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13
Answer on overleaf
crust that living beings are formed.
Paris Observatory ES-001
No. 14 Finally, it is from the materials in the
Grażyna Stasińska different composition from the crust.
elements occurs so that the core has a
As the planet forms, a segregation of
origin of gold ? it is for the lighter particles to escape.
from the stars What is the mass: The smaller the mass, the easier
dissipate. It also depends on the planets'
We come
Quiz easier it is for the volatile elements to
the star: The smaller the distance, the
Les étoiles et moi differs according to the distance from
are formed. Their chemical composition
It is from this disk material that planets
made up of clumps of dust and ice.
are surrounded by a protoplanetary disk,
born. While still very young, these stars
molecules and dust, in which stars are
First there is the formation of clouds of
stages that are still poorly understood.
elements must pass through many
Before becoming part of a living being,
The Universe in my pocket
From stars to living beings
2y
4
neutrons. But on this point they were wrong.
formed in the Big Bang by successively adding
argued that all the other elements were also
helium. In this article, the authors further
of the formation of primordial hydrogen and
and Bethe in 1948, who proposed the theory
It was George Gamow, in an article with Alpher
neutron
a particle tritium n
n
n n n
p p n
n p p proton
deuterium p
p
One process of helium formation
gen. It consist of an 𝛼 particle and 2 electrons.
Helium: the lightest stable element after hydro-
consists of a proton and an electron.
Hydrogen: the lightest of the elements. It
proton.
whose mass is about 1/2000of that of the
Electron: particle of negative electric charge,
93 × 10−24 g.
not have an electric charge. Its mass is 1.674
Neutron: also formed of three quarks but does
its mass is 1.672 649 × 10−24 g.
the quarks. It has a positiv e electric charge and
Proton : formed of three elementary particles,

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Composite image of the Winds, collisions, explosions Mass percentage of the chemical elements Hydrogen and helium
Cat’s Eye planetary in different locations
nebula. This object results Some of the elements formed in stars When the Universe was very dense
Num. of Solar Earth’s Human
from several episodes of are ejected into the interstellar medium and hot (T = 1012 K), shortly after
protons system crust body
stellar winds emanating while the rest are locked up forever in the Big Bang*, it contained only
H 1 70.5 0.14 9.5
from the central star the ‘stellar corpses’ that are white elementary particles of matter
which is now in the He 2 27.5 - - (quarks, electrons, neutrinos) and
The Cat’s Eye planetary dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes.
nebula. (Credit: R. Corradi process of becoming a C 6 0.30 0.030 18.5 ‘grains’ of light called photons.
with the NOT telescope). white dwarf. Stars with a mass of less than 8
N 7 0.11 0.005 3.2 As they cooled, the quarks combined
G292.0 + 1.8: A times that of the Sun disperse their
supernova outer layers in a peaceful manner, O 8 0. 96 46.6 65 into protons and neutrons in equal
remnant coming ejecting nitrogen, carbon and some Si 14 0.065 27.7 0.00002 amounts. But as the temperature
from a star of elements heavier than iron. S 16 0.040 0.050 0.3 dropped, most neutrons turned into
great mass which Ca 20 0.006 3.6 1.5 protons which are less massive. When
The more massive stars end their life
ejected a lot of
Fe 26 0.117 5.0 0.006
the temperature fell below 109 K,
in a spectacular explosion, a supernova,
oxygen, magnesium there were 7 protons for every neutron.
and neon into the and expel carbon, oxygen, neon,

!
Neutrons and protons then combined

NG
G292.0+1.8 in X-rays. Credit : magnesium and silicon, among others. From the Big Bang to us
interstellar NASA/CXC/SAO . to form nuclei. The most stable

medium.
Representation of the
collision of two neutron
stars. Gold, uranium and
other heavy elements in
the Universe are
believed to have formed
during such an event.
Artist view (Dana Berry,
SkyWorks Digital). 8 9
+
BA
Other heavy elements, such as gold
nucleus that could be formed at that
and uranium require a very high density time was helium. All the available
of neutrons to form, and this is more neutrons were used to form helium,
likely to happen in neutron star giving one helium nucleus for every 12
collisions.
hydrogen nuclei at the end of the
primordial epoch.
12 * see tuimp 12 5
+

neutrons. 7 10 11 iron 6
different conditions by the addition of Credit: López-Sánchez(AAO/MQU) & Koribalski(CSIRO). silicon
scarce).
Way came from other galaxies.
Nuclei heavier than iron are created under the elements present in the Milky oxygen
oxygen (red where abundant, blue where
of iron, the most stable element. The symbols indicate the abundance of simulations suggest that many of carbon
process continues until the core is made In fact, recent numerical helium
layers. If the star is massive enough, this hydrogen
finally end up in other galaxies.
additions of 𝛼 particles in different
into the intergalactic medium, and
Heavier nuclei are then formed, by further capture.
explosions can even make incursions by neutron
the outer layers of the star. Elements released during supernova
hydrogen continues to produce helium in are produced
to collisions between galaxies. heavier than iron
groups of three to form carbon, while has a different composition. Elements
tortuous, with perturbations linked
rises.Then the helium nuclei fuse in star at the end of its evolution. Each layer
core condenses and its temperature the interstellar medium can be very
Diagram of the onion structure of a massive
Once the hydrogen is used up, the helium The journey of the elements through
from this process. oxygen and other elements. n
p
Carbon-12 p p p α particle
the stars we see shining get their energy increasingly rich in carbon, nitrogen, n
n n
p
p nn p n n
phase in the life of a star. Almost all of generations of stars become p α particle
helium. This corresponds to the longest NGC 1510 Credit: GALEX (NASA)
of new stars. Thus, successive
p n p p
First, hydrogen atoms combine to form formed. being trapped during the formation Beryllium-8 n n p n n
n p p
larger and larger nuclei. stars have recently journey across the galaxies, before
areas are regions where medium, the elements begin a long nuclei α particle
provides ideal conditions for producing
ultraviolet light. Bright Once released into the interstellar three helium p
The very hot and dense core of a star and NGC 1510 seen in n
formation from n
Fusion in stars The galaxies NGC 1512 NGC 1512 The cosmic odyssey of the elements p
Carbon
Our bodies are made up of water
Atoms are the elementary constituents of
matter. They consist of a nucleus (which
The Universe in my pocket No. 14 (63%), proteins (20%), fat (10%),
The star Planet Jupiter
contains protons and neutrons) and of Betelgeuse This booklet was written in 2020 by
sugars (2%) and various minerals (5%).
electrons. Atoms combine into molecules by
sharing their electrons. The cells of the Grażyna Stasińska of the Paris Observatory Since chemistry was developed, at the
human body are made up of billions of (France) and revised by Nikos Prantzos end of the 18th century, we know that
molecules. fromNr 1 Paris Institute of Astrophysics.
the all these materials are composed of
complex molecules which contain
The history of stellar nucleosynthesis: atoms of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and
Robert d'Escourt Atkinson A published his
article "Atomic synthesis and stellar Planetary nebula other elements in smaller quantities.
energy" in 1931. Hans Bethe B identified in IC 418 Cover image : extract of a painting by These elements are exactly the same
1938 and 1939 the two mechanisms that A creside: a gold japanese artist KAGAYA as those found in plants, in the Earth's
transform hydrogen into helium in stars. coin, struck by King
crust and in the atmosphere.
Fred Hoyle showed in 1946 how the Croesus in the 6th
elements are synthesized from hydrogen. century BC. in Lydia Using spectroscopy, astronomers
Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge, William . have shown that these same elements
Fowler and Fred Hoyle B2FH published in are also found in stars. But it was not
1957 their very detailed article "Synthesis until the middle of the 20th century
of the elements in stars" and, the same Answer To learnmore about this
The Crab supernova seriesand about the topics that astronomers succeeded in
year, Alastair Cameron C published "Nuclear
remnant presentedin thisbooklet, understanding the origin of these
reactions in stars and nucleogenesis". Gold is thought to
pleasevisit elements and in discovering the very
form during the
http://www.tuimp.org close link which connects us to the
collision of neutron
stars like the one stars.
A B C shown in this Translation: Stan Kurtz
2 B2FH picture TUIMP Creative Commons 3