- -Adenine

c::::::::r Thymine
_ . .Guanine A, T, G, Care molecules.
~Cytosine

Cll
s::::
0
..c
~
u
ltl
..c
....ltlCll A, T, G, C molecules attach to
..s::::
Q.
sugar-phosphate backbone
"'0
..s::::
Q.
...
I

ltl
11.0
::J
Vl

Base pair
A attaches to T
Sugar·
phosphate G attaches to C
backbone

Gene #1 Gene #2 Gene #3 and so on ...

./ DNA is packaged into chromosome. Nucleus

Chromosome
./ A chromosome contains a single, long DNA molecule.
./ Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of the cell.
./ Different organisms have different numbers of
chromosomes .
./ Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes .
./ Human Genome is made up of 23 chromosome pairs,
Cell
46 DNA molecules, made of 30,000 Genes, with a total
of about 3 billion DNA base pairs.

Gene #1
 RNA VS DNA

Cytosine • Cytosine
N~

¢io 6.0H

Guanine • Guanine

c{:1-... 3-NH
N N t-.~.t
N N
l-N~
H H

Adenine ~ Adenine ~
¥.

zi:::>
~ N
z1:)
~ N

Uracil Thymine
•
Nucleobases Nucleobases
of RNA of DNA
RNA DNA
Ribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA has single strand, instead of double.

RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine.

DNA is like a storage device, RNA is like a reader/software,

storing genetic information. that decodes info stored in DNA.

( DNA ) [ .. mRNA )-+ ( Protein )

~ ~
STORAGE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
DNA stores instructions for mRNA is a temporary set of Protems form the basis of lrfe
proteins in t he nucleus instructions for cells to make a by pertomw~g the functions
protein; mRNA is made using DNA reqUired by every cell; proteins
are made using mRNA
 Nucleus
:> Ribosome is prorein makingfacrory.
;. mRNA brings generic info from nudeus..
> rRNA brings amino acids as per demand of mRNA
> rRNA is presenrin Ribosome.
l> Hence, prorein is termed, in accordance wirh
generic info srored in DNA.

~ MP.~<.Pri£Pr RNA (mANA) m(li ~ f)OrtinM ot ePnPtif' mtiP, ::I prM.PC;~ I'~ II !)rJ tr..=.n~ri j')ti fin, ~ nf'l Trt:~ nc:;portc; th~~ rn!)i ~ to
r1boscmes, wh1ch are the cellular factonesthat tac1111ate the oroouc110n ot crote1nstromthls eM e.
:;. nansferRNA(tRNAl ls resoonslbl efcrbrlnglng amlnoaclds.baslc oroteln bulldlngbl ock>.to these oroteln factorlel, ln
re~un ~ tu tht: t:ud ~d instruction:> imroduct:dbytht rnRN.ll This prul~in -buildi n gp-ot.:e:;sis ce~ll~d lr::ln::lettiun.
) Ribosomal RNA (rR.r~A) is a .:.umponem Qf the ribosot\l e fa ..:tory itsd f withQut whid·,prQtein produabn w.:~ uld no t CK.cur.

6EN£ THERAPY

I
I_
-4

"
sand flies ticks
...JI~ Wild Animals /~ • ••·l
Pets ,.,.
. ~.. ·~,::·:;
-~~.. .
. .•.:•• I~
Uver.todc
_,-"'"-.

midges
.:--- -
' --~"· ,
mosquitoes
•
~
I
-......
~
'I. Wild Animals
uiT\ - -
Vcctor1tan tdrry Ji>me~ !IJat tan affctt o•Jthdnirnab and humam.
~· ~
llveSIO<;k
S·Jch diseases are <ailed vector-borne diseases.
 In Gene therapy, to carry genes, vector can be:
~ Viral vector- virus
);;> Non-viral vector- only DNA
);;> Microbial vector- bacteria

Recombinant DNA of virus

DNAofvi rus ~ ~'~

~mfu l gene

Gene therapy in
somatic cells
such as this neuron,.will
not pass on genetic
modifications to the next
generation. Most cells in
the body are sam atic cells.

In vivo means Ex vivo means

inside the organism outside the organism

In Vivo vs Ex Vivo
vivo
In
Gene therapy
0
Ex vivo
Gene therapy
 CRISPR CAS9
CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing technology.

99. What ia Caa9 protein that is often

mentioned in n-e'N8?
A moleculu eciaeore uaed in
targeted gene editing
(b) A bioaensor used in the accurate
detection of pathogens in patients
{c) A gene that makea plants peat-
relJ.istant
(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized
in genetically modified crops
Prelims 2019

);> Lulu and Nana are twin girls born in October 2018
);> They were born after genome editing done by Chinese
scientist 'He Jiankui':
• He used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit CCRS genes in embryos,
to give genetic resistance to HIV.
..
• He was subsequently fined and jailed.
~
He Jiankui

6ENOME INDIA PROJECT

Genome: an organisms complete set of DNA, including that is present outside the nucleus
Genome mapping I Genome sequencing: knowing the exact order of base pairs in genome

Human Genome Project:

./ 1990-2003
./ International project for mapping the human genome
./ Participant countries were US, UK, Japan, Germany, France, China.

Genome India Project:

Just like Human Genome Project, but:
./ Will have genome of Indians
./ Lead by Indian institutes
 6ENOTI'P£ &. PHENOTYPE
./ Genotype is an organism's complete set of heritable genes, or genes
that can be passed down from parents to offspring.
./ Genotype influences phenotype .

./ Phenotype means observable traits I characteristics of an organism .

./ Phenotype is determined by Genotype and environmental factors.

Example: colour of skin is an observable trait. It can be either due to

inherited genes or due to environmental conditions.

Genotype
Difference In skin
colour due to
inherited genes

Phenotype
Difference in skin
colour due
environmental
conditions

STEM CEI.I.S
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.

Stem cells are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types.
~ Pluripotent cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body;
embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent.
~ Multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited
than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered
multi potent.
Example: Neural stem cells- are present in the brain and can differentiate int o three
major brain cell types namely neurons (nerve cells), astrocytes, and
ol igodend rocytes.
~ Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells are derived from skin or blood cell s that have been
reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state that enables the
development of an unlimited source of any type of human cell needed for
therapeutic purposes.
 PROJECT MANAV
~ To combine human biological data that exists in public databases in scattered form.
~ launched by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
~ Will be executed by the IISER Pune and National Center for iences {NCCS) Pune.

Existing knowledge
about human biology

Aim:
~ Train doctors in Human genetics, so that they better screen pregnant women
and new born babies for inherited genetic diseases.
} Establish NIDAN kendras to diagnose genetic diseases

Initiative of Department of Biotech, Ministry of Science & Tech, not MoHFW

6M CROPS

Variety-1 Variety-2 Hybrid (without gene editing)

Resistant to pest#l High yield High yield and resistant to pest#l

Problem: none of the varieties is resistant to pest#2, say pink bollworm

Hope: a soil bacteria has some gene that is resistant to pink bollworm
 GM crop
High yield variety
High yield and resist ant t o pest #2

HT-BT COTTON
Bt-cotton has CrylAc and Cry2Ab genes, In addition to CrylAc and Cry2Ab, Ht-Bt cotton
which protect plant against many pests, also has third alien gene Cp4-Epsps.
like pink bollworm Farmers can't spray glyphosate on cotton plant
because glyphosate does not distinguish between
the crop and weed, but the herbicide tolerant Bt
(HtBt) cotton remains unaffected by glyphosate.

PINK BOLLWORM is NOT a weed,

make correction in material.

FOOD FORTIFICATION
TRADITIONAL FORTIFICATION

Food processing~
+ Nutrients
( ···selecti~e·a·;ee<iiri9····: Breed plants and
' '
'' select those with
higher nutrient levels ,,.... .-······ ••, /

~ x w .,/ ~f.t ·.,\..

Plants producing . '
''
. ..' '
:.. ~~:~ -~~~~~~.~! -~~-~~.:~~~-. _. \.~
'"....
./
......... ....... .. ....
:··"Genetic-M<>diiicaii·or.·-·: Plants producing
...

' : Insert genes to high levels of nutrients

increase plant
o! + nutrient production
, '
Seeds Genes .
·-----·---------------------·)
Food fortification: deliberate addition of micronutrients to food.
Example: iodized salt

FSSAI has introduced the + F logo to identify fortified foods.

FORTIFIED
S.loNPOO aiJto rGSII Ait

In next ci'as'S;"we will understand important concepts related to

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

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