Interference Due to Non-

Standard Interaction of Tau

Neutrinos
Name: Nabila Waheed
CMS # 16670
Supervisor: Dr.Zafar Wazir
Riphah International University
Outline
 Neutrino
 Motivation
 History of neutrino
 Neutrino oscillation
 Interactions
 Future plan
 Reference
Motivation
 Mysterious nature of neutrino.
 Every time neutrino leads to a new set of queries.
 Neutrinos produce energy in the sun.

We are in the era of precession and accuracy,

therefore, our results will be free from any type of

approximation
Motivation
Stellar story teller

Supernova explosion

Energy transporters
Neutrino :
Neutral elementary particle
 Spin ½
 Weakly Interacting
(Passes through ordinary matter with virtually no interaction)

 Travels at nearly the speed of light

m  0
History
 12 particles in to two distinct groups

Up
Down
Strange
5 MeV Charm
2 MeV
1/156 H Bottom
1/312 H 170 MeV Top
atom
atom 1/5 H atom 1500 MeV eV
4 50 0 M 175GeV
1.5 H atom H
1 He + 1 1 Au
atom atom
Quarks co
Q= fractional me in 3 “C
OLOURS “
R ED”, “GRE
EN”, “BLU
electron E ”
0. 511 m uo n
tau
MeV
1/2000H
105 M
1/9 H
eV
1782MeV
ve v
v

atom atom 2 H atom 0 MeV
0 MeV
0 MeV
Q= Integer
Present scale of information
Uncovering
Neutrinos
 Uncovering Neutrino
Before ~1900, scientists
knew about radioactivity.
Certain isotopes emitted
various types of penetrating
radiation.
n p a (42He)
p n

e b

g-ray
M X  EY  Ei In a two-body decay, E and p
  conservation uniquely fix the
0  pY  pi
energy of the outgoing particle
 Z  Z  1  e
A A 

Violate Law of conservation

of energy and momentum.

n pe
QUARKs u
e
and c µ
Charged
LEPTONs s d
were t b
detected
due to
their ?

charged
nature
 What about the
MYSTERIOUS
neutral ones?

BUT
Hard to detected

Q  0

m  0
To save the Law of conservation of energy and
angular momentum
Pauli proposed the existence of an unseen
neutral particle to explain the observed
electron spectrum.

n  p  e  e
(neū.trï.nõ: Little neutral
n
object)

Neutrino is neutral spin ½ matter content of the universe

“I have done something very bad today by proposing a
particle that cannot be detected; it is something no
theorist should ever do.” (Pauli, 1930)
 Discovery of neutrino
In 1955 , Frederick Reines and Clyde L. Cowan, Jr:
Chose a constant source nuclear reactor(Savannah River)
In 1956, they succeed and send a message to Pauli,

We are happy to inform you that we

have definitely discovered neutrinos
from fission fragments by observing
inverse beta decay of proton.
In 1995, Reines got Nobel prize(Cowan had died)
 Types (Flavours)
3 Flavors

νe (Electron νμ (Muon ντ (Tau neutrino):

neutrino): 
Wolfgang Pauli (1930) neutrino): Mid 1970s
THEORIZED
Late 1940s
νe: Clyde Cowan,  νμ: Leon Lederman,  ντ: 
Frederick Reines Melvin Schwartz
 (1956) DONUT collabor
DISCOVERED  and  ation
Jack Steinberger
 (1962)  
Left-handed Right-handed
 Neutrinos
e
e e
e
e e
e
All fusion reaction contributing to the solar energy

PP

CNO

Inside the sun’s core both photon and neutrinos are produced
 In terms of neutrino emissions the model calculates fluxes and
spectra. Assuming the fraction of energy subtracted by neutrinos
in the sun core is small we can take Q*= Q= 26MeV as the
approximate energy of a 4p 4He reaction, where Lsolar 1two neutrinos 10  2 1
 total to
are produced. It is immediately possible 2 predict

 6
roughly
2
. 56 
the 10 cm s
overall neutrino flux on the earth:
Q 4d

Solar neutrino spectrum

predicted by SSM BS05(OP)

Bahcall J.N., Pinsonneault M.H., \What do we (not) know theoretically about solar neutrino
fluxes?", Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 92, 121301, (2004), [arXiv:astro-ph/0402114].
Prediction & measurements of fluxes form SSM &
different experiments

Because SNO experiment actually • CC interaction

measure the data in two different sensitive only to e
ways & that’s why it is very very
important result  e  d  e  p  p
CC
NC • NC interaction
Sensitive to all 3  flavors
35% of prediction
 e  d  e  p  n
   d    p  n
  d   p  n
e +d  e +p+p

• Elastic Scattering
-

 x  e  x  e
confirm flux’s solar origin

22
Producing neutrino with one flavour and detecting with
an other flavour is called flavour oscillation
 Oscillations
 Flavour (≡ Interaction) basis (production and detection)
e,  , 
 Mass basis (free propagation in space-time): 1, 2, 3
 In general interaction eigenstates ≠ propagation
eigenstates
 e  cos   1  sin   2 2


Amount of Mixing angle

Flavour mixing Mass
e

24  08/30/2023
1
 Two-Flavour Oscillations

 e  cos   1  sin   2 nm e
n2

mi
    sin   1  cos   2

Similarly 3-Flavour Oscillations

n1
ne nm
 e   cos  sin    1 
      
   sin  cos    2 
  
m2 > m1
   U  i *
i
i
 i   U i  

Mixing matrix indicates
1. when  → 0 there is no mixing and e is lighter.
2. when  → /2 there is no mixing and e is heavier.

In order to have
mixing  must varied
between 0 and  / 2
*The particle 1 and 2 have definite masses m1 and m2.
*They can evolve in time as
 1 (t )  e i  px  E1t   1 (0)

 2 (t )  e  i  px  E2t   2 (0)

Neutrino energy is
 mi2 

Ei  p 2  m i 
2 1/ 2
Ei  p1  2 ; p  mi
 2p 
2
m
Ei  p  i
i s tic l i m it
2p Relat i v
 Two-Flavour Oscillations
Particle created at t = 0 as e evolve in time as
 iE1t  iE 2t
 e (t )  cos   1 (0) e  sin   2 e
 iE1t 2  iE 2t 2
e cos   e sin   e (0)
 cos  sin  e   iE 2t
e iE1t
 0

Probability that  created as e at t = 0 is detected as 
after time t is
2   m 2
12 L

P e       e  sin 2 sin 
2 2
 Flavor
n sio
 4E  oscillation
Dimen
 Dimensional analysis
Argument should be dimensionless

 m122 L   m122 c 4 L 
     
 4 E   c 4E 

 
 
 eV / c 2 2  c 4 m 2 Lm  
 12 
 197 MeV  fm 4 E eV  
2
 m12 L
   1.27  106
E

 
 
eV 2

m122 Lm  

 197  10 eV  10 m 4 E eV  
6 15

 1 m122 L   9 m 2
12 L 
  9
    0.00127  10 
 788  10 E   E 
*The probability P(e→) varies periodically with time
or distance.
*Frequency of periodicity is characterized by the
oscillation length which is

2 E
Losc  2
m122 Distance
between
source &
  L  detector
P e    sin 2 sin 
2 2

 Losc 
 Analysis
2 2 L
P e    sin 2 
1

2
sin 1.27 m12 
0.8

0.6

 E
0.4

0.2

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5

Need to adjust to explain Distance between point of

Experimental
experimental data creation & detection
input
1

1. Δm2/4E is very big ↔ rapidly oscillation function↔ Losc is

P(→)
0.8

0.6

very small compare2to E

the distance we are probing. very 0.4

L  2
quick oscillations
o 2
m
12
0.2

0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001

110 - 1 0 Δm ≈10 2 -3

2. Δm2 is very small ↔ Losc is very large, looking at the

P(→)
-11
810

-11
610

beginning of sin function, you can observe very small 410

-11

31 08/30/2023
deviation of sin function from zero
-11
210

-11 -11 -11 -11 -10

210 410 610 810 110

Δm2 ≈10-10
 - 42
1.4 10 - 3 2 1.4 10
-32 - 42
1.2 10 1.2 10
110 - 3 2 110 - 42
-33 - 43
810 810
- 43
610
-33 610
- 43
410
-33 410
- 43
210
-33 210

0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 210 - 11 410 -1 1 610 - 1 1 810 - 11 110 - 10

1 110 - 1 0
-11
0.75 7.5 10 -10
0.001 110
0.5 510 - 1 1
-11 -11
0.25 0.00075 2.5 10 7.5 10
0
0 0 510 - 1 1
0 0.0005
0.5
0.5 2.5 10 - 1 1
0.00025 1
1 0
1.5
Δm ≈102 -3
1.5 0 Δm ≈10 2 -10 08/30/2023
 Terminology & Existing Limits
*Δm2 ≡ Δm221= m2 - m1 &  ≡ 12

Δm2atm≡ Δm232= m3 – m2 &  atm≡ 23

Δm2acc≡ Δm231= m3 – m1 & rec ≡ 13
Neutrino oscillation experiments have already provided
5.4 × 10-5 eV2 ≤  m212 ≤ 9.5 × 10-5 eV2;
1.2 × 10-3 eV2 ≤ m213 ≤ 4.8 × 10-3 eV2 Solution to solar  pro

 m212 ~ 8 × 10-5 eV2

0.70 ≤ sin 2θ12 ≤ 0.95
2

sin2 2θ23 ≥ 0.92 Θ12 ~33.20

sin θ13 ≤ 0.23

 This implies
Theory –Experiment Compatibility
Neutrinos Are Massive!!
Source Detector

l ν =U a ν a lβ -


ν νa ν

W
W

n  pe  e 
 e p  e n
 
l l 
  e    e
l  l  
Standard Model(SM) & Elementary Transitions
Leptons Quarks Force Carriers Higgs

νe νμ ντ u+2/3 c+2/3 t+2/3 W± , Z 0 H0

e- μ- τ- d-1/3 s-1/3 b-1/3 g γ

Fermions(spin=1/2) Bosons(spin=1) Bosons(spin=0)

γ
EM Interaction Strong Interaction Weak Interaction
, 
γ g
T
W±, Z0! !
E X
f 
f 
q q fN f
 Weak Interactions of Quarks and Leptons
u  ct   e        
         
 d  s b  e       
Z 0
Z 0 Z0 Z0
NC
c u s l l
 

d l l
μ ν 5 ν
:g z γ μ (c lV -c lA γ 5 ) :g z γ (c Vl -c Al γ )
- -

W W 
l l W  l  l W

CC
d u s u l

l l

l
:g W cosθ c (V - A) :g W sinθ c (V - A) :g W (V - A)

Lepton Mixings: NO
Quark Mixings Lepton Universality
Status of Neutrino Masses in the SM

X  0   vev
Yukawa Interactions: 2
g f
gf mf 
2
gf ≡Dimensionless, arbitrary constant
fL fR

X X

gd g u
gd md  gu
Quarks: 2
mu 
2
dL dR uL uR
X X

Leptons: gl ml 
g l
2 gl m l 
g l 
2
lL lR lL lR
Status of Neutrino Masses in the SM

X  0 
Yukawa Interactions: 2
g f
gf mf 
2
gf ≡Dimensionless, arbitrary constant
fL fR

X X

gd g u
gd md  gu
Quarks: 2
mu 
2
dL dR uL uR
X X

Leptons: gl ml 
g l
2 gl m l 
g l 
2
lL lR lL lR
Status of Neutrino Masses in the SM

X  0 
Yukawa Interactions: 2
g f
gf mf 
2
gf ≡Dimensionless, arbitrary constant
fL fR

X X

gd g u
gd md  gu
Quarks: 2
mu 
2
dL dR uL uR
X X

Leptons: gl ml 
g l
2 gl m l 
g l 
2
lL lR lL lR
 Neutrino Interaction

 e   e
 p   p

 n   n
Elastic
Scatter
ing
 Scattering cross section
 e   e
The most general effective interaction lagrangian (
Leff  LSM  LNSI
 0 e
Z
L S . M  LNC  M fi
GF e
M fi    e  L e e   [ g L L  g R R]e 
2
Z couplings g fP

2 f gL gR
M fi  M  M

Sin2 w = 0.2326
l 1/2 0
l -1/2 + sin2w sin2w

gL= gV + gA & gR= gV - gA

 Amplitude
M fi
2 2

 L
2 2

R  L
2 2

R
   
 8 G F  g  g k  p p  k   k  p k   p  2m2 g L g L k   k    g  g  k  p k   p  k  p k   p 

2 2 2
 16 G F g k  p k   p  g k  p p  k   m g L g R k   k 
 2
M fi  L R 

2
  M fi  phase space
Aim is to calculate Interference Effect

 Theory   SI
NC
  NSI   I

  
I exp
 Theory

1

  0  exp   SINc   NSI
I

2


Work in progress
We will estimate the expected
future precision of several
observables, including the size
and sign of interference due to
new physics, and R-parity
violating Yukawa couplings
Reference:
1. J. G. Learned and K. Mannheim, Ann. Revi. Nucl. and Part. Sci.,
10 (2000) 50.
2. B. R. Martin and G. Shaw, "Particle Physics", 3rd Ed., John
Wally and Sons Ltd, (2008).
3. R.N. Mohapatra, S. Antusch, K. S. Babu, and G. Barenboim,
arXiv:hep-ph/0412099, (2004).
4. J. Bahcall , arXiv: physics/0406040, (2004).
5. S. P. Maran, "Astronomy For Dummies", (2012).
6. S. Bilenky, "Introduction to the Physics of Massive and Mixed
Neutrinos", Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, (2010).
7. C. Giunti, C. W. Kim, "Fundamentals of Neutrino Physics and
Astrophysics", Oxford Uni. Press, (2007).
8. K. Zuber, "Neutrino Physics", CRC Press, (2003).
 Motivation
Challenging
 Unique opportunity to measure Standard
Model parameters
 Precision test of the standard model
 Reveal physics beyond the standard model

“New Physics”
Additional particles?? New Model??

Ultimate Reality of universe !

Thank
y ou