Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Audit:
Questions pertaining to Safety can be found in section Personnel Safety Section.
Background Information:
It is the laboratory policy to provide all employees with a safe work environment, which provides
as much protection as possible from exposure to human blood, body fluids, chemical, electrical
and biohazards and fire safety. It is our goal to ensure that all staff members are properly
trained to address every situation safely. These policies are designed for the protection of all
employees and will be enforced at all times.
Within the Laboratory, safety is practiced in three containment levels. The purpose of safety
containment is to reduce exposure of laboratory workers, other persons and the outside
environment to potentially hazardous agents. These include laboratory practices and
techniques, safety equipment, and facility design. The three levels used are:
1. Level I General Safety Precautions - This level of safety is basic for all laboratories in the
Department. General Safety is addressed in this SOP.
2. Level II Standard Precautions - This level of safety is added to the General Safety
Precautions when the task being performed exposes the worker to the risks of blood and
body fluids. See Appendix 1 of this SOP for additional information.
3. Level III Biosafety Level 3 - Laboratory management personnel will ensure that only
authorized persons who have been advised of the potential biohazard and who comply
with all entry and exit procedures enter laboratory areas. See Appendix 4 of this SOP for
additional information.
Resources
1. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Clinical Laboratory Technical Procedure
Manuals; Fourth Edition. CLSI Document GP2-A4 (ISBN 1-56238-458-9). Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA
2. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Waste Management; Approved Guideline-Second Edition.
NCCLS document GP5-A2 (ISBN 1-56238-457-0). NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite
1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898, USA 2002.
3. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved Guideline—Second Edition. NCCLS
document GP17-A2 [ISBN 1-56238-530-5]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400,
Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA, 2004.
4. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Protection of Laboratory Workers from
Occupationally Acquired Infections; Approved Guideline-Third Edition. CLSI document
M29-A3 [ISBN 1-56238-567-4]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institue, 940 West
Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA, 2005.
5. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2006. Commission on Laboratory
Accreditation, Laboratory Accreditation Program; Laboratory General Checklist Revised
9/27/2007.
6. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Primary Containment for
Biohazards: Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets, Sept 2000,
2nd Edition.
7. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) Threshold Limit
Values. 1994-1995. Cincinnati, OH.
8. McKinney, Robert, Richard Jonathan. CDC/NHI Department of Health and Human
Services, Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 4th Ed. May 1999.
U.S. Government Printing Office. H.H.S. Publication No. (CDC) 93-8395.
9. Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories, OSHA laboratory
standards 29CFR1910.1450
10. Portable Fire Extinguishers, OSHA laboratory standards 29CFR 1910.157
11. Infection Control: The Johns Hopkins Hospital Interdisciplinary Clinical Practice Manual
(ICPM)
12. Infection Control Policy 1998, Osler 4,
13. The Johns Hopkins Institutions Office of Health, Safety and Environmental, Johns
Hopkins Safety Manual. 2001, 2024 E. Monument St. Telephone 955-5918
14. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Biosafety in Microbiological
and Biomedical Laboratories, May 1999, 4th Edition. (HHS Publication No. (CDC) 93-
8395).
Approved
By
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Purpose
This policy provides direction for the processes and procedures to ensure safe working
conditions for all laboratory personnel and to ensure laboratory practice and documentation are
performed in accordance with regulations.
Procedure
I. SCOPE - This procedure applies to all laboratory staff present in the laboratory.
A. Laboratory Supervisor and all laboratory staff must ensure that this SOP is
implemented and utilized as written.
C. The Laboratory Director is responsible for approval, review and revision of this
SOP annually or as operational change warrants.
III. DEFINITIONS
A. Incinerator
B. Autoclave
C. Biohazard Containers
D. Red or Orange Biohazardous Storage Bags
E. Sharps Containers
B. Personnel
C. Personnel health
1. Each laboratory worker is responsible for his/her own safety and the
safety of his/her fellow workers
2. New hires are tested for hepatitis, rubella, rubeola and varicella-zoster by
the Occupational Health Clinic (OHS). All laboratory personnel are offered
appropriate immunizations or tests for agents handled in laboratory (e.g.,
TB skin test, Hepatitis B vaccine). OHS will counsel employees on the
advisability of immunizations, if needed. Tuberculosis and vision
screening are also performed. See appendix 1 for additional information
• Skin puncture or surface contamination: wash the skin site with soap
and water and bandage the site.
D. Laboratory Precautions
1. Employees must use the laboratory laundry to clean soiled lab coats. Lab
coats are not to be laundered at home.
4. Long hair must be tied back when working near open flames or
mechanical equipment, where there is a possibility of entanglement and
when working with patients and patient specimens.
2. Needles and other sharps are never to be discarded directly into the
trash.
4. Needles are not to be clipped or bent. Destruclips and similar devices are
not to be used.
6. Employees must never reach into any container used for disposal of
contaminated sharps. If it is necessary to open a container, call [Health
Safety and Environment] at [number].
F. Waste Management
1. All pipetting shall be done with mechanical assistance (e.g. bulbs, semi-
automated pipette) to avoid dangers from liquids or aerosols. Never
pipette by mouth.
2. All work surfaces used daily, such as bench tops, sinks, and mobile carts,
etc., must be disinfected at the end of each work shift. Use 1:10 v/v
solution of Household Bleach or other approved cleaner for disinfecting
work surfaces. For other biohazard spills, use any management approved
product, such as Lysol or Amphyl.
K. Flammable/Combustible Liquids
P. Safety Reporting
• Propped open fire doors that are not equipped with automatic fire door
closures.
• Spills involving any hazardous materials.
• Electrical shocks experienced while working with instruments.
• Fire Emergency Plans- How to report a fire, when to pull the alarm and phone
numbers to call, location of the best fire exit routes, exit signs and evacuation
routes, the hospital fire alarm system, the number to call and how to operate
a fire extinguisher
• Flammable Liquid Policy – Use, storage and maximum amounts that can be
stored in the laboratory
• Compressed Gas - How to open/close valves, secure and move tanks, use of
chains, strap and non-tip base containers.
5. Bloodborne Pathogen & fire safety training for all laboratory staff must be
renewed annually.
Appendices:
Appendix Content
1 Standard Precautions
2 Laboratory Accident Procedures
2.1 Incident Report Form
3 Fire Safety Plan
3.1 Fire Investigation Response Evaluation (FIRE) Form
4 Principles of Biosafety
5 Electrical and Mechanical Safety
5.1 Emergency Equipment Maintenance Log
6 Chemical Hazards
7 Waste Management
References:
1. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Clinical Laboratory Technical Procedure
Manuals; Fourth Edition. CLSI Document GP2-A4 (ISBN 1-56238-458-9). Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA
2. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Waste Management; Approved Guideline-Second Edition.
NCCLS document GP5-A2 (ISBN 1-56238-457-0). NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite
1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898, USA 2002.
3. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved Guideline—Second Edition. NCCLS
document GP17-A2 [ISBN 1-56238-530-5]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400,
Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA, 2004.
SOP
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Review
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Name (print) Signature Date
I. DEFINITIONS
The risk of HBV infection is primarily related to the degree of contact with blood
in the work place and also to the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the
source person. In studies of health care workers who sustained injuries from
needles contaminated with blood containing HBV, the risk of developing clinical
hepatitis if the blood was both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)- and HBeAg-
positive was 22%--31%; the risk of developing serologic evidence of HBV
infection was 37%--62%. By comparison, the risk of developing clinical hepatitis
from a needle contaminated with HBsAg-positive, HBeAg-negative blood was
1%--6%, and the risk of developing serologic evidence of HBV infection, 23%--
37%. In serologic studies conducted in the United States during the 1970s,
health care workers had a prevalence of HBV infection approximately 10 times
higher than the general population.
or tissues other than HCV-infected blood also has not been quantified but is
expected to be low.
Standard Precautions expands the coverage of Universal Precautions by recognizing that any
body fluid may contain contagious microorganisms. Since medical history and examination
cannot reliably identify all patients with blood-borne pathogens, all body fluids are treated as if
known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, HCV, and other blood borne pathogens. Standard
Precautions are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms from both
recognized and unrecognized sources of infection in the hospital. Standard precautions apply to
blood and body fluids, secretions, excretions and all tissues.
V. EXPOSURE CATEGORIES
1. Category I: Tasks that involve exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues. All
procedures or other job-related tasks that involve an inherent potential for
mucous membrane or skin contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues, or a
potential for spills or splashes of them, are Category I tasks. Use of appropriate
protective measures should be required for every employee engaged in Category
I tasks.
2. Category II: Tasks that involve no exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues, but
employment may require performing unplanned Category I tasks. The normal
work routine involves no exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues, but exposure
or potential exposure may be required as a condition of employment.
Appropriate protective measures should be readily available to every employee
engaged in Category II tasks.
3. Category III: Tasks that involve no exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissue (and
category I tasks that are not a condition of employment). The normal work routine
involves no exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues. Persons who perform
these duties are not called upon as part of their employment to perform or assist
in emergency medical care or first aid or to be potentially exposed in some other
way.
• Tasks with no exposure to blood, blood products, body fluids, or tissue. The
Department’s “General Safety Requirements” will be used.
VI. BARRIER PROTECTION - Each employee is responsible for compliance with all
policies and procedures as stated in the General Laboratory Safety Policy in addition to
the following:
• Handling blood, tissues, body fluids or items contaminated with blood or body
fluids including specimen containers, laboratory instruments, counter tops,
etc.
3. Always wash hands with soap and water, for at least 10 seconds or use an
alcohol based hand rub solution after glove removal.
5. All lab coats, gloves, and other personal protective equipment must be removed
prior to leaving the work area.
6. Soiled gloves, masks and other disposable personal protective equipment will not
be washed or disinfected for reuse and will be discarded into red bag-lined
receptacles or autoclave buckets after use.
7. Open-toe footwear does not provide adequate protection and are not permitted in
the laboratory.
• Aprons are available for further protection over lab coats if there is potential
for splashing or spraying of blood or body fluids.
All laboratory employees will be offered the Hepatitis B vaccine series by the Occupational
Health Services. Employees who decline the vaccine must complete a declination form, which
will be kept on file in the Occupational Health Services office. If an employee declines the
vaccine, he/she may still opt to receive the vaccine in the future at no cost.
IX. EDUCATION
All laboratory employees reasonably expected to have direct contact with body fluids will receive
initial and annual education on the following:
1. Precautionary measures
2. Proper care and use of PPE
3. Epidemiology, modes of transmission and prevention of HIV, HCV, and HBV
4. Application of standard precautions to their work practices.
X. REFERENCES
SOP Annual
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APPENDIX 2
LABORATORY ACCIDENT PROCEDURES
I. DEFINITIONS
The Occupational Health Clinic (OHC) is located at [location]. It is equipped and staffed to provide screening and
treatment services as defined herein to employees with job-related injuries and illnesses. The OHC will provide
treatment to employees for work related injuries and illnesses from 7:30 AM to 5:00 PM- Monday through Friday,
except days observed as Holidays. If the OHC is closed the employee should report to the Emergency
Department. This applies to all employees of the [your hospital/lab].
1. All accidents resulting in personnel injuries, no matter how minor, are to be reported and
documented via the Safety Investigation Form, appendix 2.1. The report is completed and signed
by the Supervisor. One copy is to be taken to the OHC or Emergency Department when the clinic
is closed. The original must be submitted to the Laboratory Director or designee for further
investigation.
2. All employees with job related injuries will report to the OHC during time and days specified
above. The employee will be taken directly to the Hospital Emergency Department or in cases of
serious emergencies call [number]. Have a co-worker call ER to inform them that the injured
individual is on the way.
3. Examples of serious emergencies are: seizures, loss of consciousness, life threatening injury
and/ or change in mental status.
4. When the OHC is closed, any employee with a job related injury must go to the Emergency
Department for initial emergency treatment of any injury. The employee and/or supervisor are
responsible for the completion of the Safety Investigation Form, appendix 2.1, within 24 hours.
5. All employees treated in the Emergency Department will be given a copy of Safety Investigation
Form and referred within 24 hours to OHC. (48 hours if injury occurs over a weekend.)
V. EXPOSURE TO BLOOD
• Evaluation: After Emergency Room treatment, the exposure evaluation will be managed in
the OHC. The employee will receive free medical counseling about the risk of infection and
treatment options. Follow-up treatment, if needed, will be at no cost to the employee and will
be private and confidential.
• Source patient evaluation: If consent is provided, source patient blood will be tested for HIV,
HBV, and HCV.
• Post-exposure Antiviral Therapy for HIV: The Infectious Disease Physician on-call will
provide counseling to the exposed employee regarding the use of antiviral agents for HIV
prophylaxis following an exposure.
• Post-exposure Immunotherapy for HBV: The Infectious Disease Physician on call will provide
counseling to the exposed employee regarding Hepatitis B virus (HBV) post-exposure
management.
2. Any immunotherapy indicated will be given to the employee by the Emergency Department triage
nurse by telephone order of the Infectious Disease Physician on call.
3. All treatment will be documented on the Safety Investigation Form (appendix 2.1) and will be
reviewed as indicated previously.
4. The OHC will provide follow-up with the patient to ensure compliance with treatment course and
follow-up medical examinations.
1. Eye Injuries: If the injury is due to the splashing of infectious body fluids or chemical substances
administer first aid utilizing the eye wash stations as indicated in #3 below. Report immediately to
the Eye Clinic if available. Operating hours are [enter hours if applicable] - Monday through
Friday, except days observed as Holidays or [Enter days and times if applicable]. If the Eye
Clinic is closed the employee should report to the Emergency Department. Report to the OHC
on the next business day following treatment. Take the completed Safety Investigation Form
(appendix 2.1) from your supervisor for further disposition.
2. Minor injuries, such as glassware cuts, small burns from heat or chemical sources, bruises or
sprains from falls and etc., are to be reported immediately to the laboratory supervisor. The
employee, with a completed Safety Investigation Form, will report to the OHC.
3. Personnel suffering a major injury will be provided immediate emergency assistance or first aid
while a physician is being summoned. Such assistance might involve use of eye wash showers,
suppression of bleeding, treatment of shock and etc. Immediately summon medical assistance
from the Emergency Room at [number]. When the injured individual is stabilized to the point
that he/she can be moved, the employee should be taken to the Emergency Room by stretcher
or wheelchair for further treatment.
Incident involving patients, blood donors and visitors are to be reported and documented via the Safety
Investigation Form. The individual is to be sent to the Emergency Room for care and must be accompanied by a
Laboratory staff member. The Safety Investigation Form must be sent to the Emergency Room as soon as
possible following the incident. The completed form with the physician's notes is to be brought back to the
laboratory by the staff member. The completed original form is to be forwarded to Quality Management Team for
further investigation and/or follow-up.
All safety incidents must be reported to the Laboratory Director within 24 hours of the occurrence. The Safety
Incident report must be submitted to the Quality Management Team within 72 hours, regardless of the completion
status. The Quality Management Team and the Laboratory Director will convene a safety meeting to review all
safety incidents within 24 hours of notification to determine if immediate action and preventive measures are
required. Investigation findings will be incorporated into the laboratory’s quality management program to avoid
recurrence.
IX. REFERENCES
1. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Clinical Laboratory Technical Procedure Manuals; Fourth
Edition. CLSI Document GP2-A4 (ISBN 1-56238-458-9). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,
Wayne, PA
2. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved Guideline—Second Edition. NCCLS document GP17-A2
[ISBN 1-56238-530-5]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898
USA, 2004.
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Protection of Laboratory Workers from Occupationally
Acquired Infections; Approved Guideline-Third Edition. CLSI document M29-A3 [ISBN 1-56238-567-4].
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institue, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania
19087-1898 USA, 2005.
4. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2006. Commission on Laboratory Accreditation, Laboratory
Accreditation Program; Laboratory General Checklist Revised 9/27/2007.
5. Infection Control: The Johns Hopkins Hospital Interdisciplinary Clinical Practice Manual (ICPM)
6. Infection Control Policy 1998, Osler 4,
7. The Johns Hopkins Institutions Office of Health, Safety and Environmental, Johns Hopkins Safety
Manual. 2001, 2024 E. Monument St. Telephone 955-5918
8. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
th
Laboratories, May 1999, 4 Edition. (HHS Publication No. (CDC) 93-8395).
9. CDC. Update: U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to
HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. MMWR 2001; 50(No. RR-
11):1-42.
Instructions:
1. Try to investigate as soon as possible to understand why certain decisions were made.
2. Have a multidisciplinary group of people (e.g., nurse, physician, administrator, etc.) present for discussion, if
possible. Encourage participants to use blameless feedback and observations to support improvement.
3. Discussion can be brief: 10-15 minutes. Appoint a person to document the incident below.
4. Share key elements of learning within the Quality Assurance Team and staff to identify opportunities for
improvement.
1. What happened?
2. System Factors
A. Employee Factors
Not applicable
Comments:
B. Task Factors
Not applicable
Comments:
Was the employee knowledgeable, skilled & competent in the task performed?
Did the employee follow the procedure as written?
Did the employee seek supervision or help?
Other:
Comments:
Local Environment
Was there adequate equipment available and was the equipment working properly?
Was there adequate operational (administrative and managerial) support?
Was the physical environment conducive to the task performed?
Was staffing sufficient to provide uninterrupted task performance?
Were there distractions present? (trainees, phone interruption, etc.)
Did workload impact the provision of good care?
Other:
Comments:
Institutional Environment
Were adequate financial resources available? (reagents, equipment or supplies used were not as requested due to budget constraints)
Was assistance staff adequately in-serviced/educated? (trainee providing assistance was unfamiliar with task)
Does the administration work with the departments regarding what and how to support their needs?
Other:
Comments:
3. Why did it happen? Where did the system break-down to allow this event to occur? (Consider system
factors.)
Action: __________________________________________________________
Action: __________________________________________________________
6. How will we communicate the lessons learned from this investigation and any resulting changes in
processes?
Supervisor:
QA Team Review:
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I. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Discovering a fire
2. Operation of the Fire Alarm System
3. What happens when an alarm is sounded?
4. All clear
5. Fire incident response evaluation
6. Evacuation plan
7. Training
1. If you discover a fire, remain calm and report the fire immediately regardless of size. Follow the
procedure outlined in 2-10 below.
2. Clear the area of personnel. Take patients to designated refuge area. Direct others to evacuate
the building.
3. If fire alarms are available, pull the nearest fire alarm box.
4. Dial [number]. Tell the operator the building involved, the floor, the kind of fire, your name and
extension number.
8. If the fire is small and you have received fire extinguisher training, use the appropriate fire
extinguisher or other equipment to put the fire out.
9. Leave the building by the nearest accessible fire exit. Do not use elevators. Use stairs or exit
through a fire door to an adjacent building.
10. Learn the acronym SAVE – S-Save the patient/lemployee, A-Sound the Alarm, V- Ventilation
(close windows and doors), E- Extinguish. This will help you to remember what to do if you are
ever confronted by a fire.
1. The proper procedure for transmitting a fire alarm, using three different types of fire alarms, is as
follows:
• Break glass strip on the face of the alarm box by striking breaker plate sharply with palm of
hand or fist. The door will swing open, allowing access to the operating lever. This does not
send out a signal, it only exposes the operating lever.
• Pull the operating lever all the way down and release. When the operating lever is pulled
down, it winds a clock spring mechanism inside the fire alarm box which provides the power
to turn a coded wheel. The turning wheel electrically transmits the four digit code sequence
The operating lever is flush mounted on the face of the alarm box and is readily accessible.
When the operating lever is pulled down, the clock spring alarm mechanism is wound and
the reset signal is transmitted.
The operating lever returns to its original position and the box is automatically reset when the
signal is complete.
The operating lever, which is flush mounted on the face of this alarm box, is secured by a glass
rod. To activate this alarm box, the operating lever must be pulled down with sufficient force
to break the glass rod. When the operating arm is pulled down, a switch is activated to
electrically turn the coded wheel and transmit the alarm signal.
The operating arm does not return to its original position, and the box does not reset
automatically.
1. All fire alarms sounded in the Hospital are transmitted automatically to the Fire Department. All
alarm signals activated in the Hospital automatically activate a master alarm coded specifically
for [your laboratory]. This direct connection with the Fire Department is in compliance with local,
state and federal regulations. Hospital personnel are not permitted to investigate the emergency
area to determine whether or not the assistance of the Fire Department is necessary. All fires,
regardless of size, must be reported to the Fire Department. When responding to a Hospital fire
alarm, Fire Department and equipment arrive at two staging areas. These are:
• Street One
• Entrance two
2. Hospital security personnel meet the Fire Department at these staging areas and direct them to
the scene of the fire.
3. In the Hospital, a telephone operator determines the location of the emergency by identifying the
fire alarm code on the master list. The Hospital Fire Brigade, the Safety Officer and appropriate
administrative personnel are notified via a hot-line emergency telephone (RED PHONE), by the
individual paging system, and by the Hospital paging system.
4. A Fire emergency announcement over the general paging system is preceded by eleven (11)
bells then, the message is given - "Code Red, (Building), (Location)."
V. ALL CLEAR
2. When the fire emergency is over and personnel accountability has been established, the alarm
1. Whenever a fire occurs in [your laboratory], a report of Fire Incident Response Evaluation form,
(Appendix 3.1) or appropriate incident form, must be completed as soon as possible after the fire
is extinguished.
2. The incident report is the responsibility of the senior supervisor of the area involved, such as
Nurse-in-Charge, Technician-in-Charge, Safety Officer or Office Manager.
3. The Fire Incident Response Evaluation form (Appendix 3.1) is an important part of the fire
response evaluation procedure. It is a self evaluation checklist which indicates the proper fire
emergency responses. It provides a permanent record of fire drills and actual fires. The
information requested also alerts the Office of Health, Safety and Environmental of any
malfunctions in the fire emergency signaling system. The form is provided to departments.
1. Mass evacuation of patient areas is to be undertaken only as a last resort and only on orders
from competent authority, i.e. Fire Department, the Office of Health, Safety and Environmental,
or Security Shift Supervisor.
2. Limited evacuation, generally horizontally, to another building or another wing of the same
building may be undertaken at any time as conditions dictate.
3. Whenever possible, elevators are not to be used in evacuation. Power failure may trap
occupants between floors. Opening elevator doors will create added drafts, gently accelerating
the spread of smoke and/or fire.
4. Elevators remote from the fire in other buildings or building separation may be used if specifically
directed.
• Wheelchair patients - Wrap patients in blankets and move to a designated area. Carry
patients down steps if necessary.
6. The evacuation plan should be posted in the form of a diagram in all areas of the laboratory.
Arrows should indicate the route to the nearest exit. (Appendix 3.2)
VIII. TRAINING
1. Fire Drills
• They will be held in the laboratory in order to educate the occupants in the facility’s fire safety
features and exits and to test the ability of institutional personnel to implement the facility’s
fire emergency plan. They will also be used to evaluate the escape routes.
• The drills will ensure that fire exit corridors and stairwells are clear and that all fire exit doors
open properly.
• All personnel are required to exit the area. All personnel must participate in at least one fire
drill annually.
• Attendance will be documented on a personnel accountability roster, which will be filed with
the site Incident form or the Fire Investigation Response Evaluation, Appendix 3.1.
2. Fire Extinguishers
• Personnel will be familiarized with the fire extinguisher location during their initial safety
training. There are [number] fire extinguisher(s) located in the following labs [locations]
• They will be instructed in the PASS method for fire extinguisher use:
a. Class A - Ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth and most plastics.
b. Class B - Flammable liquids and gases such as gasoline, oils, paint, lacquers and
greases.
c. Class C - Energized electrical equipment where non-conductivity of the extinguishing
agent is important.
d. Class D - Combustible metals such as magnesium or titanium, (highly specialized, will
not be covered here).
• There are five common groups of extinguishing agents. Staff will be instructed in how to
choose one which will handle the correct class of fire while keeping damage at a minimum:
a. Dry Chemical, Useful on Class B and C fires. Leaves a mildly corrosive residue
Standard - which must be cleaned up immediately to prevent damage to electrical
equipment. Best uses are automotive, grease fires and flammable
liquids.
b. Dry Chemical, Useful for Class A, B, and C fires. Versatile and effective on most
Multipurpose common types of fires. Highly corrosive and leaves a sticky residue.
Not for use around delicate electrical appliances or computers.
c. Halogenated Useful on Class A, B, and C fires (depending on agent used, check
Agents labels). Expensive, but very versatile and clean. Leaves no residue.
Mildly toxic. Excellent for delicate computers and electrical equipment.
Also good for flammable liquids and automotive use. This is one of the
best all around choices for offices; however, environmental restrictions
and rising costs limit availability.
d. Carbon Dioxide Useful on Class B and C fires. Very clean, no residue. Short range
(must be applied close to fire).
e. Water Based Use on Class A fires only. Inexpensive to refill and maintain.
Agent
• Local authority [does/does not] permit the use of fire extinguishers by laboratory personnel to
fight fires. If permitted, they must be instructed in the use of portable fire extinguishers.
There must be documentation that laboratory personnel have been trained to use fire
extinguishers. This should include actual operation of extinguishers that might be used in the
event of a fire.
3. Fire Blankets
• Personnel will be familiarized with the fire blanket location during their initial safety training.
There are [number] fire blanket(s) located in the following labs [locations]
• The fire blanket will be used to put out clothing fires as chemical extinguishers may be
harmful to the skin.
• The fire blanket is contained in a [plastic bag, cylinder, etc]. Pull the blanket out and wrap
around the victim tightly to extinguish any flames. It may be necessary to get the victim down
on the floor to roll and further block the oxygen source to the fire.
2. Portable extinguishers (or hose) will be visually inspected monthly and documented.
3. Portable fire extinguishers will receive an annual maintenance check. (Stored pressure
extinguishers do not require an internal examination.) The annual maintenance date will be
documented and retained for one year after the last entry or for life of the shell, whichever is
shorter.
4. Stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers that require a 12-year hydrostatic test will be emptied
and subjected to applicable maintenance procedures every 6 years. (Dry chemical extinguishers
having non-refillable disposable containers are exempt from this requirement.) When recharging
or hydrostatic testing is performed, the 6-year requirement begins from that date.
5. Alternate equivalent protection will be provided when portable fire extinguishers are removed
from service for maintenance and recharging.
6. Portable extinguisher certification records will include the date of the test, the signature of the
person who performed the test and the serial number, or other identifier, of the fire extinguisher
that was tested. These records will be kept until the extinguisher is retested or taken out of
service.
2) Announced / Unannounced
7) Comments:
9) Signatures:
Name Title Signature Date
Lab Manager
Lab Director
SOP Annual
Review
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APPENDIX 4
PRINCIPLES OF BIOSAFETY
I. DEFINITIONS
1. Containment
2. Primary Containment
3. Secondary Containment
4. Biosafety Levels
5. Table of Biological Safety Levels
6. Biological Safety Cabinet
III. CONTAINMENT
1. The term "containment" is used in describing methods for managing infectious agents in the
laboratory environment where they are being handled or maintained.
2. The purpose of containment is to reduce exposure of laboratory workers, other persons, and the
outside environment to potentially hazardous agents. The elements of containment include
laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and facility design.
• Primary containment, the protection of personnel and the immediate laboratory environment
from exposure to infectious agents, is provided by good technique and the use of appropriate
safety equipment.
1. The most important element of primary containment is strict adherence to standard biohazard
safety practices and techniques. Persons working with infectious agents or materials must be
aware of potential hazards and be trained and proficient in the practices and techniques required
for handling such material safely. The supervisor is responsible for providing or arranging for
appropriate training of personnel.
2. Additional measures may be necessary when standard laboratory practices are not sufficient to
control the hazard associated with a particular agent or laboratory procedure. The selection of
additional safety practices is the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor and must be
commensurate with the inherent risk associated with the agent or procedure.
3. Each laboratory must develop or adopt a safety manual, which identifies the hazards that may be
encountered and specifies practices designed to minimize or eliminate risks. Personnel should
be advised of special hazards and should be required to read and follow the required practices
and procedures. In the Microbiology Laboratory, activities must be supervised by a microbiologist
who is trained and knowledgeable in appropriate laboratory techniques, safety procedures and
associated risks.
V. BIOSAFETY LEVELS
1. An important element of secondary containment is the use of Biosafety Levels (BSL’s). These
guidelines specify four BSL’s with the potential safety hazards posed by the infectious agents for
which the laboratory is responsible. The levels are determined by of a combination of laboratory
practices and techniques, potential hazard posed by the infectious agents, degrees of protection
provided to personnel, safety equipment, and the laboratory facilities.
2. The object of these guidelines is to inform the laboratory staff of the safety practices required
when handling potentially hazardous organisms and biological materials.
3. Each laboratory worker is responsible for his/her own safety, the safety of his/her fellow worker
and training in the safety methods used in the laboratory. Remember: the most expensive
equipment is not a substitute for careful technique.
4. Biosafety Level 1. (BSL-1) - Safety equipment and facilities must be appropriate for laboratory
personnel with specific training in the procedures conducted in the laboratory. The personnel
should be supervised by a scientist with general training in microbiology or a related science.
Work in these areas will generally be conducted on open bench tops using standard
microbiological practices. Special containment equipment or facility design is neither required nor
generally used.
• Facilities
5. Biosafety Level 2. (BSL-2) - This level should be adopted when work involves agents of
moderate potential hazard to personnel and environment.
• Special Practices:
a. Biohazard sign must be posted on entrance to lab when etiologic agents in use. The
sign must include names and telephone numbers of lab contacts, personnel protective
equipment required in lab, agents or microbes in use and biosafety level of lab.
b. Lab personnel must receive appropriate immunizations or tests for the specific agents
handled. When appropriate a base line serum sample is collected and stored.
c. Biosafety procedures are incorporated into standard operating procedures. Personnel
are advised of special hazards.
d. Lab director ensures the lab personnel receive appropriate training on potential
hazards associated with work involved and precautions to prevent exposure and
evacuation procedures. Personnel receive annual updates or training as necessary for
policy and procedure changes.
e. Use a high degree of caution with any contaminated sharp items, including needles
and syringes, slides, pipettes, capillary tubes, and scalpels. Substitute plastic for
glassware whenever possible.
f. Cultures, tissues, body fluid specimens, or potentially infectious wastes are placed in a
container with a cover that prevents leakage during collection, handling, processing,
storage and transport.
• Primary barriers include: Biological safety cabinets, splash shields, face protection, protective
lab coats, gowns and gloves.
• Secondary barriers include: Hand washing and waste decontamination facilities to reduce
potential environmental contamination.
6. Biosafety Level 3. (BSL-3) - Applicable to work with indigenous or exotic agents, which may
cause serious and potentially lethal infections or disease as a result of exposure by inhalation
i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetii
• Special Practices
a. Biological safety cabinets (BSC) or other enclosed equipment must be used for ALL
laboratory manipulations. No culture work should be done on open benches.
b. Protective clothing such as solid front or wrap-around gowns, scrub suits, or overalls
must be worn by workers in the lab. Along with all barriers listed under BSL-1 and
BSL-2.
c. Laboratory clothing that protects street clothing (i.e., solid front or wrap-around gowns,
scrub suits, coveralls, etc.) must be worn in the laboratory. FRONT-BUTTON
LABORATORY COATS ARE UNSUITABLE. Laboratory clothing must not to be worn
outside of the laboratory and must be decontaminated before laundered.
a. The lab is separated from areas with unrestricted traffic. Access to the laboratory is
controlled. Laboratory doors are kept closed when cultures are being processed or
identified. Access must be through a set of self-closing double doors.
b. A ducted exhaust air ventilation system must be provided and a specialized ventilation
system that creates a directional airflow which draws air into the laboratory from clean
areas toward contaminated areas. This minimizes the release of infectious aerosols
from the laboratory to clean areas.
c. Biosafety cabinets are required and must be located away from doors, ventilation
systems, and from heavily traveled lab areas.
d. All windows must be closed and sealed. The interior surfaces of walls, floors, and
ceilings of areas where BSL- 3 agents are handled must be constructed for easy
cleaning and decontamination. Seams, if present, should be sealed. All surface areas
should be impermeable to liquids and resistant to damage from the chemicals and
• Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents include auto- inoculation, ingestion,
and exposure to infectious aerosols.
• Examples of high-risk steps in the laboratory are the same as BSL-1 & 2.
7. Biosafety Level 4. (BSL-4) - Applicable to working with dangerous and exotic agents, which
pose a high individual risk of life-threatening disease. All manipulations of potentially infectious
diagnostic materials, isolates, and naturally or experimentally infected animals, pose a high risk
of exposure and infection to laboratory personnel. Lassa fever and Ebola viruses are examples
of BSL-4 microorganisms. This level is not applicable to the diagnostic laboratories.
VII. BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET - BSCs are designed to provide personnel, environment and product
protection when appropriate practices and procedures are followed. Three kinds of biological safety
cabinets, designated as Class I, II and III have been developed to meet varying clinical needs.
1. Class I - has negative pressure with minimum face velocity of 75 linear feet per minute (Lfmp)
and all of the air from the cabinet is exhausted through a HEPA filter either into the laboratory or
to the outside. Class I BSCs are no longer being manufactured on a regular basis and many
have been replaced by Class II BSCs. Class I BSC’s may be used for centrifuges, harvesting
equipment or blenders but do not provide a microbe free work environment.
2. Class II
• Personnel protection is provided with the air flow being drawn around the operator inward
with a face velocity of 75 - 100 Lfpm, HEPA - filtered vertical laminar airflow provide product
protection by minimizing cross-contamination along the work surface of the cabinet, and
HEPA filter exhaust air for environmental protection. All Class II cabinets are designed for
work with microorganisms assigned biosafety levels 1, 2, and 3. They provide a microbe free
work environment. They are not to be used with volatile or toxic chemicals.
3. Class III - is totally enclosed, ventilated cabinet of gas-tight construction and has the highest
degree of personnel and environmental protection from infectious aerosols, as well as protection
of research materials from microbiological contamination. Used mostly for work with hazardous
agents that requires Biosafety levels 4 containment. All work is done through attached rubber
gloves and the cabinet is operated under negative pressure. Supply air is HEPA filtered, and
cabinet exhaust air is filtered by two HEPA filters in series. Class III must be connected to
double-doored auto claves and chemical dump tanks to sterilize or disinfect all materials exiting
the cabinet.
4. BSC effectiveness is a function of directional air flow (inward and downward), through a "high
efficiency particulate air" (HEPA) filter. Rapid movement can disrupt the airflow and reduce
effectiveness i.e., rapidly moving your arms in and out of the BSC and people walking rapidly
behind you. For best results, Class I and II BSCs should be located away from traffic patterns,
doors, ventilation systems, and air handling devices.
5. BSC Operation:
6. BSC Maintenance:
• Cabinets should be decontaminated at least once per day after completion of work
processes.
• UV Lights should be maintained as indicated in Fac1.0-13 Appendix 5-Electrical &
Mechanical Safety.
• Cabinets must be certified at least annually to ensure that filters are functioning properly and
that airflow rates meet required specifications.
VIII. Resources
1. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved Guideline—Second Edition. NCCLS document GP17-A2
[ISBN 1-56238-530-5]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898
USA, 2004.
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Protection of Laboratory Workers from Occupationally
Acquired Infections; Approved Guideline-Third Edition. CLSI document M29-A3 [ISBN 1-56238-567-4].
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institue, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania
19087-1898 USA, 2005.
3. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2006. Commission on Laboratory Accreditation, Laboratory
Accreditation Program; Laboratory General Checklist Revised 9/27/2007.
4. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2006. Commission on Laboratory Accreditation, Laboratory
Accreditation Program; Microbiology Checklist Revised 9/27/2007.
5. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Primary Containment for Biohazards:
Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets, Sept 2000, 2nd Edition.
6. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) Threshold Limit Values. 1994-
1995. Cincinnati, OH.
7. McKinney, Robert, Richard Jonathan. CDC/NHI Department of Health and Human Services, Biosafety in
th
Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 4 Ed. May 1999. U.S. Government Printing Office. H.H.S.
Publication No. (CDC) 93-8395.
8. Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories, OSHA laboratory standards
29CFR1910.1450
9. Infection Control: The Johns Hopkins Hospital Interdisciplinary Clinical Practice Manual (ICPM)
10. Infection Control Policy 1998, Osler 4,
11. The Johns Hopkins Institutions Office of Health, Safety and Environmental, Johns Hopkins Safety
Manual. 2001, 2024 E. Monument St. Telephone 955-5918
12. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
th
Laboratories, May 1999, 4 Edition. (HHS Publication No. (CDC) 93-8395).
SOP Annual
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APPENDIX 5
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL SAFETY
I. DEFINITIONS
UV – Ultraviolet
1. Electrical Safety
2. Compressed gases
3. Liquid Nitrogen
4. Mechanical safety
5. Ultraviolet Lights
6. Emergency Equipment
1. Grounding: All instruments must be grounded including household type appliances, coffee pots,
etc. The only exceptions to the rule are items entirely encased in plastic (such as microscopes).
2. Report shocks: All shocks must be reported immediately, including small tingles. Small shocks
often precede major shocks and a light tingle may indicate potential trouble. Notify supervisory
personnel of any shocks.
3. Corrective actions: Shut off the current and/or unplug the instrument. Do not attempt to use an
instrument that is causing shocks. Instrument shocks are potentially dangerous and render all
results as suspect or unreliable.
4. Repairs: DO NOT work on or attempt to repair any instrument while it is plugged in. This does
not apply to instrument calibrations. Calibrations must be performed while the instrument is
plugged in. In this case, be sure hands are dry, remove all jewelry (watches and rings) and
proceed with caution. Repairs on the electrical system of the building are prohibited. Any work
performed on switches, outlets or circuit boxes (fuses, circuit breaker) must be referred to the
building maintenance personnel. Extension cords should be avoided. If used, they must be
properly grounded. Chains of extension cords plugged into each other are prohibited. New
equipment using electrical power should be checked for absence of chassis leaks and other
safety hazards by a Biomedical Engineering Technician.
1. Compressed gases constitute several hazards. Any gas cylinder with a broken valve head
becomes a missile capable of penetrating walls. Specific gases may be toxic or flammable. In
addition, heated cylinders may result in explosion.
2. All compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in an upright position by means of a strap or
chain. This includes cylinders in use or in storage (empty or full).
3. Suitable hand carts will be utilized when transporting gas cylinders. Cylinders must be restrained
to the hand cart by means of a strap or chain during transport.
4. Protective valve caps must be in place when cylinders are not in use.
5. All cylinders, lines, and equipment used with flammable compressed gases must be grounded.
6. All cylinders must be equipped with an appropriate regulating device while in use. All regulators
must be marked to identify the gas (or group of compatible gases) with which the regulator may
be used. Regular threads must match cylinder valve outlet threads.
7. All cylinders must have an attached hand wheel, valve handle, spindle key, or special tool to
open and close the cylinder valve while in use in the event of an emergency.
9. Cylinders containing toxic or flammable gases must be stored in an approved storage area. It is
recommended that the smallest possible cylinder of toxic or flammable gases be used.
10. Cylinders containing oxidizing gases, such as oxygen and nitrous oxide, must be stored
separately from flammable gases or liquids.
11. Empty cylinders must be so identified and stored separately from full or partially full cylinders.
12. Compressed gas cylinders shall be used only for their intended purposes.
15. Do not attempt to repair damaged cylinders or to force frozen cylinder valves.
• Special care must be used when gases are used in confined spaces.
• No more than one cylinder of highly flammable gas shall be in one room without specific
approval by the Director (or Safety Officer).
• Reserve or standby cylinders (full or empty) must not be stored in the lab.
• Cylinder size is limited to 200 cubic feet. Valves on all flammable gas cylinders shall be shut
off when the laboratory is unattended.
• Pressure regulators and needle valves: Needle valves and regulators are designed
specifically for different families of gases. Use only the properly designated fittings.
• Threads and surfaces must be clean and tightly fitted. Do not lubricate.
• Tighten regulators and valves firmly with the proper sized wrench. (Do not use adjustable
wrenches or pliers. They damage the nuts.) Do not force tight fits.
• Open valves slowly. Do not stand directly in front of gauges (the gauge face may blow out).
Do not force valves that "stick".
• Check for leaks at connections. Leaks are usually due to damaged faces at connections or
improper fittings. Do not attempt to force an improper fit. (It may only damage a previously
undamaged connection and compound the problem.)
• The maximum rate of flow should be set by the high pressure valve on the cylinder. Fine
tuning of flow should be regulated by the needle valve.
17. Leak testing: Cylinders and connections should be tested by "snoop" or a soap solution. First,
test the cylinders before regulators are attached, and then test again after the regulators or
gauges are attached.
18. Empty cylinders must be marked empty, and remain secured in an upright position with a safety
cap in place.
V. LIQUID NITROGEN - Liquid Nitrogen is extremely cold. At atmospheric pressure, liquid Nitrogen boils at
o
–196 C. Very small amounts of liquid vaporize into large amounts of gas. One liter of liquid nitrogen
3
becomes 0.7 m of gas and can displace oxygen resulting in asphyxiation. Refer to the liquid nitrogen
safe handling SOP for detailed safety requirements.
VI. MECHANICAL SAFETY – Use caution in the operation and maintenance of laboratory equipment and
furnishings, with attention to the following general hazards:
2. Under certain conditions of radiation intensity, exposure time, humidity, and temperature,
ultraviolet radiation at approximately 254 nanometers will cause eventual death of
microorganisms. The radiation at this wavelength causes formation of thymine-thymine dimers
and other effects on DNA and RNA. Nucleic acid containing thymine dimers does not replicate
properly and lethal mutations are often produced. Low pressure mercury vapor lamps, usually
supplied with biological safety cabinets, emit germicidal radiation at a wavelength of 254
nanometers for about nine months. After this time, the lamp may not produce enough germicidal
radiation to effectively kill bacteria, even though it appears to be functioning properly.
3. All UV installations used for disinfection/decontamination should be checked and certified semi-
annually by qualified personnel. Periodic examination is necessary because UV bulbs may
continue to burn without emitting effective radiation. UV lamps should be replaced when they
emit 70 percent or less of their rated initial output.
4. UV lamps installed in biological safety cabinets must be replaced when the 254 nm UV irradiation
intensity on the work tray surface of the cabinet is less than 40 microwatts per square centimeter.
5. UV lamps should be cleaned often if located in an unusually dusty area. Lamps should be turned
off and wiped with a soft pad moistened with alcohol. Cleansing is the responsibility of the
personnel in charge of the laboratory.
6. All exposed UV installations in lighting fixtures and safety cabinets shall be turned on only when
no personnel are in the area. Louvered, wall mounted UV equipment may be left on
continuously.
7. Each UV installation should be equipped with an outside switch and an appropriate safety sign.
Interlocks should be installed where appropriate to turn off UV lamps when room lights are turned
on.
8. All personnel should be instructed in the proper use of each UV installation. Such instruction
should include emphasis on the following:
Emergency eyewash should be within 30 meters or 10 seconds travel distance from every area
of the laboratory in which hazardous chemicals are used.
2. Emergency equipment must be verified for proper maintenance with the frequency noted below.
Documentation must be retained in the laboratory for a minimum of two years after the life of the
equipment or indefinitely.
3. Eyewash/shower - solution must be sterile saline, an antiseptic ophthalmic solution within date,
or fresh running tap water. The system will provide lavage solution free of contaminants.
Plumbed equipment must be activated weekly to verify proper operation:
4. Fire Blankets - Are recommended. See appendix 5.1 for fire blanket information.
5. Fire Extinguishers - See appendix 5.1 for fire extinguisher maintenance requirements.
6. Unserviceable equipment must be repaired and the corrective action noted. If the problem
cannot be corrected, place a work order with the facilities department at [number]
7. Training for Emergency Equipment: Any employee or student coming in contact with any
hazardous material shall have a local orientation to the actual chemicals and emergency
equipment in use at their site and in halls adjacent to laboratories.
• Training is the responsibility of the person in charge of the laboratory and must be
documented.
• Retain documentation in the employees training file.
IX. Internal Safety Audits - It is recommended that internal safety audits be performed on a defined
schedule. Refer to appendix 5.2 for an internal safety audit checklist.
X. Appendices
XI. Resources
1. NCCLS. Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved Guideline—Second Edition. NCCLS document GP17-A2
[ISBN 1-56238-530-5]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898
USA, 2004.
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Protection of Laboratory Workers from Occupationally
Acquired Infections; Approved Guideline-Third Edition. CLSI document M29-A3 [ISBN 1-56238-567-4].
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institue, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania
19087-1898 USA, 2005.
3. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2006. Commission on Laboratory Accreditation, Laboratory
Accreditation Program; Laboratory General Checklist Revised 9/27/2007.
4. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2006. Commission on Laboratory Accreditation, Laboratory
Accreditation Program; Microbiology Checklist Revised 9/27/2007.
5. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Primary Containment for Biohazards:
Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets, Sept 2000, 2nd Edition.
6. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) Threshold Limit Values. 1994-
1995. Cincinnati, OH.
7. McKinney, Robert, Richard Jonathan. CDC/NHI Department of Health and Human Services, Biosafety in
th
Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 4 Ed. May 1999. U.S. Government Printing Office. H.H.S.
Publication No. (CDC) 93-8395.
8. Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories, OSHA laboratory standards
29CFR1910.1450
9. Infection Control: The Johns Hopkins Hospital Interdisciplinary Clinical Practice Manual (ICPM)
10. Infection Control Policy 1998, Osler 4,
11. The Johns Hopkins Institutions Office of Health, Safety and Environmental, Johns Hopkins Safety
Manual. 2001, 2024 E. Monument St. Telephone 955-5918
12. CDC-NIH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
th
Laboratories, May 1999, 4 Edition. (HHS Publication No. (CDC) 93-8395).
APPENDIX 5.1
Laboratory Name
Emergency Equipment Maintenance Log
Month/Year Department:
Emergency
Equipment was Comes on Water pressure is Eye wash
Equipment Type: (Eye Eye wash caps Water feels Annual
Inventory run for at least 3 within one adequate based caps Corrective Tech Initials &
Wash, Drench hose, cleaned with 70% tepid to the Service
Number: minutes and until second of on visual and present and Action Date
shower, etc.) alcohol solution touch: Due:
water was activation: touch inspection: functional:
sediment free
Fire Extinguisher
Equipment Type: (Fire Equipment present Fire alarm is properly Annual
Inventory Equipment Expiration Tech Initials &
blanket, extinguisher, and easily test mounted, Service Corrective Action
Number: servicable: date valid: Date
alarm, etc.) accessible: performed: serviced & Due:
charged:
Comments:
All annual service activities are performed and documented by facilities personnel. Documentation copies are retained by the laboratory.
Appendix 5.2
Laboratory Name
Internal Safety Audit Checklist
Yes No N/A
General Fire Safety
1 Safety Equipment is present and functional.
2 Sprinkler heads clear and unobstructed.
3 Exits signs and emergency lights operational
4 Laboratory doors remain closed at all times.
5 Applicable warning signs are posted to indicate flammable & biological hazards.
6 Emergency evacuation routes posted.
7 Emergency procedures written and available.
8 Equipment maintenance plans are written.
9 Aisles free of clutter and exit doors are not blocked.
10 Laboratory fume hoods and biosafey cabinets have current inspection / certification labels.
11 Flammable/combustible liquids are properly segregated and stored in approved safety cabinets.
12 Flammable/combustible liquids are stored away from ignition sources (burners, electrical units, etc.)
13 The quantity of flammable/combustible liquids does not exceed maximum storage limits.
14 Flammable cabinets or refrigerators are explosion proof and properly marked.
Gas Cylinders
15 All cylinders are stored in the appropriate locations.
16 All cylinders are properly restrained.
17 Regulators are present and appropriate for all 'in-use' cylinders.
18 Cylinders not in use are appropriately capped and labeled.
19 All cylinders, lines, and equipment used with flammable compressed gases must be grounded
Chemical Storage
20 Chemicals are stored properly and according to compatibility.
21 There is a current inventory and MSDS sheets for all chemicals used in the laboratory.
Electrical Safety
22 All electrical wiring is free of fraying and cuts.
23 All electrical devices are grounded.
24 Extensions cords are not used for permanent wiring.
25 Controls that turn equipment on and off are labeled appropriately.
26 Electrical receptacles, switches, and controls are located so as not to be subject to liquid spills.
Circuit breaker panels and electrical transformers are free of storage within 30 inches of the panel in
27 laboratories and mechanical spaces.
Auditor: Date:
Supervisor: Date:
Comments
Page 1 of 2
Laboratory Name
Internal Safety Audit - Corrective Actions
Anticipated
Item
Finding Corrective Action Completion
number
Date
Auditor: Date:
Comments:
Pg 2 of 2
SMILE Comments: This document is provided as an example only. It must be revised to accurately reflect your
lab’s specific processes and/or specific protocol requirements. Users are directed to countercheck facts when
considering their use in other applications. If you have any questions contact SMILE.
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CHEMICAL HAZARDS
I. DEFINITIONS
1. Introduction
2. Chemical hazards in the laboratory: OSHA'S "Right to Know" law
3. Classification
4. Labeling
5. Chemical Lists
6. Storage of corrosives
7. Storage of flammables
8. Handling caustic materials
9. Breaks and spills
10. Mercury
11. Disposal of chemical wastes
12. Carcinogens
13. Suspected carcinogens
III. INTRODUCTION:
A number of routine procedures in a clinical laboratory involve the use of highly caustic, poisonous, or flammable
reagents. These should be appropriately labeled to indicate the hazards. Read labels and observe precautions.
Failure to follow safe practices is cause for disciplinary action.
1. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued regulations regarding
education of employees regarding hazardous chemicals present in the workplace. All
laboratories, including clinical laboratories, will be required to:
• Have Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) accessible to employees for chemicals used in
the laboratory. An MSDS is a printed sheet (or computer file) listing product identification,
precautionary labeling, hazardous components, fire and explosion data, health hazard data,
spill and disposal procedures and similar information on individual chemicals or mixtures.
MSDS’s can be requested from the QA or Lab Manager, the manufacturer or obtained online
at http://www2.siri.org/msds/index.php.
• Train employees to recognize potential hazards in the workplace and proper procedures for
handling hazardous substances.
• Prepare a list of hazardous chemicals used in lab for inventory. The list of hazardous
chemicals used in the laboratory is to be updated and reviewed annually.
• Know the chemical hazards of the reagents you work with. Consult the procedure manuals
and refer to the MSDS files to learn the hazards of any chemical that you use before you
start a job. Not all prepackaged mixtures have an MSDS. Look at the MSDS of key
components.
• Handle and dispose of chemicals using good laboratory practice and as described in the
procedure manuals.
• Use safety appliances and PPE such as lab coat, gloves, goggles and fume hoods as
appropriate. Refer to MSDS file where appropriate. Notify a supervisor if any discrepancy
exists.
• Consult your supervisor if you have concerns regarding the hazard of any chemical or
procedure.
• See the Chemical Information List and MSDS for hazardous substances in your workplace
within one day of your request.
• Be provided with one copy of the list of substances you use and the corresponding MSDS (or
the means to make a copy at no cost) within five days of a request.
• Be trained on the hazards of the chemicals in your workplace, on the appropriate equipment
and methods necessary to protect you from the hazards, and on associated emergency
procedures.
• Refuse to work with a hazardous chemical if denied access to information about that
chemical.
1. Caustic or corrosive: Acids and alkalis may cause burns of skin, mouth, or eyes and may also
cause damage to equipment and storage areas.
2. Poisons: Almost any substance in quantity can be poisonous. For these purposes, a poison will
be classified as a substance which may cause death or serious effects if relatively small amounts
are inhaled, ingested, or contact the skin (such as concentrated phenols). Poisons may be gas,
liquid, or solid
4. Flammables: Such materials that easily ignite/burn and serve as fuel for a fire.
VI. LABELING:
1. Manufacturers are required to disclose and display appropriate hazard warnings on all chemicals
however, regular periodic inventories may reveal containers purchased before manufacturers
were required to use adequate and precautionary labeling. Therefore, the laboratory is also
required to ensure that containers of hazardous chemicals in use or in storage are labeled with
identity or contents of the container and the applicable hazard warnings.
2. Existing labels on containers carrying hazardous chemicals should not be removed or defaced
unless the container is immediately marked with the required re-labeling information.
3. Any secondary container into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from originally labeled
containers must also be labeled with:
4. The only permissible exceptions to this requirement are containers intended for immediate use
only by the person who does the transfer and only within the work shift in which the transfer was
made. Unlabeled containers of chemicals should not be used; such materials should be
disposed of promptly.
5. Certain manufacturers use the National Fire Protection Association System of identification. The
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 704) "Identification of the Hazards of Materials" is a
symbol system. The diamond identifies the health, flammability, and reactivity hazards as well as
the severity using a 0-4 gradient, with 4 as the highest hazard. This system was designed to be
easily understood and adequate for fire fighters to evaluate hazards in emergencies at the
expense of some specificity and comprehensiveness.
4 - Materials too dangerous to health to expose fire fighters. A few whiffs of the vapor could
cause death. Protective clothing and breathing apparatus, available to the average fire
department personnel, will not provide adequate protection against inhalation or skin contact
Fac1.0-13 Appendix 6-Chemical Safety Version#: 2.0 Page 6 of 13
SMILE
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD USA
4 - Materials which are readily capable of detonation at normal temperatures and pressures. If
they are involved in a massive fire, vacate the area.
3 - Materials which, when heated and under confinement, are capable of detonation and that
may react violently with water. Fire fighting should be conducted from behind explosion-
resistant locations.
2 - Materials which will undergo a violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and
pressures but do not detonate.
1 - Materials which are normally stable but may become unstable in combination with other
materials or at elevated temperatures and pressures. Use normal precautions as in
approaching any fire.
0 - Materials which are normally stable and, therefore, do not produce any reactive hazard to fire
fighters.
Used to denote a poison or highly toxic material. See also: CHIP Danger symbols.
1. Store caustic and corrosive materials near the floor to minimize danger of bottles falling from
shelves.
3. Store organic acids (acetic acid and acetic anhydride) separately from strong oxidizing agents
(sulfuric, nitric, or perchlorate) to prevent interaction of fumes and corrosion of storage cabinets.
4. Bottle carriers must be used for containers of acid over 500 mL in size.
1. An approved flammable storage cabinet is required. Do not store more than 37 liters of
flammable liquid in an individual fire area. Not more than 227 liters are allowed in a flammable
storage cabinet unless approved by [Health Safety Officer or Lab Manager].
2. Quantities of 3.5 liters or larger must be stored in approved flammable material storage cabinets.
If a reagent must be stored in glass for purity, the glass container may be placed in a bottle to
lessen the danger of breakage.
3. Small quantities (working amounts) may be stored on open shelves, but bulk storage (more than
18 liters) must be in a flammable liquid storage room.
5. Ether is a particular hazard; only small containers (one pint or less) should be used. Once
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Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD USA
7. Small amounts of residual ether may be disposed of by leaving the open container in an
explosion-proof fume hood.
1. If large quantities of acids or alkalis are being used, use a shield or barrier or work in a sink or
fume hood so breaks or spills can be controlled.
2. Wear aprons, gloves, and eye protection devices when handling highly corrosive materials.
3. Do not pipette by mouth.
4. Do not sniff reagents.
XI. DILUTION:
3. Refer to the MSDS to determine appropriate clean-up procedures using the following information:
• Type of material
• Identification - common or chemical name
• Volume of spill
• Degree of danger to others and property
4. Contain spills to prevent the spread of spilled material using any action designed for this
purpose. Evacuate area if irritating odors or dangerous vapors exist.
5. Clean up spill with sand or absorbent materials if it consists of acid, base or flammables. Wash
area thoroughly after clean up.
7. Large flammable spills, beyond the ability to handle safely, shall be handled by [indicate
personnel/department]. Notify them of the spill at [number] and evacuate the area.
8. Small quantities of miscible liquids may be flushed down the sink with copious amounts of water.
9. If exposure to a hazardous chemical has occurred, the employee shall report promptly to the
Occupational Injury Clinic or to the Adult Emergency Room when the clinic is closed. A Report of
Incident form is to be completed by the individual’s supervisor – see appendix 2.1.
XIII. MERCURY:
1. Mercury Spills –
• Contain spills by surrounding contaminated area with wet paper towels. Surround or block off
the mercury to keep it from spreading onto sloped or porous surfaces. Divert all mercury
away from floor drains, cracks, or crevices that may impact groundwater, surface water, and
soils.
• Wear appropriate PPE: lab coat, gloves, goggles & mask (gas-mask, if available). Remove
all jewelry to prevent amalgamation.
Required Optional
a. Eye dropper or disposable pipette h. Sulfur – Yellow powder that forms
b. Flashlight mercuric sulfide upon contact and
c. Plastic container with lid turns brown.
d. Bio-hazard bag with re-sealable closure i. Powdered Zinc – amalgamates
e. Paper-towels with mercury to form a solid.
f. Rubber Squeegee j. Sodium Sulfide Solution
g. Plastic dust pan or rigid paper (index card) k. Acetic Acid
l. Hydrogen Peroxide
• Do not use a broom to pool droplets as this creates dust and smaller particles.
• Using the eyedropper or disposable pipette, pick up all visual mercury droplets.
• With the aid of a flashlight or other high intensity light, clean-up any remaining mercury with
the paper-towel or squeegee and dust-pan.
• If available, dust the area with sulfur or zinc powder to identify and clean any remaining
mercury.
• The presence of scattered mercury droplets may also be detected by a sodium sulfide
solution. This solution may be sprayed on an affected person (but NOT the eyes, mucous
membranes, or the mouth). Any mercury present will show up as dark, reddish brown stains.
Residual mercury may then be uplifted by wiping the area with a acetic acid-soaked swab,
followed by a peroxide wipe.
• Place all mercury contaminated items in a primary plastic container. Seal closed. Place the
primary plastic container into a secondary biohazard bag and seal closed. All materials that
come in contact with the mercury must be disposed of in this fashion.
• Mark the hazardous waste as: Elemental Mercury – Hazardous Waste.
• Do dispose of in accordance with local safety regulations. Contact [indicate
personnel/department] for disposal.
3. Large Mercury Spills - Mercury spills shall be handled by [indicate personnel/department]. Notify
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Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD USA
4. Chronic exposure and absorption of mercury may lead to a metallic taste in the mouth, a "lead
line" (grey line) around gums, and neurological problems (irritable, hyper-reflexic, comatose).
Seek medical attention.
1. Excess hazardous material must be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. Unwanted
chemicals must be disposed through [indicate chemical disposal process]
• Corrosive - any substance with pH of less than or equal to 2.0 or greater than or equal to
12.5.
• Reactive - any substance which is unstable, reacts violently with water, forms potentially
explosive mixtures with water, generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes when mixed with
water or exposed to a pH between 2.0 and 12.5, or capable of detonation or explosive
decomposition or reaction.
• Toxic - any substance which contains any of the compounds listed by the EPA under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act at or greater than the listed concentration.
3. Chemicals must be properly identified before proper disposal. “Unknown” materials cannot be
disposed until they have been properly characterized with appropriate documentation.
XV. CARCINOGENS - Specific regulations have been established by OSHA regarding the handling of certain
compounds designated as carcinogenic. An inventory of all such materials must be maintained and
specific protective measures observed.
3. The above list of carcinogens is extracted from the lists provided by Chemical Threshold Limit
Values Committee of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist's. If your
laboratory has any of the above substances, please check with "Right To Know" list for specific
recommendations on how to deal with any emergencies.
SOP Annual
Review
Distributed
Copies to
I acknowledge that I have read, understand and agree to follow this SOP.
Name (print) Signature Date
1. Safety Precautions
• Do not push or pack regulated waste except in compactors that are specifically
designed for medical waste.
• Use clearly marked containers for each type of waste as noted in this SOP to ensure
optimal safety.
• Wear proper personnel protective equipment appropriate to the task when handling
any regulated waste, including water resistant gloves.
2. Definitions
Segregation– The initial and crucial point in the waste handling process that will
help determine the amount and type of waste generated in the laboratory. [Your lab]
has designated waste as follows:
• Biohazardous – This is regulated waste and will include infectious and biological
waste. Procedures for handling, containment, storage and transport will be covered
in this SOP. Specimens contaminated with blood will be disposed of in red biohazard
bags or placed in buckets lined with autoclavable biohazard bags for autoclaving
prior to disposal. Other body fluid, solid and semi-solid waste including laboratory
supplies (e.g. microbiological cultures) and contaminated urine should be placed in
containers or buckets lined with autoclavable biohazard bags, and sent to [your
designated area] to be autoclaved prior to disposal. The fill level must be ¼ below
the rim of the container. Specimen transport bags bearing the biohazard sign and
gloves should be discarded in red bag trash.
• Sharps – This is regulated waste and will include needles, scalpel blades, glass
ampoules, broken glass, lancets, etc. Sharps waste may or may not be
biohazardous. Procedures for handling, containment, storage and transport will be
covered in this SOP.
• Chemical – Chemical waste is regulated waste and must not be disposed of in the
biohazardous or sharps waste containers. It will be segregated and disposed of
based on ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity. Refer to the chemical safety
SOP for further guidance on safe handling and disposal processes.
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Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD USA
• Radioactive – This is a regulated waste and is currently not generated in [your lab].
For questions regarding radioactive waste disposal, refer to the safety officer (enter
name or contact information for your safety officer if appropriate).
3. Sharps Disposal
• Dispose of sharps in rigid plastic puncture resistant sharps containers, marked with
the universal biohazard symbol, immediately after use. Polystyrene, non-rigid plastic,
paper and cardboard containers are not acceptable.
• Items considered sharps are: needles, syringes, slides, glass pipettes, glass capillary
tubes, scalpels and knives. Substitute plasticware for glassware whenever possible.
• A larger size of sharps container e.g. the ten quart size is used for discarding higher
volumes of sharps, including pasteur pipettes and larger-sized sharps.
• The container lids are to be left open until the containers are ready for disposal.
When discarded sharps reach the fill level designated on the container (at the
constriction or line), close the lid opening and clip it into place. Secure the lid in the
closed position with tape.
• Laboratory staff will transport containers to the secure biohazardous waste storage
site where they will be pick-up once or twice per week as disposed of by [your waste
removal company].
• Proper transport & disposal paper work will accompany all waste pick-ups in
accordance with local regulatory guidelines
• Do not discard sharps waste in the biohazardous waste containers nor in the
unregulated waste and do not discard unregulated waste in the sharps containers.
Segregate as directed.
4. Biohazard Container
• Dispose of pipettes, autoclaved waste material, blood tubes, material soiled with
potentially infectious agents, blood, tissue, body fluids and any materials which may
be perceived to be "special medical waste", such as calibrated plastic centrifuge
tubes, conical tubes and pipettes in durable reusable containers lined with approved
red plastic bags that are impervious to moisture, puncture resistant, and displays the
universal biohazard symbol.
• Seal closed with autoclave tape and autoclave waste in accordance with the
Autoclave operation SOP.
• Clean and decontaminated storage containers with approved disinfectant each time
they are emptied. Do not reuse cardboard boxes.
• Waste will be removed through a contracted carrier once or twice weekly depending
upon accumulation.
• Proper transport & disposal paper work will accompany waste in accordance with
local regulatory guidelines.
5. Glass Disposal
• All glass items that are contaminated by known infectious agents, blood or body
fluids requiring Standard Precautions is regulated waste and shall be disposed of in
an approved sharps container or the approved Biohazard Box.
• All laboratory glassware with a potential to be perceived as medical waste (e.g. items
with graduated markings) is considered regulated waste and is to be discarded in the
approved sharps container or the approved Biohazard Box whether “clean” or
contaminated.
• All glass containers not containing a hazardous chemical and not contaminated by
blood, body fluids or infectious agents is considered unregulated waste may be
drained and discarded in appropriately marked “Glass Only” refuse containers.
Cardboard containers can be sealed when full and disposed of in the general trash.
6. Storage
• The storage room floor must be impervious to liquid and have sufficient ventilation to
control odors.
• Keep storage area clean to keep vermin and other vectors away.
7. Transportation
• Select transport routes within the healthcare facility that minimize the risk of
exposure to patients, staff and visitors.
8. Record Keeping - Maintain records of regulated waste disposal. Records should include
the following:
References