𝑜, Clothing Insulation (clo)
advanced understanding of how occupants respond to thermal 𝑀𝑒𝑡, Metabolic Rate (met)
environments [7], and this can be defined by calculating 𝑇𝐶, Thermal Comfort
thermal comfort value. By better understanding occupant
comfort in buildings, the building industry may increase IV. DATASETS FOR EVALUATION
revenues for building owners and tenants through improved A study had been conducted to develop an adaptive
employee health, satisfaction, and productivity[7]. Defining thermal comfort model in air-conditioned lecture halls in
thermal comfort is quite complex as there are many factors to Malaysia [13]. We obtained data with 36 samples (in rows)
take into account including environmental, work-related and that contains all the six thermal factors state together with
personal factor. There are six factors that shall be addressed AMV (Actual Mean Vote or actual users’ thermal comfort)
when defining conditions for acceptable thermal comfort, and PMV. PMV accuracy generated by [13] reaches up to
categorized into occupants’ characteristics; metabolic rate, 43%. The AMV and PMV values have been scaled according
clothing insulation and thermal environment condition; air to the predictable scale by the model, which is the five classes
temperature, humidity, mean radiant temperature and air (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2). The scale is from Cold (-2) to Hot (2).
speed [8], [9]. Metabolic rate is related to occupant’s activities.
Clothing insulation is the thermal insulation provided by TABLE II. SAMPLE OF THERMAL DATA OF LECTURE HALL IN MALAYSIA
[13]
clothing. Clothing insulation also has standardized value
determined by ASHRAE 55 [10]. Mean radiant temperature Hall 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑟 𝑅𝐻 𝑉𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑙𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑡 AMV PMV
is defined as the temperature of a uniform, black enclosure A 24 24 51.2 0.14 0.75 1.15 0 0
that exchanges the same amount of thermal radiation with the 22.1 24.3 48.5 0.24 0.54 1 -2 -1
occupant as the actual enclosure [3]. Air speed refers to speed 21.2 23.6 47.4 0.21 0.76 1 -1 -1
19.7 23.3 46 0.23 0.54 1.08 -1 -1
of air which the body exposed. Relative humidity is the
19.1 22.7 46.5 0.21 0.63 1 -2 -1
amount of water vapour present in air expressed as a 19.1 22.5 46.4 0.16 0.36 1 -2 -2
percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same B 21.3 22.4 61.8 0.22 0.6 1.08 0 -1
temperature [11]. Whilst PMV is said to be the most well- 21.4 22.5 62.5 0.12 0.58 1 -2 -1
known thermal comfort model [1], [4], some other models that 21 22.6 62.6 0.17 0.72 1.12 -1 -1
have emerged as the most used ones are ANNs (Artificial 20.9 22.6 63.1 0.1 0.5 1 -2 -1
Neural Network) and hybrid ANN-fuzzy [11][12]. Support 21 22.7 62.4 0.16 0.72 1 -1 -1
vector machine (SVM), decision trees, fuzzy logic, and Bayes 21 22.7 63 0.1 0.72 1 0 -1
C 21.9 22.7 69.8 0.18 0.72 1 -2 -1
network have been extensively applied in thermal comfort
22.2 22.7 68 0.1 0.65 1.1 -1 0
studies [7]. 22.8 22.7 68.8 0.1 0.63 1 -2 -1
22.7 22.7 67.1 0.12 0.72 1.2 -2 0
III. MODEL DESCRIPTIONS 22.1 22.7 69.6 0.12 0.37 1.16 -1 -1
The proposed model is trained using Matlab Classifier 22 22.6 69.7 0.21 0.72 1 -2 -1
Application. The model is then re-written using Python, with D 22.9 22.1 49.1 0.11 0.61 1 -1 -1
GUIs and performs an evaluation using the system. The list of 22.1 22.1 47.4 0.12 0.63 1 -2 -1
22.2 22.2 48.2 0.12 0.72 1 -2 -1
steps applied to generate thermal comfort is as shown in Table 23.2 22.1 48.5 0.1 0.63 1 -2 -1
I. 22 22.2 49.9 0.21 0.72 1 -1 -1
21.8 22.2 48.5 0.15 0.54 1.13 -1 -1
TABLE I. THE STEPS IN GENERATING THERMAL COMFORT USING KNN E 21.4 22.4 48.1 0.16 0.72 1.04 -1 -1
MODEL
21.6 22.3 48.2 0.19 0.72 1 -1 -1
Generating Thermal Comfort using KNN Model 21.8 22.3 47.7 0.18 0.72 1 -1 -1
Input: 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑇𝑟 , 𝑅𝐻, 𝑉𝑒𝑙, 𝐶𝑙𝑜, 𝑀𝑒𝑡 21.4 22.3 48.5 0.17 0.66 1 -1 -1
Target: 𝑇𝐶 21.6 22.4 49.0 0.17 0.67 1.24 -1 -1
Learning Algorithm: KNN 21.0 22.3 50.7 0.11 0.63 1 -2 -1
Process: F 24.6 25.6 61.8 0.09 0.72 1.06 2 1
1. Input to float, scaled using 25 25.2 63.4 0.14 0.73 1.03 1 0
MinMaxScaler() 25.3 25.2 63.8 0.1 0.57 1.06 -1 0
2. Get Lookup of Class 25.3 25.3 62.1 0.09 0.57 1.06 -1 0
3. Call KNN Model: 25.3 25.2 61.5 0.09 0.72 1.06 0 0
 Nearest Neighbours identified using 24.6 25.6 61.8 0.09 0.49 1.06 -1 0
GridSearchCV and Euclidean Distance

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 The ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Database II [6] is applied input data is set to be in .csv format. The user of this system
by deriving the same amount of data as in Table II. This can be anyone that needs to monitor thermal comfort value of
dataset (as seen in Table III) consists of thermal comfort data their commercial buildings. For the time being, UHMS is
from several countries in Europe on different seasons. Each created as a stand-alone system which does not necessarily
of these data is attained from office and classroom facilitated require authorization to access the system. UHMS performs
with HVAC system. The PMV obtained accuracy of 35.13% the functionalities by following the sequence as shown in Fig.
on data for Europe country, lower than its performance when 2. UHMS allows user to select any room to monitor or to add
applied to data of air-conditioned lecture halls in Malaysia new room by setting the sensory file, clothing insulation and
shown in Table II. metabolic rate of the occupants. The prediction model will
keep reading the input data every second to generate and
TABLE III. THERMAL DATA FROM SEVERAL EUROPE COUNTRIES [6] record the latest thermal comfort value.
Countr 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑟 𝑅𝐻 𝑉𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑙𝑜 𝑀𝑒𝑡 AM PM
y V V
Greec 25.9 28.6 42.3 25.9 0.6 1.1 -1 0
e
27 27.5 39.6 27 0.64 1.2 1 1
26.6 26.3 39.3 26.6 0.61 1.2 -1 1
27.1 27.1 37.4 27.1 0.71 1.2 -1 1
27.7 27.6 35.9 27.7 0.63 1.2 1 1
27.9 27.6 36.2 27.9 0.56 1 -1 1
27.3 28.4 38 27.3 0.63 1.2 1 1
27.7 28.8 37 27.7 0.62 1.2 1 1
25.2 27.4 45.4 25.2 0.63 1.2 -1 1
28.5 27.2 37 28.5 0.61 1.2 1 1
28.1 28.2 38.3 28.1 0.64 1.3 2 1
28.4 28.7 36.6 28.4 0.54 1.6 1 1
28.3 29.7 35 28.3 0.42 1.9 -1 2
28.7 29 35.5 28.7 0.5 1.2 1 1
Swede 23.2 23.3 25.6 23.2 1.08 1.2 1 0
n
23.8 24.2 13.5 23.8 0.7 1.8 1 1
23.6 24.3 13.3 23.6 0.66 1.6 1 0
23.1 22.9 15.6 23.1 0.72 1.2 -1 -1
23.9 23.3 20.8 23.9 1.12 1.2 -2 0
23.3 23.4 19.7 23.3 1.33 1.2 -2 1
22.7 21.7 20.2 22.7 1.04 1.2 -1 0
22.9 22.6 19.9 22.9 1.03 1.4 -2 0
20.9 20.6 18.9 20.9 1.13 1.2 -1 0
22.2 22.3 23.7 22.2 0.62 1.2 -1 -1
France 26.8 27.8 40.6 26.8 0.63 1.8 1 1
26.7 28.4 40.2 26.7 0.6 1.2 1 1 Fig. 2. Flowchart of UHMS
27.1 27.4 41.5 27.1 0.61 1.5 2 1
27.7 28.6 35.9 27.7 0.57 1.2 2 1 TABLE IV: CLOTHING INSULATION GROUP
25.5 27.9 42.6 25.5 0.67 1.1 1 1
Description Value (clo)
UK 23.3 23.8 32.7 23.3 0.93 1.6 2 1
23.8 24 32.6 23.8 0.72 1.3 1 0 Class Attire (Sandals) 0.43
Class Attire (Shoes) 0.56
Portug 26.6 28.2 47.8 26.6 0.58 2 1 2
Muslim Full Cover 0.8
al
Casual Attire with Sweater 1.03
25.7 25.6 34.8 25.7 0.48 2.2 -1 1
Office Attire (Coat) 1.1
22.9 24 31.7 22.9 0.47 2.3 -1 1 Thick Coat with Boots 1.5
27.1 27.4 37.1 27.1 0.58 1.2 2 1
27.2 28.3 46 27.2 0.44 2 1 2
The recorded data and generated thermal comfort value
can be viewed in timeline graph and pie chart for overall
record summary. User can see records in tabular form and
V. DEPLOYMENT OF COMFORT MODELS IN BUILDING choose to filter data before printing the record. Sensory file
THERMAL COMFORT MONITORING SYSTEM does not keep the 𝐶𝑙𝑜 and 𝑀𝑒𝑡 , hence they have to be
identified when initiating the room. 𝐶𝑙𝑜 (clothing insulation)
and 𝑀𝑒𝑡 (metabolic rate group) value is determined based on
the selection of available group which the value of each group
A monitoring system named as UNITEN HVAC
is defined based on standard metabolic rate and clothing
Monitoring System (UHMS) is developed where the model
insulation in ASHRAE report [14]. Table IV and Table V
has been translated into system. The system was developed
show the group and the corresponding value available for user
using Spyder application and run using Python language. The
to choose in the system.

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 TABLE V: METABOLIC RATE GROUP

Description Value (met)

Sleeping 0.7
Reclining 0.8
Reading/Writing, Seated 1.0
Computer Lab 1.2
Light Activity, Standing 1.4
House Cleaning 2.0
Dancing/Active Social 2.4
Heavy Work Machine 3.0

Instead of representing 𝑇𝐶 (thermal) as Cold to Hot, the

system displays the 𝑇𝐶 in comfortable or uncomfortable form
to ensure the user of the system understand that the thermal
comfort is not merely a state of cold or hot condition but there
are more other states. Table VI shows how the class label Fig. 3. Add new room interface
correspond to each other.
For the purpose of this study, the option is made based on
TABLE VI. THERMAL COMFORT CORRESPONDING LABEL. C MEANS COLD nearest value with record in Table II or Table III. Once user
AND H MEANS HOT click ‘Save’, the new room will be displayed in the Room List
Class Thermal On System section as shown below (Fig. 4) and clicking the sensor file
-2 Cold Slight Uncomfortable (C) directory will redirect user to the monitor screen displaying
-1 Slight Cool Comfortable (C) record for corresponding room.
0 Neutral Very Comfortable
1 Slight Warm Comfortable (H)
2 Hot Slight Uncomfortable (H)

As shown in Fig. 3, user can add more than one room to

monitor. User will have to select what are the most common
activities in that room as well as clothing type to set a general
metabolic rate and clothing insulation of occupants in that
Fig. 4. Room list interface
room.

Fig. 5. Dashboard of thermal comfort monitoring system

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 As seen in Fig. 5, each data on this page relates to the
specified room only. What can be monitored is the
environmental condition within the room by displaying the
current temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity and
the air speed. Line chart in Fig. 6 shows thermal comfort state
by time.
Current generated thermal comfort is also displayed. Line
chart is updated in real time and keep on updating as long as
there is new data inserted into the sensory file.

Fig. 6. A closer look on the timely line chart

Next to the timeline, the user can see percentage of overall

thermal state recorded by the system for a particular room.
For example, based on Fig. 7, the user will understand that
57.6% of generated thermal comfort is Slightly
Uncomfortable Cold, hence causing the management to
realize that the heater should be made a bit warmer than
usual. As shown in Fig. 8, a tabular data is also provided.
User can sort the data by date to see day to day record as
shown. User of UHMS can print the record based on the
specified date by simply clicking on ‘Print’ button of
Filtered Record. The system will redirect user to a screen
to print the report and open the print wizard (depends on
browser type) to continue printing. This report (as shown
in Fig. 9) is useful for the facilities management.
Fig. 7. A closer look on the overall thermal comfort

Fig. 8. Tabular data after prediction

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 Fig. 9. Print report
VI. SUPPORTED SENSOR FILE
Our proposed thermal comfort system requires a specific
format of sensor file. It must be saved as a .csv file with 6
fields comprises of the date, time, temperature, mean radiant
temperature, relative humidity and the air speed. The header
needs to follow the specified naming of Python read data by
using data dictionary instead of simply row by row. Fig. 10
shows an example of .csv file form that can be used to feed
simulator with sensor data.
Fig. 10. Example of supported CSV format
The proposed thermal comfort system able to continue
reading the data in real-time by fetching new data every
second from the sensor file.
VII. EVALUATION
This section uses a confusion matrix to evaluate the
performance of the model. Refer to Table VI to understand
each class label. This system was running using a .csv file
containing all the data as stated in Table II and Table III. Fig.
11 shows the confusion matrix of AMV versus the Generated
Thermal Comfort for data in hot-humid climate. From the
confusion matrix, we can clearly see that the proposed model
able to predict the thermal comfort of a commercial building
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in Malaysia with accuracy of 72.97% and this performance
may be improved over time especially when more data are
collected specifically from the hot-humid climate country.
-2 9 4
-1 1 14 2
0 3 1
True Value
1 1
2 1 0
-2 -1 0 1 2
Predicted Value
Fig. 11. Confusion Matrix of Building in Malaysia
The proposed model performs quite well in predicting -1,
0 and 1 class. However, it does not perform really well with -
2 and 2 which considered as the unacceptable state of thermal
comfort. As for the class 2 (Hot) it cannot be assured if the
model really make bad prediction on the class since there is
only one data available for evaluation in that class. The
confusion matrix in Fig. 12 shows a bad prediction made by
the system when predicting data from temperate climate
countries. The accuracy is 18.91% only. As can be seen in
Table III, the relative humidity can be too low when the
temperature is quite high which our trained model does not
really know how to deal with the combination since thermal
data in hot humid climate country that were used to train the
model does not include such low humidity. In this situation,
PMV outperforms the KNN model in generating thermal
comfort for European climate, where PMV’s accuracy score
is 35.13%. It is obvious that the error is highly caused when
classifying the -2 class which is the Cold state. The proposed
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