DIVISION OF NAVOTAS CITY

Physical Science
1st or 2nd Semester

S.Y. 2021-2022
NAVOTAS CITY PHILIPPINES
8. What is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%?
A. mole ratio C. percent yield
B. excess yield D. Avogrado yield

9. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of electricity. Which of the following

energy phase that the hydroelectric power plant is a source of electricity?
A. electricity is extracted from water
B. water is converted into steam to produce electricity
C. potential energy possessed by stored water is converted into electricity
D. kinetic energy possessed by stored water is converted into potential energy

10. What is the best way to dispose of hazardous chemicals at home?

A. bury them on a yard
B. carefully pour them down the drain
C. read the labels to see how to dispose on each
D. put them in a leak-proof container in the trash

MODULE 1

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar
evolution as well as the distribution of the chemical elements and the isotopes in the
universe. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order
in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.
The module includes lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1.1: Formation of Light Elements during Big Bang
• Lesson 1.2: Stellar Nucleosynthesis and the Formation of Heavy Elements
• Lesson 1.3: From Outer Space to Laboratory
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution
2. Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new
elements in the laboratory

Lesson Formation of Light Elements

1.1 during Big Bang

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In the beginning…..
The sudden dropped of temperature to billion degrees caused the combination
of protons and neutrons. They stayed together to form nuclei of the simplest elements
like hydrogen, helium and lithium. However, in normal circumstances, protons and
neutrons repel each other because a positively charged nuclei (proton) do not interact
with an uncharged nucleus (neutron). Nuclear fusion (meaning: fusion = union)
brought together these neutrons and protons utilizing the very high temperature.
The formation of the nuclei of light elements a few minutes after the Big Bang is
called Big Bang nucleosynthesis or primordial nucleosynthesis (nucleo refers to
nuclear and synthesis means combination or parts to form a whole).
The formation of nuclei of ordinary hydrogen, its two isotopes, deuterium and
tritium, and the common isotope of helium is shown in the illustration below.

Nucleosynthesis Note: As the Universe cooled down to about a trillion degrees,

protons and neutrons fused to form heavier atomic nuclei

proton
p
p deuterium

p
p p
n n
n
n n
n
neutron tritium helium
n

It is clearly shown above that the combination of these particles is capable of

forming helium, (and as hydrogen nuclei are simply protons anyway, hydrogen does
not need to form by combinations of anything) and the unstable helium-3, tritium
and deuterium simply break down. But why does the helium not also simply break
down again under pressure, and why do heavier elements not form? In fact, heavier
elements do form, but like the helium-3, tritium and deuterium they are formed as
unstable isotopes.
Ordinary helium, (helium-4) is the most stable isotope formed in this mixture
of fundamental particles during the early stage of Big Bang. Because of very high
pressures and temperatures, many helium nuclei did break down again, but it must
be remembered that at the time, the Universe was rapidly expanding and cooling.
Remember that almost all nuclei heavier than hydrogen formed would be
unstable and break down (see the illustration). The only other elements formed to
even a small degree was deuterium, and lithium-7, which though stable requires the
collision of several particles simultaneously, and it therefore very unlikely.
The exact ratios of hydrogen, helium, lithium and deuterium created during
the period of Big Bang nucleosynthesis would have been very sensitive to the density
of the mixture of fundamental particles from which they were made. Because the
mixture was not entirely uniform in density, different amounts of each were created
in different areas of the compacted early universe. As an average though,

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approximately twelve protons (hydrogen nuclei) were left for each helium nucleus
produced.

proto p n n
p p p Lithium-5
n
p n p Unstable
n neutro p

n p n p n
p p Helium-5
n
n Unstable
n

p n p n p n
p n
p p Beryllium-8
n n p n p
n Unstable

So, after four minutes, the Universe had made the first basic nuclei, and this
marks the end of primordial nucleosynthesis. Currently, the universe was still too
hot to allow these nuclei to attract electrons and form atoms. After 100 millenia it
had created the first atoms.

Activity 1: Formation of elements

Directions: Arrange the correct sequence of stages of formation of light elements in
the below using the Graphic organizer below. Use the choices below the graphic
organizer.
Sequential Order

1. 2 3 4. 5.

Protons, Electrons combine Stars ignite by

neutrons emerge with H, He and burning H and
from the cooling other nuclei to He. The cosmos
quark soup form neutral atoms lights up.

Simple atomic Gravity causes the

nuclei are formed diffuse H2/He gas
(H, He) to form clouds
which collapse into
stars