UNIT 1

Vocabulary
1. Complete these sentences with the correct form of problem, trouble, affect or effect.

1. I hope my visit won't cause you too much ……………...

Trouble problems

2. Studying at a foreign university will greatly ………… the way you see the world.
Affect effect
3. If you are not careful about money, you can get into a lot of ………… financially.
Trouble problems

4. Investigators are carrying out research into the ……….…... of culture shock on overseas students.
effect(s) affect(s)

5. Some students have had many …………… adapting to our very different lifestyle.
Problems troubles
6. New technologies have had an enormous …………… on the way we interact.
Effect affect

2. Study the graph below and complete these sentences with percent or percentage. Then decide if the
sentences are true (T) or false (F) according to the graph. Correct the false ones.

1. Sixty-five ……….…... of overseas workers in Germany learn to speak German. False True
Cent percent

2. The ………………. of workers from abroad who learn to speak English is lowest in the United States.
False True
Percentage percent

3. Workers from other countries who lea rn to speak English in the UK and the USA are 18 and 15
………. respectively. True False
Percent percentage

4. Belgium has the third highest of overseas workers learning to speak the language, with the figure
standing at 70 ………… False True
percentage; percent cent
Grammar
3. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the adjective or adverb in brackets.

1. People who are ready to change their views often find it …… to adapt to a new culture.
Easier esiest

2. You will learn the language much .............. if you share accommodation with people from the country -
in other words, it will save you a lot of time.
more quickly quicklier

3. Many students are attracted to this university because it has the reputation of being the one with the
………… teachers.
Best more good

4. I think this is the ………… language I have ever tried to study; I really don't know if I'm making
progress.
most complicated more complicated

5. You'll find the film much ……………. if you watch it in the original version.
Funnier more funny

6. Many overseas students find understanding other students a …………… problem than understanding
their teachers.
Bigger biggest

7. The …………… students are not always the ones with the best brains.
most successful more successful

8. Many people prefer travelling by train because they think it is ………….. than travelling by plane.
Safer more safe
 UNIT 2
Vocabulary
1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.
1. It must be very hard work being a …….
Farmer farm

2. Although pesticides protect plants, they can be ……... to humans.

Harmful harmless

3. Our ……... of the meal was spoilt by the loud music in the restaurant.
Enjoyment enjoyable

4. I've done so much exercise at the gym that I'm ............ exhausted.
Totally total

5. Someone told me this soup was very ……... , but I don't like the flavour.
Tasty taste

6. The vegetables in our local shop have been ……........ produced.

Organically organical

7. My brother has a really ……… diet - he eats nothing but fried food!
Unhealthy healthy

8. Some people ….... conventional farming methods, but they do produce high yields.
criticise/criticize critical

2. Write nouns for each of these adjectives. Three adjectives have two possible noun forms.

adjective noun
developing 1. …development…...
active 2. …… activity/action….
dangerous 3. … danger……
fit 4. … fitness……
happy 5. …… happiness……
independent 6. … independence …..
toxic 7. … toxin/toxicity…….
nutritious 8. … nutrition…….
reliable 9. … reliance/reliability…
accurate 10. …… accuracy….

1. developing
development developmental
 2. active
activity activation

3. dangerous
danger dangerously

4. fit
fitness fit

5. happy
happiness happiest

6. independent
Independence independed

7. toxic
toxin/toxicity toxicate

8. nutritious
Nutrition nutrient
9. reliable
reliance/reliability reliant

10. accurate
Accuracy accurately
Grammar

3. Circle the correct option in each of these sentences.

1. Can you give me some _________ on how to stay fit?

advice advices

2. Children need clear ____________ about the food they eat.

information informations

3. ___________ diet consists of plenty of fruit and vegetables.

A balanced diet Balanced

4. Organic farming causes less ____________ than traditional farming.

pollutions pollution

5. Some people say that a little _____________ can be a dangerous thing.

knowledges knowledge

6. I go to __________ as little as possible.

fast-food shop fast-food shops
 7. _________________ lifestyle.
A shift worker can have very stressful a very stressful

8. More ____________ is needed to make genetic engineering safe.

research researches

4. Complete the sentences below with the expressions in the box. Use each expression only once. There are
two extra expressions that you do not need.

a/an many a few much amount of deal of few number of plenty

of little

1. Only a all ………… consumers buy organic food.

number of amount of plenty of

2. I can't stand cooking in …………. dirty kitchen.

A an a few

3. Everyone needs to spend a ............. time relaxing.

Little few much

4. At the end of the week, I don't have ......... money left to buy food.
Much many plenty of

5. You need to put a large ………... fertiliser on young plants.

amount of number of plenty of

6. You need …………. free time in order to do your own cooking.

plenty of many amount of

7. It's a pity that so ……………... people are interested in reading the labels on food.
Few a few litlle

8. Obviously someone has put a great ………work into this mea l - it's delicious!
deal of number of plenty of

UNIT 3

Vocabulary

1. Complete each of these sentences with the correct form of learn, teach, study, know or find out.

1. Some people ……….…. to speak a new language faster than others.

Learn study
 2. I'll … …… how much the book costs and call you back.
Find out found out

3. This software is great - it's ............. me how to pronounce some difficult English sounds.
Taught teach

4. Unfortunately, my brother should have …… ……… harder for his exams.

Studied study

5. My tutor was annoyed because he didn't ………...…... why I was late for the lecture.
Know knew

6. I prefer ……… ……. in the library, where it's quiet.

studying / to study learning

7. We haven't ……… ………… about phonetics with our course tutor yet.
learned / learnt learning

8. I was going to tell Mark about the test, but he already ……… ……….
Knew known

Grammar

2. Complete these sentences with the past simple, present perfect or present perfect continuous of the verb in
brackets. In some cases, two forms are possible.

1. I … ……. Japanese for two years now.

have been learning have learned

2. ………………. which university to apply for yet?

Has you decided Have you decided

3. My favourite author ……… …….his first book ten years ago.

Wrote written

4. Not everyone in my old high school ....................... the local area.

Came from come from

5. We ...................... here for half an hour, but my tutor still hasn't arrived.
have been waiting / have waited have been waited

6. Maisie ……… very nervous before the presentation, but it went well.
Felt feel

7. Since the heavy rains started, my sister ........................ to college by bus.

has been travelling / has travelled has been travelled

8. My neighbour recently confessed that he ………………... a newspaper in his life!

 has never read never has read

3. Study this graph and complete each sentence below using a preposition from the box. Two of the
prepositions are used twice.

at between by from in of over to

1. The chart shows changes in Irish school enrolment figures …….…… a 30-
year period.
Over at

2 …………… 1980 and 2010, there were always more students at primary
level than at secondary level.
Between From

3-4. About 550,000 students were studying at primary level ………... 1980, and this figure remained stable
…………… the next ten-year period.
In/ over at/ to

5-6. Enrolments fell …………… 100,000 after that, then rose gradually ……………... 500,000 at the end
of the first decade of the 21st century.
By/ to over/ in

7-8. Enrolments in secondary education fluctuated slightly during this time period.………… 1980 to 2000,
there was an increase ………………. 50,000 students, and numbers reached 350,000.
From/ of Between/ in

9-10. The next five years showed a slight decrease ……………… numbers, and since 2005, numbers have
remained stable …………. 325,000. Overall, while primary school numbers have fallen slightly, secondary
school enrolments have risen.

In/ at of/ in

UNIT 4
Vocabulary

1. Complete the sentences below with words connected with the Internet from the box in the correct form.
browse chat download go keep
visit

1. I ………… the Web to look for the information I need for my studies.
Browe
Chat
Download
Go
Keep
 visit
2. I ……………. with my friends using a social networking site.
Browe
Chat
Download
Go
Keep
Visit

3. Although there are millions of websites, most people just …… …… a few favourites frequently.
Browe
Chat
Download
Go
Keep
Visit

4. Facebook is a great way to ……… …………. in touch with your friends.

Browe
Chat
Download
Go
Keep
Visit

5. When I want to buy something, first I ……………… online to compare products and prices.
Browe
come
Download
Go
Keep
visit
6. I ……………… films onto my computer because I find it more convenient than going to the cinema.
Browe
Chat
Download
Go
Keep
visit

2. Complete each of these sentences with the correct form of cause, factor or reason.

1. There are several ………. which influence people when deciding where to go on holiday.
Factors cause
2. The Internet has been the main ……… ……… of the decline of conventional newspapers.
Cause reason

3. One ……… ……… why young people watch less television is that they have less time.
Reason cause
 4. Online advertising is successful for a number of …… ………... One is that people can react to it
instantly.
Reasons sources
5. You can only really deal with a problem if you understand its ……………….
Cause(s) reason(s)

6. Advertising is influential, but price will always be the main ………… ……. influencing your decision
to buy.
Factor reason

Grammar

3. Complete these sentences with however, although, on the other hand or even though. In most cases, more
than one answer is correct.

1. Television advertising is expensive.

……..…., it reaches the widest audience.
However / On the other hand Although

2. …………… TV advertisements are often amusing, I don't like them when they interrupt films on TV.
Although / Even though On the other hand

3. Chen never uses online dictionaries ……… ………… his teacher recommends them.
although / even though However

4. Printed books have been around for centuries ……… ……………., I think they will become obsolete in
the next few years.
However Even though

5. Printed books have been around for centuries ……… ……., electronic books are relatively new.
However / On the other hand Although

4. Complete this paragraph by writing a, an, the or - if you think no article is needed. In some cases, more than
one answer is possible.

1-2. When you join ……….…. group on …………. social networking site, you may be revealing more
than you want to.
a/a the/the

3-4-5-6…………… experimental website has managed to identify ………… names of people who visit it
by gathering ………… information about ……… groups they belong to.
An/ the/ no article / the or no article
A/ a/ the/ a

7-8-9 ....... website exploits ……... fact that your web browser keeps a list of 9 …… ………... web
addresses you have visited.
The/ the/ no article or the
a/a/a
 10-11-12 ……… owners of websites can obtain this information by hiding ………………. list of
……………. web addresses in the code for their web page.
The or no article/ a/ no article
a/a/a

13-14-15. When someone accesses ……...... page, their browser will tell ………………... website owner
which of ................. hidden addresses they have already visited.
The/the/the
a/a/a

UNIT 5

Vocabulary
1. Complete the sentences below with words connected with the environment, then use the words to complete
this crossword.

1. Many animals are now protected as a result of wildlife conservation …...….

Programmes program

2. We need to reduce the quantity of ……… ………… gases we release into the atmosphere.
Greenhouse hothouse

3. Politicians talk a lot about ……… …………… change, but don't do enough to prevent it.
Climate weather

4. Rising sea …………………... may mean that some islands will disappear.
Levels degrees

5. I believe it's time to reduce our dependence on ……… …………... fuels.

Fossil nature

6. Solar power and wind power are two forms of ……………………... energy.
Renewable renewing

7. The ideal situation would be to drive cars with zero …………………….……

Emissions toxics

8. Tigers and pandas are ………………… species.

Endangered endanger
 2. Complete each of these sentences with the correct form of nature, the environment, the countryside, tourist
or tourism.

1. The town I live in is surrounded by beautiful unspoilt …...……

Countryside the countryside

2. Governments should do more to protect ............. by limiting pollution, especially in big cities.
the environment environment

3. ........... is a big industry in my country, and people come here from all over the world. On the other
hand, when our holidays come along, we local people become …… ……… ourselves and go off to visit
other parts of the world.
Tourism/ tourists Touring/ tourisms

4. I love to go walking in the country; it makes me feel in harmony with …… …………. and the natural
world.
Nature natural

Grammar
1. Rewrite the passage below putting the verbs in the underlined phrases into the passive. Make any other
necessary changes.

Could solar panels eventually replace asphalt and concrete?

These days, we can find solar panels just about everywhere. People have suggested that if we laid down a
gigantic number of solar panels over a wide area, they could absorb enough sunlight to power entire cities,
effectively ending our energy crisis. The problem is that they would spoil the countryside if we covered
large areas of it with these things.
On the other hand, there is a network of roads all over the country, and now they are even manufacturing
cars with solar panels on them. If you put the two together, you get a unique solution: solar panels on our
highways. This could mean that we could place the panels along roadways as sound barriers, or an even
more extreme idea -that we will make the roads themselves out of solar panels.

Could asphalt and concrete eventually be replaced by solar panels?

These d ays, solar panels can be found just about everywhere. It has been suggested that if a gigantic
number of solar panels were laid down over a wide area, enough sunlight could be absorbed to power
entire cities, effectively ending our energy crisis. The problem is that the countryside would be spoilt if
large areas of it were covered with these things.
On the other hand, there is a network of roads all over the country, and now even cars are being
manufactured with solar panels on them. If the two are put together, you get a unique solution: solar
panels on our highways. This could mean that the panels could be placed along roadways as sound
barriers, or an even more extreme idea - that the roads themselves will be made out of solar panels.

UNIT 6
Vocabulary
1. Circle the correct option in each of these sentences.

1. The majority of people choose _______ shopping in large shopping centres.

to go going
2. Many employers will avoid to __________ someone who has never had a job, but they will consider to
__________ work to someone with a little work experience.
Employing/ offering employ/ offer

3. For people who want ___________ clothes, I would recommend them ___________ so online.
to buy/ not to do buying/ not doing

4. Governments should encourage people ________ money rather than spending it.
to save saving

5. I believe that every young person should consider _______________ for a year before going to
university.
to work working

6. Many young people waste a lot of time ____________ online games instead of studying.
to play playing

7. Some students fail ________ enough money, so they are forced __________ a loan from the bank.
To save/ to take out saving/ taking out

8. The number of shoppers paying by credit card seems __________ rising.

to be being

2. Find seven more words and phrases in the grid connected with banks and banking. You can find the words
horizontally, vertically and diagonally -and in any direction (forwards and backwards). When you have finished, you
can read a hidden message in the first three lines.
Grammar
3. Complete these sentences with who, which, that, whose, what, where, when or why. In some cases, more
than one answer is possible.

1. I believe …... …. the idea that money makes people happy is only partly true.
That who which

2. It is important to understand ………….... motivates people to work hard.

What which

3. Many banks seem to make large profits and pay low rates of interest, and this is the reason ………
…….….. they are often unpopular.
Why what

4. ……… ………. most people dream of is a secure, well-paid job.

What that

5. My parents moved from the town ……… ………. I was born to live in the capital when I was nine
years old.
Where which

6. Parents should only give pocket money to children …………….…... help with the housework.
who/ that whose

7. Students' results are better in countries ………………. teachers are well paid.
whose/where whom

8. Young people need the work experience ……………………... will make them attractive to employers.
which/ that when

4. Join these pairs of sentences using who, which, that, whose, what, where, when or why.

1. Schoolleavers can find jobs. The jobs are badly paid.

School leavers can find jobs which are badly paid.
School leavers can find jobs who are badly paid.

2. Some jobs take up too much time. For that reason, students often leave them.
The reason why students often leave their jobs is that they take up too much time.
The reason which students often leave their jobs is that they take up too much time.

3. Young people are often in a hurry to go to university. Their pa rents are ambitious for them.
Young people whose parents are ambitious for them are often in a hurry to go to university.
Young people whom parents are ambitious for them are often in a hurry to go to
university.
 4. Students often take a part-time job. The job helps pay their un iversity fees.
Students often take a part-time job which/that helps pay their university fees.
Students often take a part-time job who helps pay their university fees.

5. Students work. Students often find this distracts them from their studies.
Students who work often find this d istracts them from their studies. OR Students work, which they
often find distracts them from their studies.
Students whose work often find this d istracts them from their studies. OR Students
work, which they often find distracts them from their studies.

6. Students often find it difficult to find a job near their college. They study at the college.
Students often find it difficult to find a job nea r the college where they study.
Students often find it difficult to find a job nea r the college which they study.

7. I got my first job at the age of 18. I left school at the age of 18.
I got my first job at the age of 18 when I left school. OR I left school at the age of 18 when I got my
first job.
I got my first job at the age of 18 when I left school. OR I left school at the age of 18 that
I got my first job

8. I got my first job in a town. My cousin lives in the town.

I got my first job in the town where my cousin lives.
I got my first job in the town when my cousin lives

UNIT 7

Vocabulary
1. Complete each conversation below with a word from the box.
bored concerned irritating persuasive reassuring upsetting
1.
A. I cried when I watched the programme about the baby gorilla that died.
B. I know, it was so ………………
Upsetting irritating

2.
A. I've been worrying about Gina's new job.
B. Me too - but it's …………… to know that she's getting on well with her colleagues.
Reassuring upsetting

3.
A. Whenever I get to the bus stop, one's just left!
B. That must be really …………!
Irritating reassuring
 A. Telling people that they will save money if they buy a more expensive phone makes no sense.
B. Mmm, but it's a very ……………... argument.
Persuasive convince

A. He's yawning again.

B. I guess he's ……bored……….
Bored boring

A. I'd like to give more money to charity.

B. Yes, but you can't be ……… ………... about everyone.
Concerned concerning

2. Complete the sentences below about US Facebook users using the expressions in the box. You will need to
use some expressions more than once.

age age group aged ages

the age (s)

1. Facebook is used by people of all ………..….

Ages age

2. Just over 50 percent of users are under ………………... of 26.

The age aged

3. The 18 to 25 ………………. is the largest single group of users

age group the age

4. People between ………….…… of 26 and 34 make up the second largest group of users.
the ages age group

5. More youngsters …………………. 13 to 17 use Facebook than people over 44.

Aged the age

6. Twelve percent of Facebook users are under 17 years of .............

Age ages

7. Ninety-seven percent of users are under …………………… of 55.

The age aged

8. The 55 to 65 …………………. represents the smallest category of users.

age group the age

Grammar
3. Circle the correct option in each of these sentences.

1. Petra said she'd join us for lunch if she ____________ her work in time.
finished would finish
 2. If you asked people, most of them ___________ that lying is wrong.
will said would say

3. The old woman won't get across the road if someone ___________ help her.
didn't doesn't

4. Harim's changed so much that if I ___________ him now, I wouldn't recognise him.
met will meet

5. Research shows that children will disobey an instruction if they ___________ no one is watching them.
think thought

6. In England, people say 'Pardon' if they _____________ hear someone clearly.

cannot could not

7. If you get on with your colleagues, work _________ more enjoyable.

is was

8. I'll tell you what I think, but you __________ not agree with me.
might would

9. You shouldn't give up the course unless _____________ it too hard.

you find you'll find

4. Find five other referencing mistakes in this paragraph and correct them using the words in the box.

it its other they this this

In every society, people need to build relationships with ________people. These relationships can take
place at work, school or home.
Another other

Wherever occur, it is important that people understand each other.

It they

An organisation will not function well if members are unhappy.

Their its

Good managers understand point and make sure they reward employees for good work.
The this

In fact, when you take time to understand what people want and why they want , it is usually
possible to solve most problems.
Them it

results in a happy environment where people progress well.

These This
 UNIT 8

Vocabulary
1. Match the words from the Reading passage on page 78 (I-8) with a synonym (a-h).

1. ability a. well known

2. famous b. garments
3. clothes c. new
4. extraordinary d. connection
5. seen e. skill
6. fresh f. state
7. condition g. observed
8. link h. unusual

1-e; 2-a; 3-b; 4-h; 5-g; 6-c; 7-f; 8-d

1. ability
a. well known
b. garments
c. new
d. connection
e. skill

2. famous
a. well known
b. garments
c. new
d. connection
e. skill

3. clothes
a. well known
b. garments
c. new
d. connection
e. skill

4. extraordinary
a. connection
b. skill
c. state
d. observed
unusual

5. seen
a. connection
 b. skill
c. state
d. observed
unusual

6. fresh
a. well known
b. garments
c. new
d. connection
e. skill

7. condition
a. skill
b. state
c. observed
d. unusual

8. link
a. well known
b. garments
c. new
d. connection
e. skill

2. Complete these sentences with words connected with fashion and design, then use the words to complete
the crossword below.

1. You should wear … …. clothes to the graduation ceremony.

Smart polite

2. I've bought some beautiful silk a shirt …… ……. to make

Material substance

3. ……… ….…... often set the trends for young people.

Celebrities famous people

4. More and more businesswomen are wearing a ……………… to work.

Suit vest

5. The school ………………. was very expensive.

Uniform uniforms

6. Are you ............. yet? It's time to go out.

Dressed clothes

7. The ……………... is a traditional Indian garment for women.

 Sari seri
8. Jeans have been ……………...... for many years.
Fashionable fashion

3. Complete these sentences with dress, dresses, cloth or clothes.

1. If Marc had more money, he could afford some new ……….

Clothes dresses

2. It's formal ............... at the party tonight, so I'm going to wear my suit.
Dress cloth

3. Different textiles are woven into .............. using a machine called a loom.
Cloth clothes

4. There are many different styles of ............. for women, to suit a range of different occasions.
Dress cloth

5. Fortunately, the …… ………. that was used to make these curtains is fire-resistant.
Cloth dress

6. The shop sells a variety of hand-made ............ for men and women.
Clothes cloth

7. Some women prefer to wear skirts and tops to ………… …………

Dresses clothes

8. People can sometimes find it hard to throw away their old …………………
Clothes dresses

Grammar

4. Circle the correct verb in each sentence. Then underline the time conjunctions.

1. When you don't have much money, it __________ hard to afford new clothes.
is will be

2. I'm not leaving this shop until I ____________ something.

will buy have bought

3. Sashiko h ad a functional purpose before it ___________ a decorative art form.

has become became

4. The textiles are spun into cloth a fter they _____________ dyed.
have been were

5. Woollen fabrics sometimes shrink when you __________________ them.

 wash washed

6. It's important to check the quality of a garment before you _____________ it.
will buy buy

7. Until I went to India, I _____________ no idea how colourful the tradit ional clothes were.
have had had

8. When I ____________ to the fashion museum, I'll go shopping.

go have been

9. I promise ____________ go out after the show has finished.

we we'll

Time conjunctions: when, until, before, after