MAKERERE

UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND

MANAGEMENT

QUS 2101 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2

LECTURER: SSEMANDA JULIUS

TOPIC: CLADDING

GROUP 8

DATE: 21ST MARCH, 2022

S/N STUDENT NUMBER NAME REGISTRATION

NUMBER

1 2000700580 AKOL DAPHNE 20/U/0580

2 2000700576 NAMUDDU PATRICIA RHODA 20/U/0576

3 2000700590 DRASIKU JUDE 20/U/0590

4 2000700582 NUWABIGABA DUNCAN 20/U/0582

5 1800700170 AKWAKA INNOCENT 18/U/0170

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CLADDING.....................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................4
Terms in relation to cladding......................................................................................................4
REASONS FOR CLADDING..........................................................................................................5
MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING CLADDING...........................................................................6
Stone............................................................................................................................................6
Why use stone veneer as a cladding material?........................................................................7
Bricks...........................................................................................................................................7
Why choose brick as a cladding material?..............................................................................8
Glass............................................................................................................................................9
Kinds of glass used in building cladding.................................................................................9
What makes glass a suitable choice as a cladding material?..................................................9
Vinyl...........................................................................................................................................10
What makes vinyl a good cladding material?........................................................................10
uPVC..........................................................................................................................................10
Why use uPVC as a cladding material?.................................................................................10
Ceramic......................................................................................................................................11
Why use ceramic cladding?...................................................................................................11
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CLADDING MATERIALS...............................................11
FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN CHOOSING CLADDING MATERIALS................................12
CLASSIFICATION OF CLADDING.............................................................................................13
Claddings fixed to a structural backing.....................................................................................13
Cladding to framed structures...................................................................................................13
Brick panel walls....................................................................................................................13
Concrete cladding panels.......................................................................................................16
Infill panels............................................................................................................................17
Curtain walling cladding.......................................................................................................19
JOINTING..................................................................................................................................20

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 The functional requirements of joints........................................................................................20
Classifications of joints..............................................................................................................20
Filled joints............................................................................................................................20
Drained joints........................................................................................................................21
MASTICS, SEALANTS AND GASKETS........................................................................................23
Functional requirements for sealants, mastics and gaskets;.....................................................24
Application method of mastics and sealants..............................................................................24
TYPES OF CLADDING................................................................................................................24
Timber Cladding........................................................................................................................24
Vinyl Cladding...........................................................................................................................25
Weatherboard Cladding............................................................................................................26
Glass Cladding..........................................................................................................................27
Brick Cladding...........................................................................................................................28
Fiber Cement Cladding.............................................................................................................28
Metal Cladding..........................................................................................................................29
External Foam Cladding...........................................................................................................30
Stone Cladding...........................................................................................................................30
Methods and steps of stone cladding installation..................................................................31
RENOVATION OF CLADDING...................................................................................................36
Situations where repair of cladding is applied..........................................................................36
Stages of renovation..................................................................................................................36
ADVANTAGES OF CLADDING...................................................................................................36
DISADVANTAGES OF CLADDING.........................................................................................37
SITUATIONS WHERE CLADDING IS USED..............................................................................37
SAFETY MEASURES AND BULDING REGULATIONS.............................................................38
Safety measures.........................................................................................................................38
Building regulations on cladding..............................................................................................38
CASE STUDY FOR CLADDING..................................................................................................38
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................39
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................40

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Picture showing a brick facade.......................................................................................6
Figure 2: Picture showing protection from weather elements........................................................7
Figure 3: Picture showing the aesthetic appearance......................................................................7
Figure 4: Picture showing faux stone veneer..................................................................................9
Figure 5: Picture showing a Bricking Facing...............................................................................10
Figure 6: Picture showing Brick Veneer.......................................................................................10
Figure 7: Picture showing support brackets.................................................................................16
Figure 8: Picture showing anchorage of brick panel walls..........................................................17
Figure 9: Picture showing precast concrete cladding panels.......................................................19
Figure 10: Illustrations showing infill panel arrangements.........................................................20
Figure 11: Illustration showing the exterior detail of infill panels and the structural frame.......20
Figure 12: Picture showing Curtain walling................................................................................21
Figure 13: Illustration showing filled jointing..............................................................................22
Figure 14: Illustration showing drained joint...............................................................................24
Figure 15: Illustration showing a horizontal joint........................................................................24
Figure 16: 3D Illustration showing both the vertical and horizontal joints.................................25
Figure 17: Picture showing timber cladding................................................................................26
Figure 18: Picture showing Vinyl cladding..................................................................................27
Figure 19: Picture showing weatherboard cladding....................................................................28
Figure 20: Picture showing glass cladding..................................................................................29
Figure 21: Picture showing Brick cladding..................................................................................30
Figure 22: Picture showing fiber cement......................................................................................30
Figure 23: Picture showing metal cladding..................................................................................31
Figure 24: Picture showing External Foam Cladding..................................................................32
Figure 25: Picture showing stone cladding..................................................................................32
Figure 26: Picture showing a section of dry cladding of granite.................................................35
Figure 27: Picture showing a Z- Bracket......................................................................................35
Figure 28: Picture showing an L- Bracket....................................................................................36
Figure 29: Picture showing an Omega Bracket............................................................................36
Figure 30: Picture showing safety measures for cladding............................................................41

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CLADDING

INTRODUCTION
Cladding refers to the components that are added to the primary structure of a building. They are
the external envelope of a building structure that acts as a protective layer to the walls or frame
which hangs or is supported or secured to the skeleton or structural frame of a building.

They form the non-structural and external features of the building. They are used to cover or coat
another material so they provide a protective layer to the building.

Some materials used for cladding include wood, metal, brick, glass and vinyl among others.

Terms in relation to cladding

Rendering refers to the troweling or spreading out of cement sand mortar to fully cover the
surface of the brick or block work. It is normally done to the exterior surface of the wall.

Finishing refers to the final design or element that is applied to a surface as a final platform or
layer. This here means cladding, painting, rendering and plastering are forms of finishing.

Facades refer to the general decorative and external finishes. Examples are stone cladding and
brick finishes.

Figure 1: Picture showing a brick facade

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5
REASONS FOR CLADDING
i) Protection from weather elements: Cladding is added to a building to provide a protective
surface from weather elements and make the wall more durable. For example, extruded
aluminum cladding on walls prevents action by weather elements such as rain and strong
wind hence providing resistance against weather elements.

Figure 2: Picture showing protection from weather elements

ii) Water proofing the building: Cladding is added to a building to provide a protective layer
to the external wall surface to provide a waterproof surface which resists water
absorption for example stone cladding using granite rocks which are impermeable to
water.
iii) Aesthetic appearance: It is applied on a building as an aesthetic finish to improve its
decorative look making it more appealing for example timber panels, facing bricks and
granite rock finish which come in many colors.

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Figure 3: Picture showing the aesthetic appearance

iv) Control radiation: Cladding controls radiation of heat in the interior of the building since
it prevents the greenhouse effect from happening in a building which helps to maintain a
moderate interior temperature for the occupants for example vinyl, stone and brick
cladding.
v) Thermal insulation: Cladding adds thermal insulation to the interior for example precast
concrete blocks that are installed on a building have spaces or voids between them and
the walls which offers a poor heat conducting medium that provides thermal insulation to
the interior through slowing down transfer which makes the interior fail to heat up or cool
down rapidly.
vi) Sound insulation: Cladding provides sound insulation to the interior of the house from
the noise produced from vehicles and components of the surrounding environment by
acting as a barrier which prevents quick transmission of sound into a building and a
medium that deflects sound away from the surface while absorbing a little of it for
example vinyl cladding.
vii) Fire resistance: Cladding material such as stone and brick make up building surfaces that
are fire resistant on a building which prevents quick spread of fire in case of a fire
outbreak.

MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING CLADDING

Common materials used in building cladding as well as the properties that make them
advantageous for use are as follows;

Stone
Unlike other cladding types, a stone finish is more commonly a feature in domestic properties as
opposed to commercial. Stone used for cladding must be non-porous and inert so as not to
corrode easily.

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The type of stone used as a material for cladding is called stone veneer. Stone veneer comes in
two types; natural stone veneer and faux stone veneer.

Natural stone veneer is cut from real stone to form thin, light weighted strips of stone that are
applied as a façade cladding.

Faux stone veneer on the other hand is made by making a mold in the shape of the stone needed
to be achieved then pouring pigmented concrete (of light weight aggregate) into it. The pigments
added help it to achieve a natural look as if it were real stone. Stone veneer can be installed on
the exterior and interior of a building. The stone veneer can be installed to only columns or walls
depending on the style of the client. Faux stone veneer is used more than natural stone veneer
because of the technicalities involved in cutting the stone to thin strips. The whole process of
cutting the stones is time consuming and expensive which makes it an uneconomic choice of
material.

Figure 4: Picture showing faux stone veneer

Why use stone veneer as a cladding material?

Stone veneer is very aesthetically appeasing in looks. It gives the building a traditional but an
elegant, luxurious look.

i) It is easy to maintain and clean.

ii) Due to the non-porous properties of stone, it is incapable of absorbing any form of liquid
providing your home with protection against leaks from the outside. This proves
particularly beneficial in locations that see a considerable amount of heavy rainfall.
iii) Stone veneer is very aesthetically appeasing in looks. It gives the building a traditional
but an elegant, luxurious look.

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Bricks
Cladding using brick can be applied to both the exterior and interior of a building. Unlike regular
bricks that are manufactured specially to build walls, cladding bricks are constructed using
lightweight materials and in a variety of different colors. The kind of brick used as a cladding
material is called brick veneer.

Brick veneer is a thin and light weight brick made from a combination of clay, gravel and
cement.

Brick veneer is an excellent choice for cladding surfaces as it creates an illusion of masonry
without the complicated laying of the brick itself. Apart from brick veneer, facing bricks are also
used as a cladding material. Facing bricks are made like the usual solid bricks but they are
thinner in size.

Figure 5: Picture showing a Bricking Facing

Figure 6: Picture showing Brick Veneer

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Why choose brick as a cladding material?
i) Being able to guarantee the safety and strength of a building is imperative, which is
where brick cladding proves particularly beneficial. Brick is one of the sturdiest materials
and is capable of providing full protection against all elements it may be exposed to.
ii) Cladding made with brick will not crack, rot or show signs of pollutant damage.
iii) Clay bricks are incombustible and in case of a fire will not catch fire so easily.
iv) Brick gives the property a natural aesthetic look. It is also available in a range of colors
that can be combined to produce a particular pattern or design.
v) There is less maintenance required for the brick cladding. The bricks just need to be
washed once in a while.
vi) Brick cladding provides the building with enhanced insulation from both noise and heat
loss.

Glass
Glass is commonly used in exterior cladding such as setting up curtain walls or used in
commercial buildings.

The kind of glass chosen for cladding depends on its strength, transparency, workability, UV
value, thickness, recycle properties and transmittance ability.

The thickness for a glass cladding panel is determined by the size of the light and the expected
maximum wind loads on the glass.

Kinds of glass used in building cladding

Enameled glass: This is glass that has been decorated with vitreous enamel (powdered glass,
usually mixed with a binder) and then fired to fuse the glasses. It is resistant to mechanical action
(abrasions and bumps) and to weak acids or detergents.

Enameled glass is not only easy to clean but also resistant to heat and sunlight. It also offers a
variety of colors which adds to its aesthetic impression on a building. This glass is used in most
glass claddings especially in hotels and big commercial buildings.

Laminated glass: It possesses a property of hardness but when it breaks, the soft interlayer holds
the shards of glass in place rather than allowing them to fall out hence it qualifies for use as a
cladding material.

Tempered glass: This type of glass has higher residual stresses than heated strengthened glass
and is about four times as strong in bending as annealed glass. Tempered glass possesses high
strength and upon breaking it disintegrates small, squared edged granules rather than long, sharp
edged shards. This characteristic gives it a safety advantage for use.

10
Fire rated glass: Glass used for cladding must be fire rated so as to maintain its integrity as a
barrier to the passage of smoke and flames even after it has been exposed to heat for a period of
time. Some tempered or laminated glass products can achieve test ratings of up to 20 minutes of
fire resistance.

Low emissivity coated glass: They have a high visible light transmittance and, depending on the
particular coating, a low transmittance for some or all types of infrared radiation (heat).

What makes glass a suitable choice as a cladding material?

i) Glass is an efficient material because it can be molded into different shapes and placed on
the building hence the workability of glass is a superior property.
ii) It is more aesthetically appeasing on the building as compared to materials like brick.
iii) Glass is non-reactive to chemicals and hence resistant to corrosion as compared to metal
i.e. it is weather proof, making it suitable for external cladding.
iv) It is also resistant to abrasion and wear as compared to concrete and brick cladding.
v) Glass is recyclable which makes it ecofriendly.

vi) It has a very low emissions of toxic substances to the environment that may contribute to
the greenhouse effect.
vii) Glass is a poor conductor of electricity which makes safe to use as compared to metal.

Vinyl
Vinyl (Polyvinyl chloride plastic) is not a natural substance but a synthetic man made material.
This building cladding material is made from chlorine combined with ethylene from crude oil. It
is one of the most popular types of external wall cladding. Vinyl as a cladding material is usually
sold with foam insulation affixed to the back of the board, providing greater insulation benefits
than other materials on the market.

What makes vinyl a good cladding material?

i) Vinyl claddings are lightweight and available in a variety of colors both transparent and
solid. Its color is permanent and does not require re-painting.
ii) Vinyl is a very strong and durable plastic material.
iii) Due to its recyclable nature, vinyl is eco-friendly and readily available for molding into
any desired shape.
iv) It is weather-resistant and requires less maintenance.
v) Its versatility and how it can be combined with other materials to create both a classic or
contemporary look for your home makes it the perfect option for anyone.
vi) Vinyl cladding has become one of the most widely used materials in part because of its
cost efficiencies. From raw material usage, energy used in processing, energy used in
distribution and transportation, maintenance requirements and disposal costs.
vii) It is resistant to moisture and humidity and hence it doesn’t rust or corrode.

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uPVC
uPVC (unplasticised Polyvinyl chloride) cladding is a material used majorly for exterior wall
cladding. uPVC is an amorphous commodity thermoplastic that can be colorless and transparent
but is much more commonly pigmented. It is strong, stiff and inherently flame retardant with
relatively good chemical resistance. (Solvents are its weak area, particularly stress cracking
therein)

Why use uPVC as a cladding material?

i) uPVC possesses good UV resistance and barrier properties that acts as a good weather
resistant. This qualifies it for use as an exterior cladding material.
ii) uPVC has a good acid and alkali resistance. This characteristic prevents it from corroding
hence long life span.
iii) It is a proper choice for those looking to improve and refresh the appearance of the
property i.e. it adds aesthetic beauty to the property.
iv) It’s easy to install and requires low maintenance.
v) uPVC is much more affordable in installation costs and purchasing cost as compared to
other materials like timber.

Ceramic
Ceramic as a cladding material is a popular choice mainly because of its aesthetic look. It’s
applied on the exterior of the home mostly on the façade of the building. Its versatile nature and
with exceptional mechanical characteristics makes it high in demand.

Why use ceramic cladding?

i) Ceramic cladding enhances the appearance of an old building by providing a new fresh
look.
ii) Among the benefits of having ceramics as cladding for your building is its high
durability.
iii) Having ceramic cladding for your building helps you save more since the maintenance
costs are low.
iv) They are highly resistant to extreme weather conditions and do not get damaged easily.
Ceramics are resistant to harmful UV rays and are not easily affected by rain or
increasing pollution level.
v) They can last for long years without wear and tear.
vi) Ceramic cladding has good thermal and sound insulation properties.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CLADDING MATERIALS

Strength and stability

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A wall structure should have adequate strength to support its own weight and sufficient stability
to resist against lateral loads. Brick and precast concrete cladding do not suffer rapid changes in
the temperature during day and night than thin wall cladding materials. This is because they gain
and loose heat slowly. Thin cladding materials like metals and glass suffer rapid changes in
temperature and consequent contraction and expansion which may cause distortion and damage
to the fixings and cladding itself.

Resistance to weather

Brick and stone exclude rain from the inside of the buildings by absorbing rainwater which
evaporates to the outside during dry periods. Precast concrete cladding acts in the same way as
brick and stone by absorbing rainwater. There has to be wide joints between the precast concrete
panels to accommodate moisture, structural and thermal movements. The joints are designed
with an overlap to horizontal and an open drained joint to vertical joints to exclude rain. Non-
absorbent materials such as glass and metal cause driven rain to flow under pressure in sheets
across the face of the wall, making the joints vulnerable to rain penetration. The joints should
have a seal against rain penetration.

Resistance to passage of heat.

The interior of the building clad with large areas of glass and may gain part or all of their internal
heat from a combination of solar heat gain and from internal artificial lighting to the extent that
there may be little need for supplementary internal heating. Cladding material is lined to provide
additional insulation.

Resistance to passage of sound.

The ability of cladding system to resist the passage of sound is largely dependent on its mass.
The denser and thicker the material, the more effective it is as a barrier to airborne sound like
music or speech. This is because the dense mass absorbs the energy generated by the sound.

Durability and freedom from maintenance.

Walls of brick and stone will gradually change color over the years. This gradual change in color
is termed as weathering hence require very little maintenance. Precast concrete wall cladding
panels which weather gradually may become dirt stained due to slow run off of water from open
horizontal joints. Panels will maintain their finish over the expected life of the building but will
require frequent renewal of the seal.

Fire resistance

The design of cladding should take into account fire resistance. Fire resistance refers to the
quality of a material that makes it resistant to fire, for a specified period of time. The Building

13
Regulation prohibits the use of materials that encourage the spread of fire across their surface.
(George). Brick and stone have a higher resistance to fire compared to wood.

FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN CHOOSING CLADDING

MATERIALS.
Cost and efficiency: The use of cladding material like concrete, bricks, stones and wood is
expensive. This is because of increased requirement of labor. The cost of maintenance should
also be taken into account for example, wood requires frequent maintenance and glass requires
cleaning which is expensive. On the other hand, vinyl requires low maintenance costs hence
budget friendly.

Climate: The cladding material should be able to offer protection to the building in the different
weather conditions. Galvanized metal provides protection against rain. (kikoo web radio, n.d.)

Installation: insulation and energy efficiency are crucial when choosing cladding material. Metal
offers no insulation and may increase the heat of your home while vinyl will offer insulation but
increase the R-value of your home. The higher the R Value, the more energy efficient you will
be. R value refers to the capacity of a material to resist heat flow.

Quality and Durability: the quality, lifespan and durability of the cladding material chosen has
an effect on the structure. The durability of the cladding should match the expected lifespan of
the structure. It is advisable to install cladding that increases the value of the building. For
example wood, stone, bricks (kikoo web radio, n.d.)

Aesthetics: A good cladding material should not detract from the architectural beauty of your
home but complement. Vinyl can be shaped to look like any material needed be it wood, stone or
even metal.

Fire resistance: when choosing a material for cladding, it is very important to look at its fire
resistance. Stone, bricks, and precast concrete have a high resistance to fire compared to the
other materials, most especially wood.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLADDING
Cladding to buildings can be considered under two classifications:

i) Claddings fixed to a structural backing

ii) Claddings to framed structures

Claddings fixed to a structural backing

Materials used in this form of cladding are generally considered to be small-unit claddings. They
are applied when the structural wall is unable to provide an adequate barrier to the elements.
Alternatively, small-unit claddings can be used solely as a decorative feature.

14
Cladding to framed structures
Claddings are a form of masking or infilling a structural frame. The methods available to clad a
framed structure are extensive and include:-

i) Brick panels or panels of masonry constructed between the columns and beams
ii) Light infill panels of metal or timber
iii) Concrete cladding panels
iv) Curtain walling- completely encloses the structure
Brick panel walls
These are non- load bearing walls, which are constructed in the same manner as solid brick walls
but are built up between the structural members of a building. The structural frame provides
support for the cladding system. Brick panel walls can be constructed from clay bricks or
concrete blocks in a solid or cavity wall construction.

The strength and stability of solid and cavity walling constructed as cladding to framed structures
depend on the support afforded by the frame and the resistance of the wall itself to lateral wind
pressure and suction.

For cavity walls, the common support for the brick outer leaf is stainless steel angle secured with
expanding bolts to a concrete beam. Alternatively, a system of support brackets may be used.
These stainless steel brackets fit to a channel cast into concrete. An adjusting bolt in each bracket
allows some vertical adjustment and the slotted channel some horizontal adjustment so that the
supporting brackets may be accurately set in position to support brick work as it is raised.

15
Figure 7: Picture showing support brackets

The panels must be supported at each structural floor level and tied to the structure at the
vertical edges. Projection of the panel in front of the structural members is permissible, provided
such overhangs do not impair the stability of the panel wall. The top edge of the panels should
not be pinned rigidly to the frame, because the effect of brick panel expansion together with
frame shrinkage may cause cracking and failure of the brickwork. A compression joint should
therefore be formed between the top edge of the panel and the underside of the framing member
at each floor level.

The methods of tying the panel to the vertical structural members are:-

i) Butterfly wall ties

They are cast into the column and built into the brick joints at four-course intervals.

ii) Galvanized pressed steel dovetail slots

They are cast into the column, and dovetail anchors are used to form the tie. This method
provides greater flexibility with the location and insertion of adequate ties, however it is higher
in cost.

16
Figure 8: Picture showing anchorage of brick panel walls

Facings to the brick panels

Facings can be added to the panel walls so as to give it a durable finish. This can be achieved by
adding facing bricks with a neat pointed joint or by attaching to the face of a panel a stone
facing. The suitable materials that can be used include natural stone, artificial stone, and
reconstructed stone and precast concrete of small units up to 1m2 and with a thickness related to
the density of the material.

Fixing natural and reconstructed stone facings

Stone facing slabs are fixed so that there is a cavity (10-20mm) between the back of the slabs and
the background wall or frame to allow room for fixings, tolerances in the sawn thickness of slabs
and variations in background surfaces, and also to accommodate some little flexibility to allow
for differential structural, thermal and moisture movements between the structure and the facing.

17
There are two major considerations that must be taken into account when deciding on the method
to be used to fix the facings to the brick backing;

i) Transfer of load to the structure

The load of the facings can be transferred by using bonder stones or support corbels at each floor
level as well as a compression joint incorporated in the detail.

ii) Tying back the face units

The tying back of the facings is carried out by various metal fixing devices called cramps, which
should be of a non-ferrous metal such as gunmetal, copper, phosphor bronze or stainless steel. To
avoid the problem of corrosion caused by galvanic action between dissimilar metals a mixture of
fixing materials should not be used.

Concrete cladding panels

These are usually made of precast concrete with a textured face in a storey height or undersill
panel format. The storey height panel is designed to span vertically from beam to beam and if
constructed to a narrow module will give the illusion of a tall building. Undersill panels span
horizontally from column to column and are used where a high wall/window ratio is required.
Combinations of both formats are also possible.

Concrete cladding panels should be constructed of a dense concrete mix and suitably reinforced
with bar reinforcement or steel-welded fabric. The reinforcement should provide the necessary
tensile resistance to the stresses induced in the final position and to the stresses set up during
transportation and hoisting into position. Lifting lugs, positions or holes should be incorporated
into the design to ensure that the panels are hoisted in the correct manner so that unwanted
stresses are not induced. The usual specification for cover of concrete over reinforcement is 25
mm minimum. If thin panels are being used the use of galvanized or stainless steel reinforcement
should be considered to reduce the risk of corrosion.

Considerations taken when designing or selecting a panel

i) The column or beam spacing

ii) Jointing method
iii) Lifting capacities of the available plant
iv) Any special planning requirements as to finish or texture
v) Exposure conditions
During the installation of the concrete cladding panels, care should be taken when jointing to
allow for structural and thermal movements and at the same time provide an adequate long term
joint. Thermal insulation can be achieved by creating a cavity or better incorporating insulation
in a sandwich cladding panel. Concrete cladding panels can be large and consequently heavy. To
reduce the weight they are often designed to be relatively thin (50 to 75 mm) across the center
portion and stiffened around the edges with suitably reinforced ribs, which usually occur on the

18
back face but can be positioned on the front face as a feature, which can also limit the amount of
water which can enter the joint.

Figure 9: Picture showing precast concrete cladding panels

Infill panels
Infill panels are a form of cladding built between the structural members of a building. It is
different from the other forms of cladding panels in that it is fixed between framing members
rather than being attached to the outside of the frame. Infill panels are non-load bearing although
they are required to resist wind loads applied to the façade as well as supporting their own
weight.

Infill panels are light weight and usually glazed to give good internal natural daylighting
conditions. The panel layout can be so arranged to expose some or all of the structural members,
creating various optical impressions. For example, if horizontal panels are used, leaving only the
beams exposed, an illusion of extra length and/or reduced height can be created.

19
These practices are typical of many existing structures and continue to be appropriate where
thermal insulation and thermal bridging are not a design priority, e.g. car parks.

Figure 10: Illustrations showing infill panel arrangements

Figure 11: Illustration showing the exterior detail of infill panels and the structural frame

20
A wide variety of materials or combinations of materials can be employed, such as timber, steel,
aluminum or plastic. Double-glazing techniques can be used to achieve the desired sound or
thermal insulation. The glazing module should be such that a reasonable thickness of glass can
be specified. The design of the ‘solid’ panel is of great importance, because this panel must
provide the necessary resistance to fire, heat loss, sound penetration and interstitial condensation.
The jointing problem with infill panels occurs mainly at its junction with the structural frame,
and allowance for moisture or thermal movement is usually achieved by using a suitable mastic
or sealant.

Curtain walling cladding

Figure 12: Picture showing Curtain walling

Curtain wall systems are non-structural cladding systems for the external walls of buildings.
They are generally associated with large, multi-storey buildings.

Curtain walls separate the interior from the exterior, but only support their own weight and the
loads imposed on them such as wind loads

This is in contrast to many forms of traditional construction in which the external walls are a
fundamental part of the primary structure of the building.

Typically curtain wall systems comprise a lightweight aluminum frame onto which glazed or
opaque infill panels can be fixed.

NB: An alternative lightweight cladding material is glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GRP). This

consists of glass fiber reinforcement impregnated with resin, incorporating fillers, pigments and a
suitable catalyst as a hardener. The resultant panels are lightweight, durable, and non-corrosive,
have good weather resistance, can be molded to almost any profile and have good aesthetic
properties. As they age, their color can have a tendency to fade.

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JOINTING
When incorporating precast concrete cladding panels in a framed structure the problem of
making the joints waterproof is of paramount importance.

The functional requirements of joints

i) The joints must be able to exclude wind and rain. Experience has shown that bad design,
poor workmanship or lack of understanding of the function of a joint has led to water
penetration through the joints between cladding panels. To overcome this problem it is
essential that both the designer and the site operative fully appreciate the design
principles and the need for accurate installation.
ii) The joints must be able to allow for structural, thermal and moisture movement.
iii) The joints must be able to last a long time.
iv) They should be easy to maintain.
v) The joints should be able to be easily assembled.
vi) The joints should maintain the thermal and sound insulation properties of the surrounding
cladding.

Classifications of joints
Filled joints
These joints are not easy to construct and rely mainly upon mortars, sealants, mastics or
preformed gaskets to provide the barrier against the infiltration of wind and rain.

Figure 13: Illustration showing filled jointing

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Limitations of filled joints.

i) They are limited in their performance by the amount to which the sealing materials can
accommodate movement and to a certain extent by their weathering properties, such as
their resistance to ultraviolet rays.
ii) They are suitable for only small module claddings. Filled joints are generally satisfactory
if the cladding panel module is small because, if incorporated in large module panels,
filled joints can crack and allow water to penetrate.
iii) Providing for structural thermal and moisture movement.
iv) There is a difficulty in making and placing the joints accurately particularly with
combination of materials.
Drained joints
These joints have been designed and developed to overcome the disadvantages of the filled joint
by designing the joint to have a drainage zone as well as providing an air-tight seal at the rear of
the joint.

Drained joints are also broken down into two parts;

Vertical joints

These consist basically of a deep narrow gap between adjacent panels where the rear of the joint
is adequately sealed to prevent the passage of air and moisture. Adequate sealing at the back of
the joint is of utmost importance, because some water will usually penetrate past the open
drainage zone or the baffle, and any air movement through the joint seal will also assist the
passage of water or moisture.

Baffles are loose strips of material such as neoprene, butyl rubber or plasticized PVC, which are
unaffected by direct sunlight and act as a first line of defense to water penetration.

Horizontal joints

These are usually in the form of a rebated lap joint, the upper panel being lapped over the top
edge of the lower panel. As with the vertical joints, the provision of an adequate back seal to
prevent air movement through the joint is of paramount importance. The seal must also perform
the function of a compression joint: therefore the sealing strip is of a compressible material such
as bituminized foamed polyurethane or a preformed cellular rubber strip.

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Figure 14: Illustration showing drained joint

Figure 15: Illustration showing a horizontal joint

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Figure 16: 3D Illustration showing both the vertical and horizontal joints

MASTICS, SEALANTS AND GASKETS

The common form of sealing material, called putty, is unsuitable for many applications because
it hardens soon after application and cannot therefore accept the movements that can be expected
in claddings and similar situations. It was this inability to accommodate movement that led to the
development of mastics and sealants.

Mastics: These are materials that are applied in a plastic state and form a surface skin over the
core, which remains pliable for a number of years. Mastics include oil mastics and butyl mastic.

Sealants: These are capable of accommodating greater movement than mastics. They are more
durable, but more expensive in both material and installation costs. They are applied in a plastic
state and are converted by chemical reactions into an elastomer or synthetic rubber. Examples of
sealants are; polyshulphide and polyurethane sealants.

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Gaskets: These can have better durability than mastics and sealants, but the design and
manufacture of the joint profile requires a high degree of accuracy if a successful joint is to be
obtained.

Functional requirements for sealants, mastics and gaskets;

i) They should be able to provide a weather tight seal.
ii)They should possess a degree of stability i.e. remain in position without slumping.
iii)
Should not give rise to the staining of adjacent materials.
iv)Should accommodate movement due to thermal expansion, wind loadings, structural
movement and/or moisture movement.
v) Mastics and sealants have a limited life ranging from 10 to 25 years, which in most cases
is less than the initial design life of the structure hence forth all joints must be designed in
such a way that the seals can be renewed with reasonable ease, efficiency and cost.

Application method of mastics and sealants

Mastics and sealants can be applied in a variety of ways such as gun or knife applications. The
most common method is by hand-held gun using disposable cartridges fitted into the body of the
applicator. Most guns can be fitted with various nozzles to produce a neat bead of the required
shape and size.

The joint should be carefully prepared to receive the mastic or sealant by ensuring that the
contact surfaces are free from all dirt, grease and oil. The contact surfaces must be perfectly dry,
and in some instances they may have to be primed before applying the jointing compound.

TYPES OF CLADDING
Through enlisting the help of professional fitters, the installation of cladding is a relatively
simple, straightforward project. Taking into consideration the size of the building and the overall
complexity of the job, cladding can be installed in as little as a day. Once installed, systems
require very little maintenance which makes them an incredibly reliable and cost-effective option
for property owners. In the unlikely event of any damage to your panels, for instance, dents and
scratches due to wear and tear, cladding repairs can be completed quickly causing minimal
disruption to daily operations.

Timber Cladding

Figure 17: Picture showing timber cladding

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Timber remains to be one of the most aesthetically pleasing of all cladding types. Commonly
installed in long, narrow boards that can be fitted horizontally, vertically or diagonally, the
outcome of timber cladding can be entirely customized to achieve the decorative finish you
require. As timber is an organic source of material, every panel will be unique featuring a one-of-
a-kind grain patterning that cannot be replicated, making your building stand out from the crowd.

Opting for timber cladding is ideal if you are hoping to begin lowering your carbon footprint.
Hardwood timber, in particular, is an excellent natural insulator and is proven to have high levels
of heat retention meaning that there will be less reliance on central heating. It is also made with
entirely recyclable, renewable and sustainable materials making timber the most environmentally
friendly of all cladding types.

Vinyl Cladding

Figure 18: Picture showing Vinyl cladding

Vinyl cladding is ideal for those looking for a contemporary, modern material that is available in
an array of different colors. As vinyl remains one of the cheapest cladding materials and comes
alongside proven energy efficiency, not only can it save you money during the installation
process but also in the future. Panels can even be fitted with an additional layer of insulation that
forms a temperature-controlling blanket over your property, keeping the space warm in the
winter and cool in the summer.

Compared to its alternatives, vinyl is considerably more lightweight, allowing panels to be

completely flexible when covering a building. Colors can be altered to complement different
areas of the building to create an eye-catching appearance – fantastic for replicating brand colors.
If in the future, you want to change the color of vinyl panels, cladding spraying is available.

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Weatherboard Cladding

Figure 19: Picture showing weatherboard cladding

When researching the different types of cladding, many assume that timber and weatherboard
systems are the same, however this isn’t the case. While weatherboard cladding is constructed
using timber, the wood has been reconstituted instead of using authentic hardwood.
Reconstituted means that the wood is repeatable and is specially created to look like a particular
species. The wood can be used over and over again, yet will always look identical to the original
version.

Unlike authentic timber, weatherboard can be stained or painted to suit the color of your choice.
It is ideal if you aim to reap the benefits of timber cladding but would like more flexibility with
the appearance.

The only downside to weatherboard cladding is that it does require considerably more
maintenance than any other material. Unfortunately, weatherboard is susceptible to rotting and
decaying which means that it must be regularly protected.

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Glass Cladding

Figure 20: Picture showing glass cladding

Many world-famous buildings across the globe as well as Ugandan buildings like Mabirizi
Complex, utilize glass cladding for their recognizable exterior. Commonly used in commercial
properties, glass cladding is highly effective in creating an instant modern appearance that is
most definitely outstanding.

Due to the lightweight benefits of glass, the material can easily be molded to fit every contour of
a building and can be constructed in many different shapes for a unique finish. As you will not
have to worry about the discoloration or deterioration of the material, the only maintenance that
glass cladding requires is cleaning at least twice a year. It is more than capable of withstanding
the ever-changing British weather conditions as will not show any signs of environmental
impact.

Many business owners opt for fitting glass cladding as it maximizes the amount of natural light
streaming into the office. Not only is natural lighting capable of dramatically reducing energy
consumption, but is proven to enhance concentration and boost corporate morale. According to
Office Space, those who are exposed to natural lighting during the working day report a 15%
increase in productivity.

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Brick Cladding

Figure 21: Picture showing Brick cladding

Brick cladding is fantastic if you are hoping to achieve a traditional appearance similar to stone,
however, aim to add a modern patterned twist. Using different colored bricks, the installation of
your cladding can be altered to produce a particular pattern or design. Unlike regular bricks that
are manufactured specially to build walls, cladding bricks are constructed using lightweight
materials and in a variety of different colors.

Being able to guarantee the safety and strength of a building is imperative, which is where brick
cladding proves particularly beneficial. Brick is one of the sturdiest materials and is capable of
providing full protection against all elements it may be exposed to. Cladding made with brick
will not crack, rot or show signs of pollutant damage.

Fiber Cement Cladding

Figure 22: Picture showing fiber cement

Fiber cement is a composite material that can be used for both interior and exterior cladding. A
composite material, by definition, is any material that has been created using two or more
constituent elements to produce a new material that has unique characteristics. Materials used to
create fiber cement include cement, sand, filler and cellulose, an organic compound found in
plant cell walls.

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Fiber cement cladding continues to rise in popularity due to its guaranteed longevity and
protection against elements such as fire, adverse weather, heavy impact and insects. It is quick to
install due to its lightweight features and once set, will not change when exposed to excessive
heat or exposure to moisture.

Metal Cladding

Figure 23: Picture showing metal cladding

While metal cladding may not be able to achieve the eye-catching, unique aesthetics that other
materials can, it is extremely durable making it the ideal option for industrial buildings. The most
popular materials used for metal cladding include steel and aluminum; both of which come
alongside their own individual benefits and drawbacks.

One of the most significant benefits of the use of metal cladding in a commercial building is that
the material is non-combustible. Although it doesn’t necessarily mean that the building is exempt
from fire regulations, it does provide property owners with an added layer of protection against
the risk of a fire. Metal cladding is also entirely recyclable which means that when panels reach
the end of their life, they can easily be reused for another purpose and will not end up in a
landfill site.

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External Foam Cladding

Figure 24: Picture showing External Foam Cladding

External foam cladding, also known as External Insulated Finish System (EIFS) has the highest
level of insulation of all system types. Panels are manufactured using foam that is designed with
a reinforced core. The foam is then coated with a fiberglass mesh that adds strength to the
cladding and makes them entirely resistant to impact. Depending on the level of insulation you
require, panels are available in different thicknesses; all of which can be cut to size to fit every
contour of a building. Not only is external foam cladding excellent at insulating a property
during the winter, but can also keep the warm air out in the summer, keeping all rooms cool.
Therefore, helping towards achieving a more energy efficient property and lowering energy bills.

For those hoping to add a contemporary twist to their property, external foam cladding is also
available in a smooth or textured render. A wide variety of colors can be painted on top of the
panels or embedded in textured renders.

Stone Cladding

Figure 25: Picture showing stone cladding

Unlike other cladding types, a stone finish is more commonly a feature in domestic properties as
opposed to commercial. Stone is perfect for providing homes with an elegant, luxurious exterior
with a traditional “country home” feel. While natural stone cladding can be installed, it does

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come alongside an expensive price tag which means that many opt for its simulated alternatives.
Simulated stone is ideal for lowering costs without compromising on aesthetics and durability.

Due to the non-porous properties of stone, it is incapable of absorbing any form of liquid
providing your home with protection against leaks from the outside. This proves particularly
beneficial in locations that see a considerable amount of heavy rainfall. The stone will also
prevent a build-up of moisture, lowering the risk of damp and mold.

Stone cladding is incredibly easy to maintain and it’s easy to clean. Cleaning can be done by
washing the stone surface.

Methods and steps of stone cladding installation

Natural stone such as granite, marble and limestone provide numerous design possibilities for the
enhancement of front facades of spaces such as hotel lobbies, shopping mall, stores etc. natural
stone is not only used for sprucing up the front façade but also used as flooring, pavement and
interior cladding material.

There are a number of different ways for the installation of natural stone few of them are listed
below:

Wet Installation Method of Natural Stone Cladding

Wet installation method which is also known as direct adhered method, is the most common
method used for the installation of natural stone cladding. The reason behind its prevalence is its
ease with which it can be used.

Here is the step-by-step procedure for the wet installation method of natural stone cladding:

Step-1: Calculate the Material Requirement

Before starting with the installation procedure you first need to calculate the area where you
want to clad. You can calculate by simply measuring its length and breadth and then multiplying
it. This would help you get an estimated amount of material for the cladding.

Step-2: Surface Preparation

Cutting grooves with the help of angle grinder

This is the most crucial part the whole procedure as it would ensure the bonding that the
adhesive/ mortar will have the wall because if the bond between the adhesive/ mortar and wall is
not intact than the cladding can plunge off the wall.

How the surface preparation is done;

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Plastered wall to be rough finished for mechanical ponding, wet cladding can be initiated directly
on wall. If your wall is painted remove the layer using grinders than cut grooves into wall using
an angle grinder, horizontally as well as vertically to create keys, for mechanical bonding.

Hacking of old plaster using a chisel or a hammer to make the surface.

Step-3: Mixing the Mortar

Marble and natural stone are installed with thin-set mortar mix in the ratio of 1:2 (1 part Portland
Pozzolana Cement to 2 parts sand) mixed only with clean cold water. Make sure that the color of
your mortar doesn’t affect the natural stone. Adhesives are also available in market for stone
cladding.

Step-4: Installation Procedure

Ensure that the surface is not friable and that all dust is removed. Do not wet the surface before
cladding commences.

Mortar mix must be applied to the surface to a minimum bed thickness of 10mm. Spread only
enough mortar/adhesive for each individual piece. Should a thin film (skin) appear on the surface
of the adhesive, re-agitate with trowel before bedded.

Press the dry Natural stone cladding firmly into wet mortar with a twisting action. Product must
be bedded with the aid of a Rubber mallet.

Lift and replace random cladding to ensure that 100% contact is being achieved between the
cladding and mortar (no voids behind cladding).

Back buttering of Natural stone cladding is recommended where the back of the cladding product
surface is irregular or when cladding in awkward locations.

Remove excess mortar from joints and cladding product before drying has occurred. The
minimum joint width for Natural stone cladding is 2mm. Please take extra care when you butt
joint the cladding.

If and when required the cladding can now be grouted – using a mortar mix (1 part sand to 1 part
PPC Cement, preferably with a cement modifier chemical to get non-shrink properties). Seal the
joints with the use of a pointing tool depending on the desired finish.

Advantages of Wet Installation Method

i) It is an economic method
ii) This method doesn’t require onsite drilling
iii) Eliminates the chances of cracks on wall due to drilling.
iv) Bonds perfectly from edge to edge leaving no space in between which makes it look
more even.
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Disadvantages of Wet Installation Method

i) Due to the edge to edge bonding there is no room for later expansion which could result
in buckling of natural stone. Expansion and contraction joints are always recommended.
ii) If the bond between the wall and the adhesive/ mortar is not intact then there are chances
that the stone can fall off.
iii) The stone fixed with mortar may change in color due to absorption of water from back
mortar layer.
iv) It is a time consuming procedure.
Dry Installation Method of Natural Stone Cladding

Dry installation method which is also known as mechanical installation method uses embedded
metal anchors and ties for the connection purpose. The stone required for this method must be
thick because the method requires drilling which could increase the occurrence of cracks.

Methodology

Step-1: Selection of Materials

The brackets must be made of stainless steel. The dimensions of the brackets and their pin
depends on its type.

Figure 26: Picture showing a section of dry cladding of granite

Figure 27: Picture showing a Z- Bracket

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Figure 28: Picture showing an L- Bracket

Figure 29: Picture showing an Omega Bracket

36
Step-2: Site Preparation

Clean all the dirt from the surface of the wall. If the wall is constructed freshly make sure it is
properly dried up and the surface is not friable so that the pin could be firmly fixed in the hole
drilled.

Step-3: Installation Method

i) Accurately locate the position of the hole. You can start either from the left or the right
corner of the wall leaving a minimum gap of 2mm.
ii) Drill a hole of appropriate depth and thickness according to the size of pin. Standard
dimension of hole can be 80mm – 100mm.
iii) Insert the expansion bolt into the hole.
iv) Insert the pin in the angle to match the hole in the cladding stone.
v) Place the first natural stone and tighten the bolts and pin properly.
vi) Leave a clear space of at least 2mm between every 2 natural stone.
vii) Similarly clad the entire wall.

Advantages of Dry Installation Method

i) The dry cladding method is safe and it prevails the stone from falling off for years.
ii) This method allow for expansion and contraction of stone in extreme weather conditions.
iii) The dry cladding method creates a cleft of around 30 to 45 mm (1”-1.5”) in between face
of the wall and stone covering, providing a layer of air cushion that acts as a thermal
barrier.
iv) The appearance of stone used in dry cladding work looks spotless and aesthetically
pleasing.
v) It is a time saving procedure.

Disadvantages of Dry Installation Method

i) There are chances for the occurrence of cracks on substrate.

ii) It is an expensive method.
iii) Requires perfection and alertness because of the following
iv) If the holes are not drilled properly then it could waste material.
v) While drilling one must be alert otherwise it could be harmful for you.
vi) It requires high skilled labor.

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RENOVATION OF CLADDING
Renovation of cladding refers to the process of removing, repair, replacing and restoring of the
cladding on a surface to a good condition.

This is normally done to add value to the property and improve the aesthetic appearance of the
building.

It enables quick identification of water leakages, damages in the framing, waterproof decks and
other installations.

Situations where repair of cladding is applied

i) Repair of weatherboards
ii) Repair of broken bricks
iii) Repair of old and damaged steel panels
iv) Replacing of broken glass
v) Replacing and repainting of timber panels.

Stages of renovation
Planning: This involves running a thorough check and laying down a guiding procedure on how
to move to renovate cladding.

Budgeting: Which involves setting aside some cash to meet the required costs of cladding repair
and a finding possible replacements.

Demolition: This refers to the destruction or bringing down cladding that has already been
installed.

Construction and cleaning: This refers to the building up of a new cladding in the placement
from which one was removed.

ADVANTAGES OF CLADDING
Protection of the building: Cladding on the exterior walls of the building is an extra layer added
to the building that help to protect the interior walls of the building from strong wind, rain, noise
and dampening through absorption of water as compared to painting.

Minimizes maintenance costs in the long run: Cladding such as granite stones and facing bricks
as compared to painting require much less maintenance cost in the long run since it does not
require regular cleaning and regular repair.

Aesthetic appearance: Cladding using granite stone, facing bricks or vinyl panels provide an
aesthetic appearance to the building giving it an appealing look of nature as compared to using
paint.

38
Provides thermal insulation: Cladding provides thermal insulation to the interior of a building
especially timber cladding done to the exterior of a house provides a barrier to the quick
transmission of cold or low temperature in cold regions since timber is a poor conductor of heat.

Provide sound insulation: Cladding offers a barrier to bounce off sound from entering a building
which creates a silent and calm environment in the interior atmosphere of the building.

DISADVANTAGES OF CLADDING
High initial cost of installation: Cladding is initially expensive as compared to painting since it
requires purchasing the materials for cladding

High workmanship: Cladding requires high workmanship to install the materials in position since
improper installation of cladding can lead to failure of the cladding installed which brings up
extra costs of renovation as compared to rendering and painting.

Timber cladding is prone to fire: This makes it less fire resistant that paint since it can act as an
agent of spread of fire throughout the building even though it’s seasoned.

Weathering: Cladding using marble can easily be weathered and collapse on absorption of water
which leads to increased cost of renovation.

SITUATIONS WHERE CLADDING IS USED

Timber cladding: - This is used where a client is interested in aesthetics and also wood is an
excellent natural insulator as it has high levels of heat retention. This type of cladding is also
resistant to various weather conditions.

Metal cladding: - In case one desires a durable structure, metal cladding can be used for example
in industrial buildings and it also a high fire resistance property. Steel and aluminum are the most
commonly used metals.

Brick cladding: - This type is used where the client wants a guarantee of strength and safety of
the building. Brick is one of the sturdiest materials and therefore it is strong when exposed to
natural factors as it can withstand them.

Glass cladding: - Where a client wants the building to have a maximum amount of natural light
entering the building, glass cladding is the best option for really tall buildings for example the
Shanghai Tower and other tall complex structures. It also provides aesthetics and it also has low
maintenance as the material doesn’t easily deteriorate.

Vinyl cladding: -This is used in a situation where a person wants a less costly type of cladding as
vinyl is the cheapest cladding material and can enable one save money in the installation process.
It also has low maintenance costs.

39
Fiber cement cladding: - This is used where a person wants a long-lasting structure as well as
protection from elements such as fire, insects, and adverse weather, among others.

Stone cladding: - This is used where a client is interested in aesthetics and also, stone is a non-
porous material and therefore it doesn’t absorb any moisture.

SAFETY MEASURES AND BULDING REGULATIONS

Safety measures
There are several health and safety concerns in relation to cladding. Installation of cladding
mostly involves working at heights and if poorly installed, it can become loose and falls off or
water can penetrate through which leads to dampness. The biggest concern is fire safety.
Materials such as bricks, stone, fiber cement have high fire resistance which is not the case with
timber and composite materials.

Avoiding combustible cladding.

This is mainly noted in aluminum composite materials. These consist of thin aluminum sheets
that sandwich a lightweight core, usually made from another metal, mineral compound,
polythene or polyurethane.

Providing Cladding fire safety specification

Cladding should form part of the fire safety assessment before any building is handed over. By
documenting the exact specifications of the cladding, its comparison and fire risk, the building
owners can easily access important information. In case of change of regulations in future, if
renovations are required or if the cladding needs to be recalled or replaced the documentation
should be easily accessible and actionable.

Building regulations on cladding

The building regulation prohibits the use of combustible cladding on external walls of high rise
building above 18 meters.

CASE STUDY FOR CLADDING

Just before 1 a.m., the doorbell woke Yassin Adam, a neighbor was frantically alerting others on
the fourth floor of the tower about a fire in his apartment.

The residents of Grenfell Tower had complained for years that the 24-story public housing block
invited catastrophe. It lacked fire alarms, sprinklers and fire escape. And there were concerns
about the new aluminum façade (cladding) that was supposed to improve the building but was
whisking the flames skyward. The incineration of the Grenfell Tower on June 14, 2017 was the
deadliest fire in Britain in more than a century. The London police blamed the flammable
materials used in the façade for the spread of the blaze. The building had recently been

40
renovated. The insulation and cladding were installed on the exterior; both contained flammable
materials, creating a chimney effect. Radiant heat from the building cladding and insulation,
combined with air rushing through the gap, increased the intensity of the fire. The cladding itself
was produced by Acronic. Acronic sells a flammable version of its Reynobond cladding and a
more expensive fire-resistant version. In a brochure aimed at customers in other European
countries, the company cautioned that the Reynobond should not be used in buildings taller than
10 meters, or above 33 feet. “Fire is a key issue when it comes to buildings. Especially when it
comes to facades and roofs, the fire can spread extremely rapidly.” The brochure explained.

Figure 30: Picture showing safety measures for cladding

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, cladding is applied to buildings with the major objectives of enhancing thermal
and sound insulation, protecting the interior elements of the building from weather effects and
adding a durable and beautiful finish to the building. Cladding materials should be carefully
chosen to suit the functions of their application.

Cladding of buildings is a growing trend in Uganda commonly being applied to big buildings
like Mapeera building, Victoria University, Hera Hotel, E-tower, Kooki tower among others.

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REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2022, from https://www.planradar.com/gb/cladding-construction-
health-building-safety-concerns-to-consider/

(n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2022, from https://www.clarionsolicitors.com/articles/new-building-

regulations-for-external-cladding

Edward Allen, J. I. (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction. New Jersy: John Wiley &
Sons Inc.

George, S. E. (n.d.). functional requirements. In Barry's advanced construction of buildingd

(Third edition ed., pp. 413-418).

kikoo web radio. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://www.thekikoowebradio.com/5-
important-considerations-when-choosing-external-wall-cladding/

PlanRadar. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2022

Roy Chudley, R. G. (2004). Construction Technology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Roy Chudley, R. G. (2006). Advanced Construction Technology. Essex: Pearson Education

Limited.

Stephen Emmitt, C. A. (2014). Barry's Advanced Construction for Buildings. Essex: John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.

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