Term 1

1. Methods of separation: (Sublimation, Evaporation, Filtration,

Separating funnel, magnetic separation, distillation, chromatography,)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

A) Sublimation
(i) Take the mixture
of ammonium  Sublimable solid
chloride and ammonium chloride
ll
A non sublimable solid
sodium chloride collects on the
can be separated from
in an inner side of the
a sublimable solid by
evaporating funnel.
the process of
dish. The dish is  Sodium chloride sublimation. ngn
covered with a remains in the
funnel plugged evaporating dish.
with cotton at
one end.
 The liquid
(ii) B) Evaporation component is lost
A soluble solid can be
Place a salt (NaCl) as water vapour.
separated from its
solution in an  The soluble solid is solvent by the process
evaporating dish and recovered from the of evaporation.
heat carefully. evaporating dish.

C) Filtration  The insoluble solid An insoluble solid can

(iii) Pour a mixture of remains on the filter be separated from its
insoluble solid (CaCO3) paper. solvent by the process
and water carefully on  The liquid of filtration.
a wet folded filter paper component is
placed in a funnel on a collected in the test
test tube. tube.
(iv) D)Separating funnel  The upper layer Two immiscible liquids
Take a mixture of oil consists of the can be separated by
and water in a beaker. lighter liquid which using a separating
Pour this mixture from remains in the funnel.
the top of the separating funnel.
separating funnel.  The heavier liquid
Allow the mixture to is collected in a
stand in the funnel for flask below the
sometime till two separating funnel
distinct layers are seen. by opening the tap.

1
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
A) Distillation:
Soluble solid (NaCl)
Take a mixture of a
 The water remains in the flask
soluble solid(NaCl)
in liquid(H2O) is evaporates and later while liquid (H2O) is
condenses. collected in conical flask
taken in a round
after condensation.
bottom flask and
heat it in a
distillation flask
B) Chromatography
Chromatography a
 The solvent flows method of separation is
Place The ink spot
over the ink spot based on difference in
containing different
and the different adsorption of the solid
solid constituents constituents eg. dyes,
solid constituents
eg dyes on the
[dyes ] separate out on the surface of an
filter paper. This adsorbent medium eg.
as shown
filter paper is hung Filter paper.
with it’s lower end
completely dipped
in the solvent
C) Magnetic
 Iron filings get
separation: Magnetic separation is
attracted by the
based on magnetic
magnet and the
Take sulphur solids attracted by a
sulphur powder
powder with iron magnet leaving the
remains in petri
filings in a petri dish other.
dish.
and move the bar
magnet over it.