ME 673: Mathematical Methods in Engineering

Dr. Abhilash J. Chandy

Module 2: Second Order Linear ODEs

Class 4
Jan 22, 2021

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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 0 0
called a particular

EXAMPLE 4 Initial Value Proble

Solve the initial value p

Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.) y

Solution.
and we take
Step 1. G

3
2 This will

1 Step 2. P
initial val
0
2 4 6 8 10 x
–1
–2
This give
–3

Fig. 29. Particular solution

and initial tangent in Figure 29
Example 4 the x-axis

Observation. Ou
conditions. Now let
so that y1/y2 ! 1/k

y ! c1 c

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs (contd.)

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs with const coeffs.

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Homogeneous Linear ODEs with const coeffs.

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 Step 2. Particular solution. Since y r (x) " c1ex ! 2c2e!2x, we obtain from the g
conditions

y(0) " c1 # c2 " 4,

y r (0) " c1 ! 2c2 " !5.

Hence c1 " 1 and c2 " 3. This gives the answer y " ex # 3e!2x. Figure 30 sh

Homogeneous Linear ODEs with const coeffs.

y " 4 with a negative slope (!5, but note that the axes have different scales!),
conditions.

y
8

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 x

Fig. 30. Solution in Example 2

Case II. Real Double Root l " !a/2

If the discriminant a 2 ! 4b is zero, we see directly from (4) tha
l " l1 " l2 " !a/2, hence only one solution,

y1 " e!(a/2)x.

To obtain a second independent solution y2 (needed for a basis)

reduction of order discussed in the last section, setting y2 " uy1.
derivatives y r2 " u r y1 # uy 1r and y s2 into (1), we first
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have

(u sy1 # 2u r y 1r # uy s1) # a(u r y1 # uy 1r ) # buy1