168 appendix appendix 169

Appendix

Upstream
Downstream
Operations Data

Top of reservoir Geological fault Reservoir porosity

reflected in different
colors

dammam dome reservoir quality

A 3-D reservoir model of the Dammam The 3-D model illustrates the reservoir,
Poor
Dome from 2008 is aligned with the roughly 1,500 meters below ground.
corresponding area from the first map Good
of the Dammam Dome, drawn in 1934.
Excellent
170 appendix appendix 171

Upstream The origins of hydrocarbons

Land

Sea
Upstream encompasses all the activities from the drill bit to the refinery: the
exploration for, and development, production and processing of, oil and gas.
Water injection, oil stabilization, gas processing and pipelines are included
Tiny forms of sea life such
within the scope of upstream operations.
as plankton die and accumulate
Upstream begins with earth scientists searching for oil and gas by examin- on the ocean floor.

ing rock outcrops on the surface to try to understand the subsurface strata.
They integrate their interpretations with data collected from inside the well: Layers of sediment form as the
accumulation process continues
from drill cuttings (bits of rock that rise to the surface as a well is drilled),
over time.
core samples and wire-line logs (instruments that record electrical values,
radioactivity, temperature and other rock properties). The integrated data
are used to identify prospects—areas likely to contain petroleum.
Once a prospect has been identified, geoscientists acquire and interpret
seismic data to develop integrated geological and geophysical models that
are used to select the best drilling locations. After a discovery is made, drilling
to delineate and develop a field takes place, and reservoir engineers design
production plans. Improvements in technology continue to increase recovery
rates, enabling geoscientists and petroleum engineers to manage reservoirs
Parts of the dead material change
efficiently and for the long term. Saudi Aramco also places significant emphasis to hydrocarbons mixed with other
on operations safety and environmental protection. sedimentary materials.

Layers become more and more

The Origins of Oil and Gas Oil and gas originate almost entirely from the remains of ancient compresssed as further layers
settle on top.
plants and animals as shown in the diagram on the facing page. The solar energy absorbed by
these organisms and stored as carbon molecules in their bodies has been recycled into petroleum
energy in the form of organic compounds composed mostly of hydrogen and carbon. These
hydrocarbon compounds were created when microscopic marine organisms and plant matter
were buried by layers of sediment and, over millions of years, transformed through bacteria, heat
and pressure into oil and gas, which gradually seeped up through layers of rock, collecting in
underground structures called traps.

The fossilized remains of ancient marine

organisms, seen in the core samples New material–depositing sediment
pulled up from wells thousands of forms an impervious layer called
cap rock.
meters deep and collected from rock
outcrops on the surface, yield a wealth Gas
of clues to geologists searching for
Oil
oil and gas. These specimens, as seen
by a scanning electron microscope in Gas, oil and water
EXPEC, are acritarchs, fossil marine
organisms of unknown biological
affinity, and date to the early Silurian Earth movements cause folds
age, about 430 million years ago. in the crust.
172 appendix appendix 173

Stratigraphy of Eastern Saudi Arabia The rich oil and gas fields of Saudi Arabia, located
mainly in the Eastern Province, are linked to the region’s long history of relative tectonic stability
in its subsurface. The virtually flat platform of the Arabian Shelf, which underlies the middle and
siberia
eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula and its shallow eastern offshore area, enabled an almost
uninterrupted accumulation of sediments, which provided both the source for oil and gas and
the reservoirs in which these hydrocarbons accumulated.
europe

china

turkey iran
generalized cross section
tibet of saudi arabia
north
america indochina The final 10 million years of the late
Jurassic Period witnessed significant
southeast
asia environmental changes, as shallow
seas receded and advanced, leaving
in millions of years behind alternate layers of nonporous
sea level
africa
arabia anhydrite and porous and permeable
limestone. The latter layers formed the
Arab Zone, which contains the world’s
south largest petroleum reserves. Over the
america
course of millions of years, infrequent
–304.8m tectonic events led to the formation of
structural traps, capped by anhydrite,
india which captured the hydrocarbons.

australia
–609.6m

67–140 million years ago

a n ta r c t i c a key

cretaceous period
sand and mud

limestone

anhydrite
–914.4m
shale

Bahrain sandstone
100 Zone
e a r ly j u r a s s i c 1 9 5 m i l l i o n y e a r s a g o key porous limestone

The enormous hydrocarbon reservoirs ancient Landmass –1,219.2m

in what became Saudi Arabia Zubair
Modern Landmass Zone
accumulated in carbonate sedimentary 120
rocks deposited in the late Jurassic subduction zone (triangles point
in the direction of subduction)
Period, around 150 million years ago.
seafloor spread ridge
Upper
130 Ratawi Zone
–1,524m

Lower
135 Ratawi Zone
A Brief Geological Timeline of Saudi Arabia The Earth’s interior, composed of semi-molten Manifa
140 Zone
rock, is in constant motion. The outer rigid layer, the lithosphere, consists of large plates
that slide over the semi-molten layer. These plates pull apart from, slip past, dive under and –1,828.8m

Arab A
collide with each other in a process called plate tectonics, forming mountains, basins and the Member
continents themselves. Arab B
Member
Around 1.1 billion years ago in the Precambrian, the Earth’s landmasses formed one Arab C
Member –2,133.6m
supercontinent, Rodinia, which, some 250 million years later, broke apart. The supercontinent

140–204 million years ago

Arab D
of Gondwana formed around 514 million years ago, in the late Cambrian Period. Gondwana, 150 Member

jurassic period
which included the landmass of Arabia, stretched from the Equator to the South Pole, and it and
Mid-Jubaila
the other continents were flooded by shallow seas. Algae were dominant, and hard-shell marine Zone
–2,438.4m
animals appeared in great numbers.
About 100 million years later, in the early Devonian Period, the Paleozoic oceans began to Hanifa
Zone
close, and eventually the supercontinents of Gondwana and Euramerica collided to form Pangea. Hadriya
Zone
Pangea began to break apart in three main episodes, with the first occurring in the middle –2,743.2m
Fadhili
Jurassic Period, about 180 million years ago. This age was dominated by the giant dinosaurs, Zone

the first appearance of birds and extensive inland seas where, 30 million years later, in the late 165

Jurassic Period, enormous layers of organic matter accumulated in what became Saudi Arabia.
In the last 20 million years, the Red Sea opened, rifting Arabia away from Africa.
174 appendix appendix 175

Petroleum Traps
Niyashin

Zuluf Marjan
Rimthan Safaniya Maharah

As Sayd Lawhah
Dibdibah Hasbah
Jauf Hamur
Ribyan
Namlan Harqus Arabiyah
An anticline trap is an upward fold Suban
Sharar Manifa Karan
in the layers of rock shaped like an Wari‘ah Habari
Gas Kurayn
Juraybi‘at Jana
arch. Petroleum migrates into the Jurayd
Watban Abu Hadriya
highest part of the fold and is pre- Cap rock Duhaynah Rabib
vented from escaping by an overlying El Haba Jaladi
Bakr Khursaniyah Berri
bed of impermeable cap rock. The Reservoir rock and water Abu Sa‘fah
Faridah Dhib Fadhili
great majority of oil reservoirs are Samin
found in anticline traps. Qatif
Oil

Dammam bahrain
Fazran Dhahran a
r
Jaham a
Abqaiq b
ia
n
g
‘Ain Dar ul
f
Shedgum

q ata r
Khurais ‘Uthmaniyah Ghawar

Qirdi
Cap rock Abu Jifan Hawiyah
Riyadh Manjurah
A fault is the result of horizontal layers Harmaliyah
Farhah Awtad
of rock being folded or deformed, Gas Warid
creating a fracture. When the rocks Mazalij Haradh
on the two sides of a fracture move in Oil Sirayyan Jufayn
Dilam Arsan Sahba
opposite directions, a fault is created. Abu Tinat united arab
Sanaman Shidad
A fault trap occurs when formations Reservoir rock Raghib
Dirwazah e m i r at e s
Shiblah Wudayhi Midrikah Niban Lughfah
on either side of a fault prevent and water Duayban
further migration of petroleum. Hilwah Nujayman
Abu Rakiz Jawb Marzouk
Khuzama Halfa
Mulayh
Burmah Yabrin Qamran
Abu Markhah
Nisalah Zimlah Maghrib Kahla
Hawtah Shaden Sham‘ah ‘Amad Shaybah
Hazmiyah Nuayyim Muraiqib Shutfah
North
Abu Sidr Kassab
Ramlah
Ghinah Waqr Tukhman
Kidan
Umm Jurf
Usaylah South
Layla
Cap rock

Gas
oil and gas fields
Oil of saudi arabia key
Stratigraphic traps occur when a
Jalamid
reservoir layer, also called a bed, Nearly all of Saudi Aramco’s oil and Towns
is sealed by other beds or by a gas fields are located in the Eastern
C a p i ta l
change in porosity or permeability Reservoir rock Province. Other fields are located in
within the reservoir bed itself. and water the Central Province, south of Riyadh, oil field
Kahf
and in the Western Province, on the gas field
Red Sea coast. Total recoverable crude
oil reserves are roughly 260 billion scale in kilometers
barrels—the largest in the world. Sidr Midyan Tabuk
Reserves of natural gas are roughly 0 50 100 Barqan
279 trillion cubic feet, fourth largest
scale in kilometers

re
in the world.

d
Petroleum Traps Oil and gas are formed in organic-rich layers of rock exposed to heat and 0 100 200

se
Umluj

a
pressure, called source rock. The oil and gas will migrate upward through the rock layers where, Al Wajh

if conditions are favorable, they will accumulate in reservoirs, layers of porous and permeable
rock such as limestone or sandstone. The migration of hydrocarbons to the surface is stopped e s t i m at e d w o r l d w i d e c r u d e o i l r e s e r v e s e s t i m at e d w o r l d w i d e g a s r e s e r v e s
by an impermeable layer of rock that acts as a seal, or cap. Oil and gas accumulate only where (billion barrels) as of january 1, 2010 (trillion cubic feet) as of january 1, 2010

260 saudi arabia 1,680 Russia

the reservoir and cap rock form traps.
211 VENEZUELA 1,045 Iran
Geologists classify petroleum traps into two basic types: structural traps, formed by Earth 175 CANADA 895 qatar

movements and rock folds, and stratigraphic traps, the result of the deposition of layers favor- 137 IRAN 279 saudi arabia
115 IRAQ 265 TURKMENISTAN
able to the formation and trapping of petroleum. Two common examples of structural traps are
anticline and fault traps.
176 appendix appendix 177

Exploration The professionals in Saudi Aramco’s Exploration organization cover Saudi Arabia Sedimentologists and carbonate
geologists in Saudi Aramco’s Core
on a scale that extends from wide swaths of desert, basins and mountains to the micron level. Lab study the separate layers, or
They also consider a fourth dimension in their quest: time, which they measure in the hundreds beds, within hydrocarbon reser-
voirs as revealed by core samples.
of millions of years. Thin sections are cut from the core
samples and examined by company
micropaleontologists, who look for
A new road, cut through a hill, allows
fossils of marine and land organ-
a young geologist to map rock layers
isms, and by palynologists, who
near al-‘Ula, Saudi Arabia.
look for ancient pollens and spores.

This short interval of a core sample,

pulled from 1,468 meters deep in the
Shaybah field, shows the contact
between crude oil and gas. The light
brown section of the core is filled
with Arabian Super Light crude oil
while the gray section is from the
gas column of the reservoir, above
the oil column. The limestone core
is composed of fragments of an
ancient bivalve, and the oil and gas
are stored in the inter-particle pore
spaces between the shell fragments.
The Fossil Record Core samples, drill cuttings, plugs (a kind of mini-core pulled from the
larger core) and thin sections mounted on slides are examined by geoscientists. The rock yields a
wealth of knowledge about the reservoir: porosity and permeability, basic and structural geology,
petroleum physics, stratigraphy, sedimentology and other data.
Geoscientists are especially interested in microfossils such as pollens, spores, protists
(one-celled organisms, including algae, dinoflagellates and others) and Foraminifera—organisms
with calcium carbonate shells. The fossil record illustrates the historical environment of Arabia:
from shallow, warm seas during the Jurassic Period to glaciers and ice sheets when Arabia, in its
continental wandering, was located near the South Pole. A hydrocarbon reservoir is similar
to a sponge soaked with oil and
gas. Two key factors in a reservoir’s
Fossil remains of the single-celled potential productivity are how big
aquatic organisms known as the holes in the sponge are and how
Foraminifera serve as excellent they connect, known as porosity
records of the environment and and permeability. Using a scanning
geologic age of the rock layers in electron microscope, company
which they are found. Foraminifera, scientists can examine the reservoir
with their hard exoskeletons, small rock at the 2- to 5-micron level, close
size, short reproductive cycles, enough to see the individual pores
prolific numbers and wide distribu- in the stone, and better understand
tion over marine environments, are the porosity and permeability of the
especially valuable fossil clues. reservoir. The rock on the left reveals
poor reservoir quality, while the
sample on the right shows excellent
porosity and good permeability.
178 appendix appendix 179

Company earth scientists and

petroleum engineers use the
latest in 3-D reservoir simulation
technology in the Upstream
Professional Development Center in
Dhahran. Such technology provides
a better understanding of prospects
before an exploratory drilling program
begins, and in reservoir develop-
ment, it helps delineate fields and
place wells to optimize production.

Seismic Imaging Seismic surveying is used in conjunction with structure drilling in the search
for oil and gas. Sound waves, produced by mechanical vibrators mounted on the underside
of large trucks, penetrate layers of rock thousands of meters beneath the Earth’s surface. The
sound waves are reflected back to the surface where their altered waveforms are recorded as
raw seismic data. This information is manipulated by powerful computers to produce an image
of the underground rock formations.
Reservoir Characterization Reservoir characterization plays a critical role throughout the
productive life of an oil or gas field. Every producing reservoir has a reservoir simulation model that
is continually updated with new drilling and production data and is used to develop and evaluate
alternative reservoir management strategies. Because of the huge size and large well spacing of
Saudi Arabia’s hydrocarbon resources, Saudi Aramco has developed its own reservoir simulator,
POWERS (Parallel Oil Water and Gas Reservoir Simulator), to produce 3-D geo-cellular models,
comprising billions of individual cells. These reservoir models are used in reserves estimation and
reservoir simulation models, which are also used to evaluate proposed well locations.
180 appendix appendix 181

Reservoir Nano-agents: Resbots™ One promising avenue of research in reservoir manage-

ment is the development of nano-scale reservoir robots, called Resbots. Company researchers
are studying the feasibility of deploying Resbots, 1/1,000th the size of a human hair, with the
fluids injected into a hydrocarbon reservoir. Resbots would gather information about reservoir
properties, including pressure, temperature and fluid type, in onboard memory. The Resbots
would be retrieved through production wells and the data downloaded and analyzed, helping
delineate the extent of the reservoir, map fractures and faults in the rock, define areas of higher
permeability, identify bypassed oil, optimize well placement and help design even more precise A multilateral well extends multiple
branches within the hydrocarbon
geological models of the reservoir. For the Resbots concept, the Exploration and Petroleum reservoir. Multilateral wells improve
Engineering Center (EXPEC) Advanced Research Center won the prestigious New Horizons Idea well productivity and reduce field
development costs by requiring fewer
Award at the 2008 World Oil Awards.
wells to produce a field.

Drilling and Reservoir Engineering Drilling is conducted for both exploration and production
purposes. Structure drilling is used to determine key subsurface strata. Wildcat wells are drilled
to test whether oil or gas is present in the structures that geologists have recommended. Once a
new field has been discovered, a number of delineation wells are drilled some distance apart in
order to outline the configuration and size of the field. Finally, the field is put into production by
drilling development wells in a pattern recommended by petroleum engineers. Water injection
wells inject treated seawater to maintain reservoir pressure.
Drilling technology has come a long way since the early days of the industry. Directional
drilling was first introduced in the 1920s, driven by the need to drill from difficult onshore sites
Geologists direct well drilling from
and, later, from offshore platforms. Horizontal wells became popular in the 1980s and were Saudi Aramco’s Geosteering Center
developed for deeper wells in the 1990s. A horizontal well penetrates a reservoir bed across the in Dhahran as real-time information
is transmitted from sensors near the
target zone, rather than down through it, improving recovery rates. More recent developments drill bits. The center operates 24 hours
include multilateral wells, with multiple junctions like the branches of a tree. a day, seven days a week.

Drilling wells, whether for exploration,

delineation, production or water
injection, is at the heart of the petro-
leum industry.

A maximum reservoir contact (MRC) well is a multilateral horizontal well with more than
five kilometers of total contact with the reservoir rock. Such wells also employ “smart” well
features that enable a reservoir management team to intervene remotely. For example, the
team can shut off one lateral without disturbing the remaining laterals. Smart wells also include
downhole sensors, which provide real-time monitoring of the well, helping optimize production
and reservoir management.
A further refinement of the MRC is the extreme reservoir contact (ERC) well, a smart
multilateral well that does not require individual control lines from the wellhead on the surface to
each lateral. This allows an unlimited number of smart laterals, which can be remotely controlled
using real-time data.
The Geosteering Operations Center (GOC) in Dhahran is staffed by teams of geologists and
engineers who monitor drilling operations anywhere in the field. They analyze downhole data
in real time to remotely guide drilling activities and ensure that each well is optimally placed.
182 appendix
This gas-oil separation plant
(GOSP) is one of four that
perform the initial processing
of oil from the Shaybah field.
Fluids produced from an oil well
are typically under pressure and
comprise oil, dissolved gas, salty
water and some hydrogen sulfide.
This mixture is sent to a gas-oil
separation plant (GOSP) for initial
processing. At the GOSP, a pressure
step-down process releases most
of the dissolved gas. A desalting
process then removes the salt
water. The resulting sour crude
oil is then sent for stabilization.
appendix 183
Oil & Gas Production and Processing Gas Production and Processing Natural gas is processed to produce clean fuel (methane, or
For a diagram of Saudi Aramco’s oil and gas production operations and a map of production sales gas) and feedstock (methane, ethane, propane, butane and natural gasoline). Sales gas and
facilities, see the Operations Data section. ethane are consumed entirely by Saudi Arabia’s utilities and industry. Excess propane, butane and
Saudi Aramco’s oil and gas production operations encompass Saudi Arabia, including natural gasoline (collectively known as NGL) that are not used by the domestic petrochemicals
territorial waters in the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea. Totaling more than 1.5 million square industry are exported to world markets.
kilometers, this area is larger than the combined areas of Texas, California, Oklahoma and Utah,
or of France, Spain and Germany.
gas production
Saudi Aramco’s Master Gas System
Oil Production and Processing Most oil-producing wells are free-flowing with a typical oil Sales Gas NGL
(MGS) is fed with two types of gases:
flow rate of 5,000 bpd. Once the oil is extracted, it is piped to a gas-oil separation plant (GOSP) the gases associated with crude
Gas Plant oil that are removed by the gas-oil
where water and the majority of dissolved gases are extracted. The remaining oil is then sent to separation plants (GOSPs), and the
a stabilization facility, such as the Abqaiq Plants, for final gas separation and removal of hydrogen non-associated gases that come from
Sulfur gas wells that do not produce crude
sulfide. The extracted gas is sent to Gas Operations facilities for additional processing, while the oil. Gas processing involves removing
water is injected back into the ground. This oil is now dry (no water), sweet (no hydrogen sulfide) Oil GOSP Gas Condensate the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) to produce sweet gas,
and stabilized (no gas), and can be refined or exported. and separating sales gas (methane)
from the heavier components. The
heavier products are liquefied and
pumped to NGL plants for fraction-
ation and final delivery to customers.
Gas Gas
The H2S is converted to elemental
sulfur and sold to domestic and
Oil export markets.
Water
Water
Associated Gas Non-Associated Gas
Basic process of Gas Plants
Condensate Sour Associated Gas Sour Non-Associated Gas
In the gas plant, gas is received at slug-
catchers, which separate condensate
and water from gas and capture
liquid ”slugs.“ These slugs, traveling
at high velocity, may damage piping
Condensate Low Pressure High Pressure systems. Condensate liquids go to the
Stripper Amine Amine stripping section, where H2S and water
are removed. The separated sour gas
feed goes to the gas treating modules,
where, via contact with alkylamine,
Acid
Gas the H2S and CO2 are stripped away,
creating sweet gas. The sweet gas is
Sweet
Gas compressed and chilled to separate
Sulfur ethane and heavier gases. The H2S-
Recovery and CO2-rich gas, now referred to as
Compression Unit
acid gas, is sent to the sulfur plants
Inlet for oil/water/gas mixture Gas outlet
where H2S is converted to elemental
sulfur, recovered and made into solid
Liquid
pellets for domestic and export sales.
Sulfur
Water Dehydration
Gas
Foam
Oil
Cooling
Emulsion
Water
NGL
Recovery
Water outlet Oil outlet
NGL Sales Gas
184 appendix appendix 185

Pipelines Saudi Aramco operates a pipeline network nearly 20,000 kilometers long—roughly
equivalent to the flying distance between Rome and Sydney—including flow lines from oil and
gas wells, water injection pipelines and systems for refined products distribution. Major cross-
country pipelines include the Saudi Arabia–Bahrain Pipeline and the East-West Crude Oil and
NGL pipelines to Yanbu‘ on the Red Sea. The NGL pipeline linking Yanbu‘ and Shedgum is the
longest and most advanced gas line ever built—1,170 kilometers long.

Downstream

Downstream encompasses all the activities that occur after crude oil and gas
have been produced and initially processed. The fractionation of natural gas
liquids (NGL), the refining of crude oil and the petrochemical industry are
downstream activities. Shipping and distribution of crude oil and refined
products are also included within this scope.

OSPAS The Oil Supply Planning and Scheduling (OSPAS) organization is the nerve center for the
movement of all of Saudi Aramco’s crude oil, natural gas and refined products. OSPAS plans,
schedules, coordinates and monitors the quantity—and quality—of millions of barrels of crude
oil every day of the year from the wellhead to company terminals.
OSPAS also tracks refined product movements from seven refineries, 19 bulk plants, 18 air
refueling sites, five strategic storage facilities and 1,600 kilometers of refined products pipeline.
It also tracks gas and NGL from six gas plants, three fractionation centers and more than 5,000
kilometers of pipeline. Saudi Aramco also operates 44 export berths at five marine ports, loading
millions of barrels of oil and refined products each day onto supertankers destined for ports in
the world’s three major energy markets: Asia, North America and Europe.
Within OSPAS, the “Big Board” of the Operations Coordination Center (OCC) tracks the
movement of oil, gas, NGL and refined products, and also oversees terminal operations and
electrical power distribution.

Operators in the Operations Coor-

dination Center can, at a glance, see
the entire scope of the company’s
hydrocarbon production and distribu-
tion operations. With the click of a
mouse, operators can check the status
of individual pipeline valves, the feed
rate of a distillation column at a refinery,
the volume of a storage tank or the
loading status of a supertanker. Terminals Saudi Aramco’s enormous storage tank farms and shipping terminals supply crude oil, In addition to linking wells to
processing plants, Saudi Aramco’s
NGL and refined products to customers around the globe. Every year, more than 9,000 tankers
pipeline system delivers crude oil,
call at company terminals at Ras Tanura and Ju‘aymah on the Arabian Gulf, and at Yanbu‘, Jiddah gas, NGL and refined products to
domestic industries and utilities
and Rabigh on the Red Sea.
and to company export terminals.
The Ras Tanura Terminal consists of the South Pier, the North Pier and the Sea Islands.
The South Pier, currently abandoned, is where Saudi crude oil was first loaded onto the
tanker D. G. Scofield in May 1939. The North Pier, connected to the mainland by a 1,200-meter-
long causeway and trestle, operates six berths for the loading of crude oil, refined products and
refined liquid petroleum gasses (RLPG).
The Ras Tanura Sea Islands are a complex of man-made islands approximately 1½ kilometers
northeast of the North Pier. The four Sea Islands (one of which is decommissioned) each feature
a loading station for crude oil and bunker fuel (to power marine vessels) and two berths. Six
supertankers of up to 500,000 deadweight tons can load simultaneously.
186 appendix appendix 187

Refining Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules, the simplest of which, methane, is
one carbon atom linked with four hydrogen atoms. The three principal groups of hydrocarbon
compounds that occur naturally in crude oil are paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes.
The refining process begins with the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oil into separate
CH4– Methane (Natural Gas)
hydrocarbon groups. Each hydrocarbon fraction has its own boiling point. The light fractions,
such as kerosene, have low boiling points while heavier fractions, such as fuel oil, have high
boiling points.
In the refining process, crude oil is heated in a distillation column, and the vapors resulting
from the boiling are drawn off and condensed. The fractions produced by a distillation column are
only the products that are in the crude oil to begin with—to produce more of a desired fraction,
such as gasoline, refineries must add conversion processes.
The earliest conversion process was thermal cracking, in which the heavy fractions of
C 3H8– Propane
crude oil are heated to a high temperature and the hydrocarbon molecules “cracked” to release
the lighter fractions, gasoline, for example. In visbreaking, residual (heavy oils leftover from the
distillation process) is heated, cooled with gas oil and rapidly burned or flashed. Visbreaking
reduces the viscosity of heavy oils and produces tar. Coking involves heating residual, but at
higher temperatures than visbreaking, until it cracks into heavy oil, gasoline and naphtha. The
heavy, almost pure carbon residue left behind is called coke and is also a commercial product.

Gas

Crude Oil Distillation Column

Naphtha*
* For processing into gasoline or petrochemicals
Reflux
**  For further processing into jet fuel

Kerosene**

A crude oil loading line is lifted into

place aboard a supertanker calling
at the Ju‘aymah Offshore Terminal
in the Arabian Gulf.

Light
The Ju‘aymah Offshore Terminal is a crude oil and bunker fuel loading facility designed Diesel Oil
for loading and topping off deep-draft tankers. The loading facilities are roughly 29 kilometers
north-northwest of Ras Tanura and 11 kilometers offshore. The largest supertankers afloat C16H34– Diesel
take on cargo from six single-point moorings (SPM), each with a crude oil loading rate of up to
130,000 barrels per hour. There is also a two-berth RLPG loading facility at Ju‘aymah, accessible Heavy
Light fractions of crude oil, such as
methane and butane, are drawn from
from the shore via a 10-kilometer trestle. Diesel Oil
the top of the distillation column,
The Yanbu‘ crude oil terminal consists of four loading berths, two of which can be used Furnace while heavier molecules, such as diesel,
come from lower in the column.
simultaneously for a combined loading rate of 300,000 barrels per hour. Ships taking on cargo at
Yanbu‘ for Europe or North America can save about 7,400 kilometers (4,000 nautical miles) per
round trip, compared with sailing around the Arabian Peninsula from Ras Tanura or Ju‘aymah.
The Yanbu‘ NGL Plant has an associated two-berth RLPG terminal that can also handle
natural gasoline tankers. The nearby Yanbu‘ Refinery also has its own terminal, consisting of four
Steam The fractional distillation of crude oil
berths for loading fuel oil and marine diesel for cargo or bunker, motor diesel oil, regular and Crude Oil is the first step in the refining process,
premium gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, naphtha and RLPG. Fuel Oil which yields a range of products, includ-
ing petroleum gas (methane, ethane,
The Jiddah Terminal imports crude oil for the Jiddah Refinery and exports finished and propane and butane); naphtha; gaso-
Asphalt
unfinished naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, premium gasoline and fuel oil from four crude oil line; kerosene; gas oil or diesel distillate,
used to make diesel fuel and heating
and refined product berths and five bunker loading berths. oil; lubricating oil; fuel oil; and residuals
Saudi Aramco also operates smaller bulk plant marine terminals at Jazan and Duba. such as coke, asphalt, tar and waxes.
188 appendix
Catalytic cracking involves the use of a solid material, called a catalyst, mixed with the oil to help
crack the heavier fractions. The process of hydrocracking adds high-pressure hydrogen gas to catalytic
cracking, producing additional volumes of gasoline and other light fractions. Catalytic reforming uses
a catalyst to combine low-weight naphtha into aromatics, which are used in blending gasoline and
making chemicals.
The various products from the distillation and cracking processes must be treated to remove
undesirable compounds, such as sulfur, and to meet various performance and environmental specifica-
tions.
Saudi Aramco operates four domestic refineries, at Riyadh, Ras Tanura, Yanbu‘ and Jiddah,
and owns 50 percent of two domestic joint-venture refineries, with ExxonMobil in Yanbu‘ (SAMREF)
and with Shell in Jubail (SASREF). Saudi Aramco also has a 37.5 percent stake in Petro Rabigh, with
Sumitomo Chemical Co. holding 37.5 percent and the Saudi public 25 percent. Work is also under
way on three additional refining complexes. Two of the projects are 400,000-bpd full-conversion
refineries integrated with petrochemical facilities: The Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petroleum
appendix 189
The Saudi Aramco Shell Refinery Co.
(SASREF), a joint venture between
Saudi Aramco and Shell, operates
this refinery complex in Jubail.
Company (SATORP), a venture with Total of France, will be located in Jubail, and the Red Sea Refining
Co., a subsidiary of Saudi Aramco, will be located in Yanbu‘. The third project is a company-owned
refinery and terminal in the Jazan region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Internationally, Saudi Aramco,
through subsidiary offices, is a joint or equity venture partner in refineries in the United States, the
Republic of Korea, China and Japan.
The Ras Tanura Refinery is the most complex refinery in the company’s domestic portfolio. The
refinery includes facilities for crude oil stabilization and distillation, NGL processing, gas condensate
distillation, hydrocracking, visbreaking and catalytic reforming.
The Yanbu‘ Refinery is a hydroskimming plant, which is more complex than a topping refinery,
and it produces liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oil, mainly for the domestic
market. The Jiddah Refinery features catalytic cracking and a catalytic reformer, and is a key supplier
of fuel to the Jiddah and Makkah areas, especially during peak demand periods such as Ramadan and
Hajj. The Riyadh Refinery, like the Jiddah facility, contains a vacuum column, which permits processing
of the heavier crude fractions. The Riyadh plant also features a hydrocracker and a catalytic reformer.
190 appendix appendix 191

Gas Fractionation Natural gas liquids recovered at the gas plants are sent to the NGL frac-
tionation plants at Yanbu‘, Ju‘aymah and Ras Tanura for further processing. Typically, NGL plants
receive ethane plus NGL in a combined feed from the gas plants via pipelines. The NGL is then
pumped to the de-ethanizer columns in the fractionation modules, where the ethane is separated
overhead as a vapor product. The ethane is sent to consumers as petrochemical feedstock or
injected into the sales gas system. The heavier gas at the bottom of the de-ethanizer column is
fractionated in additional steps, yielding propane, butane, natural gasoline, hexane and pentane.
Natural gasoline and pentane are blended and sent to refining, while the hexane and heavier
components are used as feedstock for petrochemical plants.
Distribution In addition to the giant storage tank farms that feed shipping terminals with crude
oil, NGL and refined products, Saudi Aramco operates a vast network of bulk plants and air fueling
units strategically located throughout Saudi Arabia. Overall capacity of the company’s storage
facilities for all hydrocarbons is roughly 200 million barrels. Pipelines, marine crude oil tankers,
product carriers and trucks are the principal delivery systems for the company’s petroleum and
petroleum products.
Through its 19 bulk plant operations, Saudi Aramco annually supplies around 375 million
barrels of refined products to about 5,000 domestic bulk customers. Compliance reviews and
periodic spot checks are conducted to assist in maintaining product quality and to assure opera-
tions compliance with established safety and environmental policies and procedures.
Approximately 2,000 trucks are used to transport refined products over the Kingdom’s
150,000 kilometers of highways. The use of these trucks, which are subject to strict safety and
quality standards, is being minimized as Saudi Aramco replaces them with new pipeline systems.
Shipping vessels account for almost all of Saudi Aramco exports of crude oil, NGL and
refined products and are also used to transport hydrocarbons to supply and distribution facilities
on the Red Sea.
The company’s shipping subsidiary, Vela International Marine Limited, was established in
1984, when rights to Vela’s name and four existing tankers were acquired. Vela currently operates
a fleet of 17 very large crude carriers (VLCCs), each capable of carrying 2.1 million barrels of crude
oil. Vela also owns and operates five product tankers that perform coastal trade in the Red Sea
The Saiph Star, a double-
and the Arabian Gulf. Overall, Vela ships make roughly 1,000 voyages per year—83 percent of hull crude oil carrier, joined
which are international, with the remainder domestic—safely transporting roughly 2 million bpd. the Vela fleet in 2009.

The Master Gas System, which
handles more than 9 billion standard
cubic feet per day of gas, provides
fuel and feedstock to domestic indus-
tries, such as this plant in Jubail.
The sales gas (methane) system is extensive, covering large areas of Saudi Arabia from
coast to coast. Adding to its complexity is the integration and interdependence of the three main
systems: oil, gas and NGL.
The sales gas system depends greatly on oil production, since associated gas represents a
significant part of the system feed. It is also fully integrated into the NGL system, since any NGL
component recovered during processing causes a reduction in the sales gas supply. Sales gas is
piped to more than 54 industrial customers, including power, desalination and petrochemical
plants, throughout the Eastern, Central and Western provinces of Saudi Arabia.
The Ju‘aymah and Yanbu‘ gas plants receive ethane (C2) plus NGL, and Ras Tanura receives
propane (C3) plus NGL for fractionation and sweetening. The Ju‘aymah plant also receives C3 plus
NGL streams from the Berri Gas Plant and the Qatif and Abqaiq crude stabilization facilities. The
Ju‘aymah and Yanbu‘ gas plants produce ethane, propane, butane and natural gasoline products,
while the Ras Tanura Refinery produces all but ethane. The Ju‘aymah facility also has a depentanizer
column and associated facilities necessary for the delivery of a hexane (C6) stream to petrochemical
customers in Jubail. Propane is primarily used as petrochemical feedstock in the industrial cities of
Yanbu‘ and Jubail and the excess is exported. Butane is used as domestic petrochemical feedstock
and is also exported as a liquid. NGL products are used to produce more than 50 petrochemical
products and are sold to customers in more than 100 countries worldwide.
192 appendix appendix 193

Petrochemicals The petrochemical industry traces its roots to World War II, when the demand
for synthetic materials rose due to shortages of, and lack of access to, natural resources. Before
the war, petrochemicals were an experimental sector: synthetic rubbers were developed in the
early 1900s; Bakelite, the first petrochemical-derived plastic, in 1907; and polystyrene in the
1930s. Today, petrochemicals are found in furniture, kitchen appliances, medical equipment,
automobiles, airplanes and ships, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides,
computers, paints, epoxies, clothing and shoes, flooring and insulating materials, cosmetics,
luggage, and recording disks and tapes.
The next year, Saudi Aramco and The Dow Chemical Co. began exploring the possibility of
building a petrochemical complex. The proposed joint venture, to be located in the Jubail industrial
area, is perhaps the largest and most complex project in Saudi Aramco’s downstream portfolio.
The project proposal includes chemicals and plastics production units and an associated conversion
park for local and foreign private-sector companies to build industries to use the products.

The final destination of most crude

Natural Gas Crude Oil
oil is the fuel tank of a vehicle, whether
a motorcycle, car, truck, airplane or
train. Saudi Aramco exports of crude
oil power the transportation industries
in Europe, North America and Asia—
in this case, China.

Associated
NGL Naphtha
Gases

Methane Methane LPG Ethane

Xylenes Toluene Benzene Pygas C4 box* Propylene Ethylene

Petrochemical facilities receive their raw material, known as feedstocks, from refineries
and NGL and gas plants. Feedstocks include ethane, naphtha, propane, butane and hexane,
a r o m at i c s Olefins
among others. These feedstocks are then further cracked to create the basic building blocks for
petrochemical products: olefins (mainly ethylene, propylene and the C4 derivatives, including Xylenes Toluene Benzene Pygas C4 box* Propylene Ethylene
Solvents, dyes, fibers Industrial chemicals Plastics used in boats, Used for gasoline Synthetic rubbers Resins, fibers and Plastics, polyesters
butadiene) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene). and films used in used in coatings, cars, computers, food blending or as and plastics used in plastics used in and synthetic rubber
A significant proportion of the basic petrochemicals are converted into polymers: polyethylene, products such as sealants, adhesives, containers and pack- feedstock. such products as such products used in products
polyester fibers paints and the foam aging, construction automotive parts, as detergents, such as luggage,
polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, all derived from ethylene, and polypropylene, derived from and plastics and in used in furniture, materials, nylon, toys, tires, aviation gaso- solvents, varnishes, appliances, automo-
plasticizers, sub- bedding, car seats carpets, shampoo, line and the gasoline super-absorbent tive parts, footwear,
propylene. Polymers are used in plastics, synthetic rubbers and synthetic fibers, such as polyester,
stances that make and building cleaning products, additive MTBE. materials, acrylic flooring and tires.
nylon and acrylic. plastics more flex- insulation. emulsifiers and fibers, pharmaceu-
ible and are used pharmaceuticals. ticals, cosmetics and
Beginning in the 1990s with a series of international joint and equity ventures in refining and in medical tubing food packaging.
marketing, Saudi Aramco has been transforming itself from a crude oil producing and exporting and blood bags,
toys and footwear.
company into an integrated petroleum enterprise, with activities all along the value chain. The
most recent development in the company’s transformation is the petrochemical sector. The
goal is to create more value from Saudi Arabia’s hydrocarbon resources, principally by bringing
petrochemicals processing and manufacturing to the Kingdom rather than exporting commodity petrochemicals

petrochemicals to foreign markets where they are used in associated industries. The petrochemical industry converts * Butylene, butadiene
crude oil and natural gas into basic and derivatives
In March 2006, Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical Co. of Japan broke ground on the petrochemical building blocks that,
Petro Rabigh joint venture, one of the world’s largest integrated refining and petrochemical facilities. in turn, are used to produce consumer
goods ranging from heart valves
The complex commenced operations in early 2009 and has the capacity to produce 18.4 million to raincoats.
tons of high-value petroleum products and 2.4 million tons of ethylene- and propylene-based
petrochemical derivatives per year. An associated industrial city will use the materials produced by
Petro Rabigh to manufacture a wide range of products for local and international consumption.
194 appendix appendix 195

Safaniya

Tanajib Jubail

Nariya
Ju‘aymah

Khursaniyah Ras Tanura

Qatif
Berri Dammam
iraq Dhahran
Abqaiq

Operations Data Turaif

Shedgum
Qurayyah

Badanah al-Hasa
jordan
Sakaka
Khurais ‘Udhailiyah
al-Jawf ‘Uthmaniyah
Dawmat
■ Domestic Operations Map al-Jandal Rafha
■ International Operations Map kuwait Haradh
Tabuk
■ Oil and Gas Operations Hafar al-Batin
Qaisumah Safaniya
Tayma al-Khafji
■ Production and Workforce History Duba
Hayil Tanajib
Nariya Jubail
al-‘Ula
al-Wajh Ras Tanura
Buraydah Qatif Dammam
al-Zilfi Abqaiq Dhahran
‘Unayzah Hofuf
Khaybar
al-Hasa
Khurais Hawiyah
Madinah il pi pel ine Riyadh Salwah
Yanbu‘ crude o
east-west al-Dawadimi
ngl pipel
ine al-Kharj Haradh
east-west united arab
saudi arabia e m i r at e s
Rabigh
Layla
Jiddah Makkah
oman
Tayif

al-Sulayyil
al-Bahah
Bishah

Tathlith

Abha Khamis Mushayt

Najran ash-Sharawrah
Jazan

yemen

d o m e s t i c o p e r at i o n s

key

Towns d o m e s t i c r e f i n e ry major crude oil pipeline

C a p i ta l j o i n t / e q u i t y v e n t u r e r e f i n e ry major ngl pipeline

s e a w at e r t r e at m e n t p l a n t crude oil terminal trans-Arabian pipeline

gas processing plant refined products terminal S h ay b a h - a b q a i q p i p e l i n e

I n t e g r at e d r e f i n e r y a n d domestic refined products terminal

petrochemical plant scale in kilometers
ngl terminal
major oil processing complex 0 200
oil field
domestic refined products
gas field
d i s t r i b u t i o n fa c i l i t y
196 appendix appendix 197

> S-Oil Corporation

Seoul

republic
of korea Toyko
> Saudi Petroleum j a pa n
> Saudi Petroleum Ltd.
Overseas Ltd.
> Aramco Overseas
> Aramco
Overseas Company B.V.
Company B.V. > Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.
London The Hague | Aramco Overseas Company B.V.
Rotterdam
> Texaco Esso AOC Maatschap
> TEAM Terminal B.V.
Saudi
Petroleum Ltd.
Beijing
at l a n t i c O c e a n > Aramco
Overseas Aramco Overseas Company B.V.
Company B.V. Shanghai
New Delhi > Fujian Refining and
Pa c i f i c O c e a n Petrochemical Co. Ltd.
> Sinopec SenMei (Fujian) Fujian Okinawa
Petroleum Co. Ltd.
Hong Kong
> Aramco Overseas Company B.V.
> Saudi Aramco Sino Co. Ltd.

New York City

Saudi Petroleum International Ltd. indian Ocean Singapore
Washington, D.C. Saudi Petroleum Ltd.
Aramco Services Company

u n i t e d s tat e s

> Aramco Services Company

Sidi Kerir
> Saudi Refining Inc.
> Motiva Enterprises LLC Aramco Gulf
Houston Operations Co. Ltd.
Ain Sukhna al-Khafji > MARAFIQ
LOOP > Luberef Jubail | > Saudi Aramco Shell
SUMED Arab
Petroleum > Saudi Aramco Mobil Refinery Co. (sasref)
Pipelines Co. Refinery Co. Ltd. (SAMREF) Dhahran
> MARAFIQ Ju‘aymah Dubai
Yanbu‘ Vela International
Ras Tanura
Marine Limited
Rabigh | Petro Rabigh
Thuwal saudi arabia
Jiddah
> Luberef
> Jiddah Oil Refinery Co.

i n t e r n at i o n a l o p e r at i o n s

key

Towns m a r a f i q : E l e c t r i c i t y a n d W at e r p r i n c i pa l e x p o r t r o u t e s

Saudi Aramco Headquarters

U t i l i t y f o r J u b a i l a n d Ya n b u ‘ v e l a s h i pp i n g r o u t e s
Luberef: Saudi Aramco
a f f i l i at e , s u b s i d i a r y o r L u b r i c at i n g O i l R e f i n e r y C o .
joint/equity venture
loop: Louisiana offshore oil port
long-term storage and
t e r m i n a l fa c i l i t i e s lightering areas

ports
198 appendix appendix 199

Abu Zuluf Qatif Khursaniyah Shaybah Ghawar

Hadriya

Berri Shedgum ‘Uthmaniyah Khursaniyah Haradh Hawiyah

Marjan Safaniya Abu Sa‘fah Berri Abqaiq Harmaliyah

Qatif Abqaiq Hawiyah

Qatif Ras Tanura Jubail Yanbu‘

Tapline Abqaiq
MARAFIQ

Dhahran Ras Tanura Ju‘aymah Yanbu‘

Tanks

Central
Khurais Arabian
Jubail*** Ras Tanura Bahrain* Fields

Ras Tanura Ju‘aymah Yanbu‘

Ras Tanura Yanbu‘

Ju‘aymah
Petro
Riyadh Yanbu‘** Rabigh Jiddah
SWCC MARAFIQ

g a s o p e r at i o n s key

o i l o p e r at i o n s
The crude oil produced by Saudi Aramco
from both onshore and offshore fields
first goes to gas-oil separation plants for
removal of gases, water and salt, after
which it is sent for further processing
at stabilizers or refineries. Most of
the crude oil is delivered to tankers at
Ras Tanura, Ju‘aymah or Yanbu‘.
Gas produced with crude oil is Gas produced independently of crude n o n - a s s o c i at e d marafiq:
key gas wells electricity
collected from gas-oil separation plants oil (non-associated gas) is processed at
and fed to gas processing plants. There, the Haradh and Hawiyah gas plants a n d w at e r u t i l i t y
oil Field r e f i n e ry gosp: gas-oil
for jubail and
impurities are removed, hydrogen for delivery into the sales gas system. s e pa r at i o n p l a n t
gosp: gas-oil i n t e g r at e d r e f i n e r y a n d sulfide is recovered for conversion into The Hawiyah NGL Plant processes
ya n b u ‘
petrochemical plant Gas Plant
s e pa r at i o n p l a n t elemental sulfur, and sweet, dry gas is sweet gas from the Hawiyah and swcc: saline
Local customer extracted for use as an industrial fuel or Haradh gas plants. NGL from the N G L : n at u r a l g a s w at e r c o n v e r s i o n
s ta b i l i z e r
feedstock. From gas processing centers Berri Gas Plant goes to Ju‘aymah or liquids plant c o r p o r at i o n
plant * The refinery in Bahrain is not
at Shedgum, Hawiyah, Khursaniyah and Ras Tanura for fractionation. LPG is industrial complex terminal
a Saudi Aramco facility.
terminal ‘Uthmaniyah, NGL (natural gas liquids) exported from Yanbu‘ and Ju‘aymah.
o t h e r i n d u s t ry
** Two Yanbu‘ refineries and ethane are piped to plants at From the fractionation plants, f r a c t i o n at i o n p l a n t
(one joint venture) Yanbu‘ and Ju‘aymah for fractionation. ethane is delivered to the industrial saudi electric
*** Joint venture After removal of the ethane, the NGL is complexes at Yanbu‘ and Jubail for c o m pa n y
further fractionated into LPG (propane use as a petrochemical feedstock.
and butane) and natural gasoline.
 1938 1.36

1939 10.78
200 appendix

1940 13.87

1941 11.81

of crude oil and NGL

12.41

Average daily production

1942

1943 13.34

1 9 3 8 – 2 0 1 0 (thousands of barrels)
1944 21.30

1945 58.39

164.23

s a u d i a r a m c o p r o d u c t i o n h i s t o ry
1946

1947 246.17

key
1948 390.31

1949 476.74

1950 546.70

crude oil
1951 761.54

1952 824.76

1953 844.64

N at u r a l G a s L i q u i d s
1954 953.00

1955 965.04

1956 986.13

1957 992.11

1958 1,015.03

1959 1,095.40

1960 1,247.14

1961 1,392.52

1962 1,520.70
2.90
1963 1,629.02
5.80
1964 1,716.11
11.01
1965 2,024.87
13.87
1966 2,392.74
15.56
1967 2,597.56
20.40
1968 2,829.98
38.47
1969 2,992.66
46.17
1970 3,548.87
52.12
1971 4,497.58
52.07
1972 5,733.40
54.07
1973 7,334.65
97.12
8,209.71
1974
137.63

6,826.94
1975
141.42
8,343.95
1976
184.78
9,016.95
1977
219.45
8,066.11
1978
253.11
9,251.08
1979
309.26
9,631.37
1980
369.23
9,623.83
1981
448.17
6,327.22
1982
429.50
4374.30
1983
330.10
3,922.08
1984
355.07
3,041.10
1985
316.31
4,689.80
1986
304.18
3,991.00
1987
344.92
4,928.10
1988
416.21
4,863.53
1989
420.95
6,257.56
1990
533.23
8,053.40
1991
586.74
8,156.57
1992
622.06
7,854.74
1993
639.76
7,833.28
1994
687.93
7,807.63
1995
731.85
7,864.83
1996
756.15
7,751.93
1997
767.45
8,006.24
1998
764.83
7,274.05
1999
737.35
7,800.07
2000
778.71
7,570.64
2001
801.05
6,792.32
2002
868.32
8,103.45
2003
945.43
8,610.58
2004
1,058.14
9,064.62
2005
1,096.94
8,912.17
2006
1,093.24
8,531.91
2007
1,081.00
8,924.14
2008
1,098.92
7,912.56
2009
1,123.96
7,910.20
2010
1,219.30
appendix 201
 115

key
1935 26 141
1,076
202 appendix

1936 62 1,138
548

saudi
1937 54 602
2,745
1938 340 3,085

e x pat r i at e
3,178
1939 463 3,641
2,668

t o ta l w o r k f o r c e
1940 382 3,050

1 9 3 5 – 2 0 1 0 ( at y e a r - e n d )
1,647
1941 193 1,840
1,654
1942 171 1,825
2,692

s a u d i a r a m c o w o r k f o r c e h i s t o ry
1943 190 2,882
7,585
1944 1,475 9,060
8,087
1945 3,379 11,466
7,297
1946 2,684 9,981
12,018
1947 4,879 16,897
12,226
1948 7,379 19,605
10,026
1949 6,099 16,125
10,767
1950 6,734 17,501
13,786
1951 8,852 22,638
14,819
1952 10,273 25,092
14,051
1953 9,393 23,444
14,665
1954 8,782 23,447
13,844
1955 8,091 21,935
13,671
1956 7,535 21,206
13,222
1957 6,635 19,857
12,572
1958 6,076 18,648
12,216
1959 5,408 17,624
11,660
1960 4,296 15,956
11,442
1961 3,558 15,000
11,341
1962 3,124 14,465
10,892
1963 2,998 13,890
10,805
1964 2,999 13,804
10,793
1965 2,958 13,751
10,761
1966 2,848 13,609
10,294
1967 2,678 12,972
9,894
1968 2,483 12,377
9,438
1969 2,213 11,651
9,133
1970 2,099 11,232
9,109
1971 2,225 11,334
9,590
1972 2,575 12,165

10,636
1973 3,334 13,970
12,432
1974 4,390 16,822
14,931
1975 5,451 20,382
15,187
1976 6,543 21,730
16,740
1977 8,787 25,527
17,894
1978 16,755 34,649
21,839
1979 20,413 42,252
26,321
1980 24,260 50,581
29,753
1981 27,885 57,638
33,067
1982 28,165 61,232
34,226
1983 24,736 58,962
34,882
1984 23,273 58,155
33,382
1985 18,209 51,591
31,906
1986 13,958 45,864
31,623
1987 12,555 44,178
32,085
1988 12,399 44,484
31,712
1989 12,216 43,928
32,106
1990 11,582 43,688
32,900
1991 12,948 45,848
33,847
1992 13,008 46,855
34,615
1993 14,107 48,722
44,938
1994 12,548 57,486
46,180
1995 11,596 57,776
12,216
1996 5,408 56,480
46,133
1997 10,347 56,345
46,172
1998 9,360 55,532
45,586
1999 8,490 54,076
46,315
2000 8,186 54,501
45,869
2001 8,208 54,077
46,496
2002 7,991 54,487
46,365
2003 7,589 53,954
45,505
2004 7,015 52,520
44,991
2005 6,852 51,843
44,702
2006 6,654 51,356
45,464
2007 6,629 52,093
47,502
2008 6,939 54,441
48,053
2009 7,013 55,066
47,741
2010 7,057 54,798
appendix 203