Expenditure Process The remaining substances in the body are divided into 3 types, namely

1. Excretion: release of metabolic waste products (CO2, sweat and urine)

2. Secretion: Expelling sap which is still useful for the body (enzymes and hormones)
3. Defecation: The process of removing feces from the body. excretion of digestive
waste (feces)
 
              The eczema in humans consists of :
A.

 
              Water can be released through all the excretion tools, but each excretion device
releases different metabolic substances .
A. KIDNEY
              In humans, the kidney is the main organ that performs the excretion
process. More explicitly the role or function of the kidney is as follows:
 Excrete residual substances such as urea, acidic acid, keratin, creatinine and other
toxic substances.
 Regulates blood plasma volume and the amount of water in the body
 Keeping the osmotic pressure by regulating the excretion of salts, ie discard the
excess amount of salt and salt hold when the amount in the body is reduced.
 Regulates Ph plasma and body fluids by excreting alkaline urine, but can also excrete
acidic urine,
 Perform functions as a hormone by producing two kinds of substances, namely rennin
and erythriprotein which are thought to have endocrine function .
        Kidney Structure
                            The kidneys are enveloped by a capsule formed from fiber
tissue . The outside of the kidney is called the cortex, while the inner part is called
the medulla. On the inside there is empty space (pelvis). The kidneys have nephrons
which are the smallest functional and structural units. In humans there are around one
million nephrons. Each nephron consists of a malphigi body (containing glomelurus
which is covered by a bowman capsule ) and a nephron channel.
 Nephrons contain two types of elements, namely vessel elements (vasculature
elements) and epithelial elements. Parts of the nephron containing arterial vessels,
glomelurus (a collection of capillaries), arterial efferent, and tubular capillaries. Like
the nephrons that contain epithelial elements, namely the bowman capsule, the
proximal tubular contour and the henle arch which consists of a descending duct and
an upward duct, the distal tubule and the collecting duct (collectivus tubule).
                             At the medulla there are kidney pyramids and kidney cups which
contain many vessels to collect excretion results. These vessels are related to the
ureter which empties into the bladder (urinary vesica). The bladder serves as a
temporary reservoir of urine. The urine comes out of the body through the urine hole
that previously passed through the ureter.
                            There are 2 types of neutrons, namely cortex nephrons and
jukstamedula nephrons. The cortical nephron is located in the cortex in general,
characterized by the presence of a short henle arch. The nephron jukstamedula has
glomelurus which is located in the cortex near the medulla and has a long henle arch
and extends deep into the medulla.
 
 
 
        Urine Formation Process
              In the kidney there is urine formation. The formation of urine occurs
through a series of filtration processes (filtering) toxic waste substances,
reabsorption (reabsorption and augmentation (removal of waste substances that are
no longer needed by the body and can not be stored again)
Filtration (filtering)
The formation of urine begins with blood filtration in glomelurus. Filtration is the
transfer of fluid from glomelurus to the bowman capsule space by penetrating the
filtration membrane, the membrane filtration consists of three layers, namely
glomelurus endothelium cells, bacillary membrane and bowman capsule
epithelium. The cells of glomelurus endothelium in the malphigi bodywill facilitate
filtration. In glomelurus, blood cells, platelets and most plasma proteins are filtered
and bound so they don't come out. The results of this filtering
are primary urine (filtrate glomelurus).Primary urine contains substances that are
similar to fluids that penetrate capillaries into the space between cells. Under normal
circumstances, the primary urine does not contain erythrocytes, but contains proteins
whose levels are less than .003%. The content of electrolytes (compounds that
dissolve is an introduction to electricity) and crystalloids (Fine crystals formed from
proteins) from primary urine are also almost the same as tissue fluids. The levels of
anions in primary urine including Cl- and HCO3-ions, higher than 5%
of the cation level, are 5% lower than plasma cations. In addition, primary urine
contains glucose, salts, sodium, potassium, and amino acids .
Reabsorption (reabsorption)
              Reabsorption is the transfer of fluid from the renal tubule to the blood
vessels that surround it, the pertibular capillary. Renal tubular cells selectively
 reabsorb substances in the primary urine. Substances which are entirely reabsorbed,
while the reabsorption of inorganic salts varies depending on
the level of the substance in the plasma. After reabsorption, the urea level is higher
and the substances needed are not found anymore. The urine produced after the
reabsorption process is called secondary urine (tubular filtrate) .
There are 3 types of reabsorption that occur:
 Water reabsorption
In normal circumstances, almost 99% of those penetrating the filtration
membrane will be absorbed before reaching the ureter. The table below shows the
percentage amount of reabsorbed water in the part of the renal tubule.
Reanlis' Tubule Section Absorbed Water (%)
Proximal Tubules 80
Henle arch 6
Distal Tubules 9
Storage Channels 4
                            Proximal tubular reabsorption is performed by an osmosis process
called obligate reabsorption . Conversely, reabsorption of water in the distal tubule
is called facultative rebasorbsi, ie reabsorption occurs depending on the need. So,
if the body contains too much water, no reabsorption occurs. Whereas if the body
contains a small amount of water, reabsorption occurs.Reabsorption of water in the
distal tubule is influenced by the hormone antideuritk (ADH) secreted by the
pituitary gland. If the secretion of antideuritic hormones from the pituitary gland is
greatly reduced, then the reabsorption of water will be inhibited. This causes a large
amount of urine to be excreted and can reach 20L for a day and a night. Such a
condition is called diabetes insipidus.
 Reabsorption of certain substances
              Reabsorption of certain substances can occur by active transport and
diffusion. For example, on the side adjacent to the lumen of the tubular Yag renal
tubule Na   ion diffusion, while on the side adjacent to the tubular cells occurs
+

ranspor capillary active Na   ions. The presence of Na   active transport in tubular
+ +

cells to the capillaries causes a decrease in Na   ion levels in the renal tubular cells,
+

so that Na + diffusion occurs from the lumen of the renal tubule cells. In general,
substances that are important to the body are reabsorbed by active transportation.
 Reabsorption of substances that are important to the body
              Important substances for the body which are actively absorbed are proteins,
amino acids, glucose, acetoacetic acid and vitamins. Glucose and acidacetoacetate
are sources of energy, whereas prorein and amino acids are cell substitutes that are
 old. These substances sireabsorbsi actively in the proximal tubule, so that there is no
longer curved henle.
Augmentation
              Augmentation is the process of adding substances that are not needed in the
body to the distal tubule. This event is also called tubular secretion. Tubular cells
secrete certain substances containing hydrogen ions and potassium ions, then merge
with secondary urine. Addition of hydrogen ions because it helps maintain
equilibrium in the blood. If the Ph in the blood starts to fall, the secretion of
hydrogen ions will increase sammapi is in a normal Ph state ( 7.3-7.4) and the urine
produced has a Ph with a cisatran from 4.5 to 8.5. The urine that is formed will
be temporarily stored in the bladder to then be removed in the urethra.

       Factors Affecting the Process of Forming Urine

              The process of urinary formation is influenced by two factors,
namely internal factors involving hormones (antideuritic and insulin) and external
factors that involve the amount of water taken.
A. Internal factors
1)       Antideuritic hormone (ADH)
              Antideuritic hormone is secreted by the hypophyseal nerve gland
(neuroehipophysis). The release of this hormone is determined by special
receptors in the brain that continuously control the osmotic pressure of the blood
(equilibrium concentration of water in the blood). Therefore, this hormone will
affect the process ofreabsorption of water in the distal tubule, so that the cell's
permeability to water will increase. By this way ofworking and its influence, the
hormone is called an antideuritic hormone.
              If the blood osmotic pressure rises, that is, when it is dehydrated or
lacking in body fluids (when thirsty or sweating a lot), the concentration of water
in the blood will drop. As a result of this condition, ADH secretion increases and is
channeled by the blood to the kidneys. ADH besides increasing cell permeability to
water, it also increases the permeability of the collecting channel, thereby enlarging
the collecting channel cells. Thus the waterwill diffuse out of the collecting pipe ,
then enter the blood. This situation will try to start the concentration of water in the
blood. However, trying to restore the concentration of water in the blood.But as a
result, the urine produced becomes less and more concentrated.
2)       Insulin hormone
              Hormone insulin is a hormone released by the island langerhans in the
pancreas. Hormone insulin functions to regulate blood sugar. People
with diabetes (diabetes mellitus) has a low concentration of the hormone insulin,
 so blood sugar levels will be high. As a result, there is a disturbance of
reabsorption in the urine , there is still glucose.
B. External factors
1)       Amount of Drinked Water
              The amount of water taken will certainly affect the concentration of
water in the blood. If we drink a lot of water, the concentration of water in the
blood will be high, and the concentration of protein in the blood decreases, so that
filtration decreases. In addition, this condition causes blood to become thinner, so
that ADH secretion will decrease. Decreased filtration and reduced ADH will
cause decreased absorption of water, so that the urine produced will increase and
runny.
2)       Ambient temperature
              When the temperature is around cold, the body will try to maintain its
temperature by reducing the amount of blood flowing into the skin so that more
blood will go to the organs, including the kidneys.  If the amount of blood to the
kidneys is as much as the amount, then the discharge of urine too much.
3)       Emotion and Stress Fluctuations
If someone experiences stress, usually his blood pressure will increase so much
blood goes to the kidney. In addition, when people are in an emotional state, the
bladder will contract. Thus, there arises the desire to urinate small.
        Gnjal disorders and disorders
              The human kidney is the main tool of excretion, so if there is a kidney
disorder it will certainly disrupt the excretion system. Severe injuries, lots of blood
loss, poisoning of certain substances, and certain diseases can cause disruption of
kidney function, especially disruption of urine formation. Some of these disorders or
disorders include the following
a. Ginja Failure and Uremia
Failure of acute kidney function can cause nephritis, bleeding, and kidney function to
stop suddenly. A common symptom is that there is no urine formation which is called
anuria. This symptom is dangerous because it can cause uremia. Uremia is the lowest
urine into the bloodstream caused by a leak in one of the channels in the nephron. As
a result of these conditions, the absorption of water by the blood will be disrupted,
resulting in accumulation of water in the legs and swelling (edema), as well as other
organs.
b. Nephritis
              Nephritis is inflammation of the nedron because Streptococcus bacteria enter
through the respiratory tract. From the respiratory tract, bacteria are carried by blood
 to the kidneys. As a result of inflammation, proteins that enter with primary urine
cannot be filtered, so they will come out with urine. Chronic nephritis usually occurs
in elderly people characterized by high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries in the
kidneys and damage glomelurus or tubules.
c. Diabetes Insipidus
              Diabetes insipidus is a disease of the pituitary gland that fails to secrete
antideuritic hormones, so urinary excretion increases. In general, the amount of urine
excreted is between 4-6 liters per day               , but can reach 12-15 liters per day,
depending on the amount of water drunk. People with diabetes insipidus tend to be
dehydrated and electrolyte release from body fluids. However, this tendency is
balanced by the feeling of wanting to drink and want to eat foods that contain more
salt. This disease is generally caused by tumors in the hipootalamus or pituitary which
cause damage to the hypothalamus that regulates the secretion of anthururic
hormones.
d. Diabetes mellitus
              Diabetes mellitus or known diabetes, the presence of glucose in urine that is
decreasing the insulin hormone produced in the pancreas gland. The decrease in the
hormone insulin causes disruption of the process of glycogen to glucose and glucose
reabsorption in glomelurus.
e. Albuminaria
              Albuminaria is the presence of albumin molecules and other proteins in the
urine. Albuminaria is caused by damage to the filtration device in the kidneys so that
the protein can pass through the filtration process.
f.Stone urine
              Urinating stones or kidney stones is the formation of grains of calcium
compounds and accumulation of uric acid, so that CaCO   (calcium carbonate) in the
3

kidneys or urinary tract can cause difficulty urinating. Stone urine can occur due to
hormonal factors (which are produced by the parathyroid gland) and if a person is
drinking less or often holding urine.
 
Source :
Aryuliana, D, Choirul , M , Syalfibal Manaf, Endang Widi, W. 2007. Biology 2 High School / MA
Class XI . Jakarta: Erlangga
 
Suwarno. 2009. Guide to Biology Learning for High School / MA  Class
XI . Jakarta : Center Bookkeeping, Ministry of National Education,