Introduction

Federations standardly have bicameral legislatures within the federal government. One chamber
represents the federation’s demos, normally in proportion to population. In the chamber of the
regions, by contrast, the smallest component units are usually overrepresented. Laws are made
by the consent of both chambers, ensuring a “double majority”: the consent of the people as a
whole and of the regions. In federations, regions usually cover the entire state’s territory, with
exceptions sometimes being made for capital cities, or sparsely inhabited territories. The scope
of self-government enjoyed by regions in federations varies: some federations are less “non-
centralized” than others. In some federations the regions enjoy very extensive powers of self-
government; in others the federal government has multiple opportunities to extend and even
usurp powers it has been granted within the constitution especially if it is aided by a compliant
supreme or constitutional court. Within federations, sovereignty is constitutionally divided and
shared between a federal government (which normally has federation-wide authority over certain
functions) and what are variously known as regions, provinces, states, länder, cantons, republics,
or entities. Regions are used below as the generic word for the federative entities. In a federation,
the federal government and the regions respectively have exclusive responsibility for certain
functions, though some powers may be shared. The division and sharing of powers is entrenched
in a constitution, which requires the consent of the regions for amendments–though not always
their unanimous consent. For example a constitutional amendment may require the support of a
qualified majority of the federative entities.

Defination

The consolidated revenue account is the account into which the council transfers all net surpluses
and deficits from all accounts, with the exception of all funds as defined in subsection (6) of
section two hundred and eighty-six, the housing account referred to in section three hundred and
one, the traditional beer account, the services levy account, the parking account, and the capital
account of the estates account.

Defination

Federalism is a philosophy, doctrine and arguably an ideology (Watts: 1998) that favors a
distinct territorial pattern of government, one that combines the centralization of some political
powers and the decentralization of others. The etymological origins of federalism derive from
“foedus,” the Latin for “alliances” or “leagues” of states that joined together in pacts, covenants
or agreements, typically for defensive purposes. Federalists promote “federal political systems,”
which combine principles of “shared rule” with “self-rule” in their territorial designs (Elazar:
1987). Often they do so to resolve self-determination disputes. The best known “federal political
system” in English is described as a “federation,” which will be defined below. It is important,
however, to recognize that political systems that are not explicit “federations” are sometimes
described as “federal political systems
Diffrences

1. Add together your revenues and your subsidiary's revenues. Subtract the sales made
between you and your subsidiary to determine consolidated revenue. In the example from
the previous step, add $40,000 and $20,000 to get $60,000. Subtract $8,000 from $60,000
to get $52,000 in consolidated revenue. While federation the FG keeps 52.68% for its
budget (goes to the FCT), the states share 26.72%, and local governments get 20.60%.
2. The latter belongs to the entire Federation while the Federal Government, albeit keeps it
in trust on behalf of the three tiers of government. The Consolidated Revenue Fund on
the other hand is one of the accounts of the Federal Government which is exclusively
managed by it.

Sharing and Formular

The CRF is used for principal and interest payments. Additional revenue items that directly
benefit the Federal Government include the following: Licensing fees for the sale of intellectual
property, as well as Exploration Fees for mining.

What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? About 50 percent of federal revenue
comes from individual income taxes, 7 percent from corporate income taxes, and another 36
percent from payroll taxes that fund social insurance programs

Conclusion

This analysis has attempted to provide a detailed exploration of federal means of addressing
national self-determination disputes. Federalism offers no panacea for national, ethnic,
religious and linguistic conflicts; politics never ends; and federations have their known
pathologies or sore-spots: e.g.  “asymmetries;” over-and under-represented regions in the
federal legislature, especially the second-chamber; the clash of ‘representativeness’ and
‘inclusion’ with abstract notions of ‘desert’ and ‘merit’; the clash of multiple citizen bodies
as opposed to one; and the difficulties in managing just and viable patterns of fiscal transfers.
Federations have, however, strong, and frequently more important advantages. They offer
some prospects of accommodating multiple nationalities, religions, languages, and
ethnicities, with their consent, in acts of joint self-determination. Pluralist federations reject,
in principle, coercive assimilation and control (repression). More controversially, they reject
integration, i.e. the idea that mobilized nationalities can be satisfied with individual (personal
autonomy) rights without public accommodation of their nationality or culture. Integration is,
arguably, the world’s dominant method of conflict regulation, but there is little evidence that
it works quickly or in the long run in heavily multinational and multicultural places.
Federations do not, guarantee stability but they may offer the best inoculation against
secession available, as well as creative ways of achieving parity, proportionality and
autonomy that respect the rights of peoples.
Refrences

1. "Ethnoterritorial Federalism: A Compromise Model?” In Federal Solutions to Ethnic

Problems: Accommodating Diversity, 164-218. New York: Routledge, 2012.
2. "In Defense of Ethnic Federalism." In Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems:
Accommodating Diversity, 52-99. New York: Routledge, 2012.
3. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. 
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.