Advanced Materials Research Vols.

79-82 (2009) pp 1277-1280

Online available since 2009/Aug/31 at www.scientific.net
© (2009) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.79-82.1277

Effects of materials on formation of Double-Layered Liners Shaped

Charges
Zheng Yu1, a, Wang Xiao-ming 1, b, Li Wen-bin1, c, Yao Wen-jin1,d
1
Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for National Defense, NJUST, Nanjing 210094, China
a b
yekun9989@yahoo.com.cn, Wangxm@njust.edu.cn
c
lwb2000@yahoo.com.cn, dnjyaowj@ yahoo.com.cn

Keywords: shaped charges, double-layer liners, tandem EFP, materials, numerical simulation
Abstract. In order to study the effects of liner materials on the formation of Shaped Charges with
Double Layer Liners (SCDLL) into tandem Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP), the formation
mechanism of DLSCL was studied. Utilizing two-dimensional finite element dynamic code
AUTODYN, the numerical simulations on the mechanical phenomenon of SCDLL forming into
tandem EFP were carried out. X-ray pictures were obtained after Experiments on SCDLL.
Comparisons between experimental results and numerical simulation results have good agreement. It
can be concluded from the results that the materials properties and configurations of both liners are
crucial to the formation of tandem EFP.

Introduction
Shaped Charges are used broadly in both military and civil fields. Especially in military marine fields,
Shaped Charge warheads have played a more and more important role in anti-armour weapon system,
many kinds of which are used to penetrate ship armours, submarine armours, aircraft carrier armours
and so on. After sophisticated marine armours were developed, the shaped charge warhead met a great
challenge.
In order to improve the power of shaped charges, designers made lots of researches on high
explosives, detonation wave, liner materials and configurations, as a result, Shaped Charges with
Double Layer Liners (SCDLL) were brought out in recent years [1-5]. SCDLL which produce tandem
EFP (Explosively Formed Projectile) can significantly increase the penetration capacity of shaped
charge warhead. SCDLL are composed of one charge and two liners. The liners can either be set close
or be set with gap between them. The liners’ materials can be the same or be different. But there must
be free surface between the liners which allow them to slide or impact against each other. SCDLL
with little cone angle can produce non-slug jet with high tip velocity or jet which has a following
burning effect. SCDLL with large cone angle can produce EFP with large length diameter ratio or two
EFP, which can be widely applied in anti-warship, anti-submarine, anti-tank, and anti-helicopter
fields. The study on SCDLL can improve the penetration capacity of shaped charge significantly and
gives a theoretic foundation and technical support for high efficiency damage to the targets
underwater.
In order to study the effects of liner materials on the formation of SCDLL into tandem EFP, the
formation mechanism of SCDLL is analyzed. Then two specimens are designed and ground tests are
carried out. Utilizing two-dimensional finite element dynamic code AUTODYN, the numerical
simulations on the mechanical phenomenon of SCDLL forming into tandem EFP were carried out.
X-ray pictures were obtained after Experiments on SCDLL. Comparisons between experimental
results and numerical simulation results have good agreement. It can be concluded from the results
that the materials properties and configurations of both liners are crucial to the formation of tandem
EFP.

Formation process of SCDLL

Based on the researches of single liner shaped charge, the main interests of the study on SCDLL
concentrate on the formation process of SCDLL which is impelled by detonation products, as well as

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1278 Multi-Functional Materials and Structures II

the separated mechanism of the double liners. Fig.1 shows the formation process of SCDLL into
tandem EFP(simulation results).

(a) 0μs (b) 30μs (c) 50μs (d) 80μs (e) 200μs
Fig.1 Tandem EFP diagrams of simulation at different time
The formation process of SCDLL can be seen from Fig.1: after the detonation wave sweeps
along the liner, the lower sections of double liners closed to the axis are collapsed and move to the
axis (Fig1 b), then impact between inner and outer liner takes place and the lower sections of double
liners are separated (Fig1 c—Fig1 d).The upper sections of double liners which are too far from the
axis can not arrive at the axis, so they are together at first. Then the lower sections which have higher
velocity will pull the upper sections and then all the sections of inner and outer liner will be separated
and become tandem EFP (Fig1 e).
The formation of SCDLL into tandem EFP is influenced by many factors which are interacted
with each other and decide the formation process of SCDLL. The key factors that influence the
formation of double liners are as below: the configuration parameters of liner (arc curvature, cone
angle, and wall thickness) and the detonation position (decide the propagation path of detonation
wave), the method that double liners are combined, the chose of high explosives, the detonation
position and the material properties of liner (acoustic impedance, yield strength and so on). Among
which the materials of liners are very important and will be studied in this paper by both numerical
simulation and ground test.

merical simulation
Hydrocode.
Hydrocode is known as a computer program that is capable of computing strains, stresses, velocities
and propagation of shock waves as a function of time and position. In a hydrocode simulation, the
response of object subjected to dynamic loading is governed by the conservation of mass, momentum
and energy, and also the equation-of-state and constitutive relation of the object material. The
equation-of-state (EOS) takes into account the effects of compressibility of the continuous media and
is a function of internal energy and density, whereas the constitutive relation represents the media’s
resistance to shear [6]. In this paper the hydrocode simulations on the formation of SCDLL into tandem
EFP are performed using AUTODYN-2D [7], a fully integrated and interactive hydrocode developed
by Century Dynamics.
Hydrocode model.
The simulated objects are as follow: JH-2 high explosive, caseless, the charge diameter (D0) is
60mm, center point detonation, both the inner liner and outer liner are conical-arc combined liner (the
detailed parameters of liner are shown in Fig2), and the charge height is 45mm (0.75 D0). The
materials for liner must have high density and good ductibility. In this paper, two liner materials are
chosen: 20# steel and oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper. Two kinds of liner combinations
are designed: 20# steel (outer liner)-OFHC copper (inner liner), OFHC copper (outer liner)-OFHC
copper (inner liner). The hydrocode model is shown in Fig 2.
 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 79-82 1279

Fig2 Hydrocode model of SCDLL

In this paper, The EOS of liner materials (OFHC-copper and 20# steel) are “Shock” EOS which
belongs to Mie-Gruneisen style, the strength model of liner materials are Johnson-Cook style and the
EOS of high explosive is JWL style. The explanations and equations of mentioned EOS and strength
models can be seen in reference [6]. The Parameters of materials (OFHC copper, 20#steel and JH-2)
are taken from reference [6-8].
Experimental details
In order to verify that whether SCDLL can form into tandem EFP, X-rays picture are taken to get the
shape of tandem EFP. Test layout is shown in Fig 3: An X-ray machine with 450KV impulse was used
to obtain images. Two X-ray radial tubes were set up in a 45° converging, configuration of the
equipment of the shaped charge suspended uprightly on the hob, so that the formed penetrator could
pass the converging axis of the two X-ray radial tubes. Two negative boxes were fixed on the hob. The
layout of the X-ray imaging trial can be seen in Figure 9. Through setting different imaging times for
the two X-ray radial tubes, one trial can get two X-ray images at different times, to obtain the
parameters of the penetrator, such as length, diameter, and projectile velocity.
The specimen of SCDLL is show in Fig4. The configurations are the same with hydrocode
model. Two kind of scheme are designed: soft steel (outer liner)-OFHC copper (inner liner), OFHC
copper (outer liner)-OFHC copper (inner liner).

Fig3 Test layout Fig 4 Specimen of SCDLL

Results and discussion
The comparisons between simulations and tests are show in Fig 5. Results of scheme 1# are (a),(b)
taken 130µs after detonation, and results of scheme 2# are (a),(b) taken 200µs after detonation.

(c)
(a)

(b) (d)
Fig 5 The comparison between simulation and test
Comparisons between actual and simulated geometrical parameters are shown in table 2, in which
v1 denotes the velocity of the outer liner, v2 denotes the velocity of the inner liner, L1 denotes the
length of the outer liner, L2 denotes the length of the inner liner.
1280 Multi-Functional Materials and Structures II

scheme v1 / v2 （m/s） L1 / L2 （cm）

Test Simulation Test Simulation
1# 1598 1735 1602 1785 2.68 4.54 2.70 4.50
2# 1500 1610 1540 1680 3.83 4.94 3.70 4.80
Table 2 Comparisons between actual and simulated geometrical parameters
It can be concluded from the results that:
(1) Liner materials play a great role in the formation of SCDLL. Liner with 20# steel can produce
a high velocity and short length projectile than OFHC ones.
(2) Test and simulation results both showed that: impelled by detonation products, SCDLL can
become tandem EFP.
(3) The velocities predicted by numerical simulation are higher than actual ones, as a result of
not considering air resistance. The shapes and lengths of projectile simulated are in good agreement
with test ones.
(4) In test, the inner liner was broken when it overturned, and this phenomenon can be seen in
simulated results (Fig 5 a, c). The reason is that the liners are machined by tuning, so the stress
concentration takes place in the joint of arc and cone which makes the liners to be easily broken when
it suffers from high pressure and high temperature.
Conclusion
In this paper, numerical simulations are made to study the formation process of SCDLL into tandem
EFP. Experiments on SCDLL are carried out and the X-rays pictures are taken. The simulation and
test results agree well which prove that simulations are successful. The materials of liners have a great
influence on the performances (velocity and shape) of projectiles.
References
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Multi-Functional Materials and Structures II
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.79-82

Effects of Materials on Formation of Double-Layered Liners Shaped Charges

10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.79-82.1277

DOI References
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explosively-formed projectile. Int J Impact Eng. 34, (2007),p.1147
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