HSSRPTR - Focus Point Plus One Physics - Part 1 Chapter 1-8

GVHSS PAYYOLI- PLUS ONE PHYSICS FOCUS AREA NOTES PART 1
CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL WORLD

1.2 SCOPE AND EXCITEMENT OF PHYSICS
Scope of physics means various range of physical quantities like
mass,length,time etc
Eg: (1)range of length includes 10-14m( electron, protons etc) to
1026m( astronomical phenomena)
(2) range of mass is from 10-30kg(mass of electron) to 1055 kg
(mass of universe)
There are two domains in physics (1)macroscopic domain (2)
Microscopic domain
(1)macroscopic Domain: It include big quantities or phenomena
at laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical scales
eg:Classical physics which include
mechanics,Electrodyanamics,optics,
thermodynamics etc
(2)Microscopic Domain:It include atomic molecular and nuclear
phenomena (very small quantities )
eg: Quantum theory
CHAPTER 2: UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
2.2 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS :
System of units which commonly used are C.G.S system ,F.P.S
system, M.K.S system
SI system
System of units which accepted internationally are called SI
system ( internationally accepted System of Units).SI units are
devoloped and recommended by General Conference on Weights
and Measures in 1971
Units of fundamental (base)quantitis are called Fundamental
units or base units and units of derived quantities are called
derived units
There are seven base quantities and two supplimentary
quantities
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI
Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
Base quantities and units
Supplimentary Quantities and units
Plane angle Solid Angle
2.7
2.7 SIGNIFICA
2.9 DIMENSIONAL FORMULAE AND DIMENSIONAL
EQUATIONS:
All physical quantities represented by derived units can be
expressed in terms of combination of seven fundamental or base
quantities. These base quantities are called seven dimensions of
physical world. Which are denoted with square brackets [ ]
Eg;-
All physical quantities can be writen in terms of dimensions of

these base quantities
eg 1;- Area

Then the dimensional formula of area is [ M0L2T0]
and the equation obtained by equating physical quantity with
dimensional formula is called dimensional equation ie [ area ] = [
M0L2T0]
In this equation the power of mass is zero ,power of length is
two and the power of time is zero.
The power of base quantities in an equation are called ‘ the
dimensions’ of the quantity. Therefor area is zero dimension in
mass two dimensions in length and zero dimension in time. Or
area is independent of mass and time
Defenition:-
eg 2;- Volume
Dimensional equation for volume can be written as

[ volume] = [ M0 L3 T0 ] ie volume is zero dimensions in mass
three dimension in length and zero dimension in time or volume is
independent of mass and time
eg 3 :- Density
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Density =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
[𝑴]
[density]= = [ML-3]
[𝑳𝟑 ]
2.10 PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY OF DIMENSIONS
The principle of homogeneity of dimension states that the
magnitudes of physical quantities can be added together or
subtracted from one another only if they have same dimensions
The principle of homogeneity of dimension states that the
dimension of physical quantities on both sides of an equation are
same ie [LHS] = [RHS]
PROBLEM 1

ANSWER:
By principle of homogeneity of dimensions physical
quantities with same dimensions can be added or subtracted.
Therefor the dimensions of at2,bt and c must be same and equal to
dimension of velocity as given by equation
ie [v] = [at2]
[LT-1]= [a][T2]
[𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ]
∴ [a]= = [ LT-1] × [T-2]
[𝑻𝟐 ]
[a] = [LT-3]
Also [v] = [bt]
[LT-1]= [b][T]
[𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ]
[b]= = [LT-1]× [T-1]
[𝑻]
[b]= [LT-2]
Also [v]= [c]
[c]= [LT-1]
PROBLEM 2
and b
ANSWER:
By principle of homogeneity of dimensions physical
quantities with same dimensions can be added or subtracted
𝒂
Therefor [P] = [ 𝟐 ]
𝑽
-1 -2 𝒂 𝒂
[ML T ] = [ 𝟐 ]=[ ]
(𝑳𝟑 ) 𝑳𝟔
[a]= [ML-1T-2][L6]
[a] = [ML5T-2]
Also [b]= [V]= L3

APPLICATIONS
2.10.1 Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equation OR To
check the correctness of an equation
PROBLEM : 1
ANSWER:
An equation is dimensionally correct if the dimensions
of all the terms on both sides of an equation are same ie [LHS]=
[RHS]
[x]= [L]……(1)
[v0t]= [ LT-1T]= [L]……(2)
𝟏
[ at2]= [at2]= [LT-2× T2]= [L]……(3)
𝟐
From (1) , (2) and (3) the dimensions of all terms are same ,
therefor the equation is dimension
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER
An equation is dimensionally correct if the dimensions of
all the terms on both sides of an equation are same ie [LHS]=
[RHS]
𝒍
[T] = [ 2𝝅 √ ]
𝒈
[T]= [T] …(1)
Term 2𝝅 has no dimension
𝒍 𝑳 𝟏
[√ ] = [ √ ] = [√ ]
𝒈 𝑳𝑻−𝟐 𝑻−𝟐
= [√𝑻𝟐 ] = [T]….(2)
From (1) and (2) [LHS]=[RHS]
Therefor the equation is dimensionally correct

PROBLEM 3
Check the dimensional correctness of the following equations
(2)
ANSWER
(1) Fx = PV
By principle of homogeneity of dimensions [LHS]=[RHS]
[Fx] = [ MLT-2][L]= [ML2T-2]…..(1)
[PV]= [ML-1T-2][L3]= [ML2T-2]…..(2)
From (1) and (2) the [LHS]=[RHS]
𝑮𝑴
(2) v= √
𝑹
𝑮𝑴
[v]= [√ ]
𝑹
[v]= [LT-1]…..(1)
𝑮𝑴 [𝑴−𝟏 𝑳𝟑 𝑻−𝟐 ][𝑴]
[√ ]=√
𝑹 [𝑳]
𝑮𝑴 𝑳 𝟑 𝑻−𝟐
[√ ] =√ = √𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 = [LT-1]…(2)
𝑹 𝑳
𝒌
(3) f= 2𝝅 √
𝒎
𝒌
[f]= [2𝝅√ ]
𝒎
[f] = [T-1] ……….(1)
𝒌 [𝑴𝑻−𝟐 ]
[√ ]=√ = √[𝑻−𝟐 ] = [T-1] ……(2)
𝒎 [𝑴] Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
(4) H=
𝟐𝒈
𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
[H]= [ ]
𝟐𝒈
[H]= [L] …..(1)
𝟐
𝒗𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 [(𝑳𝑻−𝟏) ] [𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 ]
[ ] =[ = = [L]…(2)
𝟐𝒈 [𝑳𝑻−𝟐 ] [𝑳𝑻−𝟐 ]
( 𝜽 is a dimensionless quantity )
2.10.2 DEDUCING RELATION AMONG PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
PROBLEM3
Derive an expression for time period of a simple pendulum.
Assume that time period depends on length of the pendulum,
mass of the bob and acceleration due to gravity.( or show that
time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum does not depends
on mass of the bob)
ANSWER:
Let the time period ( T )of pendulum depends on
(i) mass of the bob(m)
(i) length of the pendulum( l )
(iii) acceleration due to gravity ( g )
Let the equation of Time period T is,
T= k mx l y g z ………(1)
Taking dimensions
[T]= [T]
[m]= [ M ]
[ g ]= [LT-2 ]
Substituting in (1)
[T]= [M]x[L]y[LT-2]z
[M0L0T1] = [ M]X[L]Y+Z[T]-2Z
By principle of homogeneity [LHS]= [RHS]
Equating the powers on both sides
x= 0 y+z = 0 -2z = 1
𝟏 𝟏
y- =0 z=-
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
y=
𝟐
substituting in (1) Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

T= k m0 l 1/2 g – ½
Since the dimension(power) of mass is zero the time period does
not depends on mass
𝒍
T= k √
𝒈
Let k = 2𝝅 (by experiment)
𝒍
T= 2𝝅√
𝒈
PROBLEM 2
Derive an expression for kinetic energy of an object?
ANSWER
Let the kinetic energy E depends on
(i) mass ( m ) of the object
(ii ) Velocity (v) of the object
Let the equation for kinetic energy E is,
E= k mx v y ……….(1)
Taking dimensions
[E ]= [ ML2T-2] , [m] = [M], [v]= [ LT-1]
Substituting in (1)
[ ML2T-2]= [M]x [ LT-1]y
[ ML2T-2]= [MxLyT-y]
x= 1 y= 2
substituting in (1)
E= k m1 v 2 = k mv2
Let k = ½ (by experiment)
𝟏
E= mv2
𝟐
PROBLEM 3
Derive an expression for gravitational potential energy of an
object
ANSWER
Let the gravitational potential energy U depends on
(i) mass ( m ) of the object
(ii) acceleration due to gravity ( g )
(ii)height of the object from the surface of earth( h)
Let the equation for gravitational potential energy U is,
U = k mxgyhz ……..(1)
Taking dimensions
[U ]= [ ML2T-2] , [m] = [M], [g]= [ LT-2], [h] = [L]
Substituting in (1) Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
[ ML2T-2] = [M]x [ LT-2]y [L]z
[ ML2T-2] = [Mx Ly+z T-2y]
x= 1 y+z= 2 -2y = -2
1+z = 2 y= 1
z= 1
substituting in (1)
U = k m1g1h1
Let k = 1(by experiment)
U= mgh
PROBLEM 4
Derive an expression for centripetal force
ANSWER
Let the centripetal force(f) depends on
(i) mass of the object (m)
( ii ) velocity of the object (v)
(iii) radius of the circular path (r)
Let the equation for centripetal force f is
f= kmxvyrz …….. (1)
Taking dimensions
[f] = [MLT-2], [m]= [M],[v]= [ LT-1], [r]= [ L]
substituting in (1)
[MLT-2]= [M]x [ LT-1]y [ L]z
[MLT-2] = [Mx Ly+z T-y]
x=1 y+z = 1 -y= -2
2+z= 1 y= 2
z= -1
substituting in (1)
f= km1v2r -1
Let k =1 ( by experiment)
𝒎𝒗𝟐
f=
𝒓
PROBLEM 5
Derive an expression for orbital velocity of a planet in terms of
gravitational constant G, radius R of the orbit, mass M of the sun
ANSWER
Let the orbital velocity(v) of a planet depends on
(i) gravitational constant (G) Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
(ii) radius of the orbit (R)
(iii) mass of the sun (M)
Let the equation for orbital velocity(v) of a planet is
v= kGxRyMz …….. (1)
Taking dimensions
[v] = [LT-1], [G]= [ M-1L3T-2]; [R]= [L]; [M]=[M]
substituting in (1)
[LT-1]= [ M-1L3T-2]x [L]y [M]z
[M0 LT-1] = [ M-x+z L3x+y T-2x]
-x+z= 0 3x+y= 1 -2x = -1
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- +z = 0 3( ) + y= 1 x=
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
z= y= 1-
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
y= -
𝟐
substituting in (1)
v= kG1/2R-1/2M1/2
Let k =1 (by experiment)
𝑮𝑴
V= √
𝑹
PROBLEM 6
ANSWER : (a)
An exponential is a constant with zero dimensions
[k]=[ 𝑴𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 𝜽−𝟏 ]
𝜶𝒛
[ ]= [M0L0T0]
𝒌𝜽
𝒌𝜽 𝑴𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 𝜽−𝟏 ×𝜽
[𝜶]= [ ]=[ ] = [ MLT-2]
𝒛 𝑳
-1 -2
Pressure , [P]= [ ML T ]
𝜶 0 0 0 𝑴𝑳𝑻−𝟐
[𝜷] = [ ] [M L T ] =[ ]
𝑷 𝑴𝑳−𝟏 𝑻−𝟐
[𝜷]= [L2]= [M0L2T0] Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
CHAPTER 3: MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
3.2 POSITION,PATH LENGTH,AND DISPLACEMENT
Distance or Path length :
Total length of the path travelled by an object is
called path length or distance
(1)If object travels from o to p
(2)If object travels form o to p and then to Q
(3) If object travels form o to p and back to O
(4) If object travels form o to p and then to Q
Thus path length or distance will be always positive and

continuously increases when object moves. Unit is metre . It is
a scalar quantity and depends on path
DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is change in position
If x1 is the position of an object at an instant t1 and x2 is the
position at an instant t2
Then displacement ∆𝒙 = x2 - x1
∆𝒙 is positive if x2 > x1
∆𝒙 is negative if x2 < x1
(1) If object travels form o to p

Here Path length is equal to displacement
(2)If object travels form o to p and then to Q
Displacement is less than path length

(3) If object travels form o to p and back to O
Displacement is zero
(4) If object travels form o to p and then to Q
Displacement is negative
Comparison between distance and displacement
Qn No:1
(a)
Ans: No, A particle cannot have two different positions at
the same time
(b) (C)
Ans: No,Total path length never Ans: yes, displacement

can be decreased or can be zero decreases with time
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
(1) Position time graph of an object at rest
(2) uniform motion along a straight line
The position time graph of an object in uniform motion is a

straight line with a slope
Qn No:2
State whether the following statements are true or false

(a)
B
OP- distance of A from

school to home
OQ- distance of B from
school to home
(b) OP < OQ
than A
From fig A starts earlier than B
(c)
A reaches home at t1 and B

reaches home at t2
(d)
(e) B overtakes A
True
Qn No 3:
His position as a function of time is shown below

(a)How far was he from home when started raining
(b)identify the portion of the graph,where he was waiting
for the rain to stop
(c) What is his displacement in 10m
(d) he returned home with a greater speed . is this satemeent
true
Answer:
(a) 0.5 km
(b)BC
(c) zero
(d) true, because he returned home from market in
3minutes but reched market form home in 5 minutes
3.3 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND AVERAGE SPEED
AVERAGE VELOCITY
Displacement per unit time is called average velocity.
Let x1 is the position of the particle at an instant t1 and x2 is the

position of the particle at an instant t2
Average velocity, or
Unit is ms-1
It is a vector quantity and can be positive or negative
Or zero
Position –time graph
= average velocity
Slope of position time graph is the average velocity

Case 1
Here x2 > x1 , slope of graph is positive
If the slope of position time graph is positive ,the object
moves away from origin
Case 2
If the slope of position time graph is negative ,the object

moves towards the origin ( average velocity is negative)
Case 3: object at rest
If Slope is zero ,object is at rest

AVERAGE SPEED
Unit is ms-1 and it is a scalar quantity

PROBLEM1

ANSWER:
(a) From O to P
Average velocity
Average speed
(b) From O to P and then back to Q
Average velocity

Average speed
Note:1
𝑑𝑥
if x = tn then = ntn-1
𝑑𝑡
eg:1
x = t2
Eg:2
x= at3
Note 2: speedometer of a car measures instantaneous speed

PROBLEM 2

ANSWER:
PROBLEM 1:

Answer:
𝒅𝒂
= 0, since a is a constant
𝒅𝒕
Instantaneous Velocity, m𝒔−𝟐
(i)
(ii)

3.5 ACCELERATION
Time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration
Average acceleration:
Unit of average acceleration is ms-2 and it is a vector quantity

Instantaneous acceleration:
𝒅𝒗
=
𝒅𝒕
Note:
Velocity is the first differential of position and acceleration is the

second differential of position
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER:
𝒅𝒙
V= = 3t2 – 12
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒗
a= = 6t
𝒅𝒕
when v = 0
0= 3t2 – 12
3t2 =12
t2 = 12/3 = 4
t= 2 s
a= 6x2= 12 ms-2
Uniform acceleration: If acceleration of an object is constant
throughout the motion , then acceleration is called uniform
acceleration or constant acceleration
Slope of velocity time graph:
Slope of velocity time graph gives acceleration of the object

Area under velocity time graph:
Area under velocity time graph gives displacement

PROBLEM 3

ANSWER:
(i ) ox
(ii) XY
Since slope is zero, acceleration aXY = 0
(iii) YZ
= area under velocity time graph
The direction of acceleration and velocity are towards right.
Then the velocity increase in positive direction

Velocity- Time graph
The direction of acceleration and velocity are towards left.
Then the velocity increase in negative direction Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
Velocity- Time graph
Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative. So velocity of the

object decreases since acceleration is negative
When a body moves up its acceleration is downwards and

therefor velocity decreases and becomes zero. Since acceleration
is continuing the direction of velocity reversed and body moves
downwards and velocity increasers.
PROBLEM 1:
Velocity- time graph of an object is shown below.draw the
corresponding acceleration time graph Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
ANSWER:
a
𝑡1 𝐭𝟐 𝑡3 𝑡4
t
3.6 KINEMETIC EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY

ACCELERATED MOTION
1. Velocity Time relation:

We have acceletration
= 𝒗𝟎
2. position time relation:

We know that area under velocity time graph gives displacement

𝟏
X= OA x AC + BC x AC
𝟐
We have
Substituting in (1)
3. Velocity-Position Relation:
We have position time reletion
𝑽−𝒗𝟎
But a =
𝒕
substituting
Or v2 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 2ax
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER:
Substituting the values
Negative acceleration is called retardation
PROBLEM 3:
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

Dowloaded from HSSPAYYOLI
Reporter
Answer:
…..(1) a= ?
Aceeleration can be calculated using the equation
Sustituting the value of a in equation (1) we get
PROBLEM 4
A person is running at his maximum speed of
10 ms-1 to catch a bus .when he is 48 m from the door of the bus it
starts moving away with a constant acceleration of 1 ms-2.The
minimum time after which he can enter the bus is
ANSWER:
Distance the person has to travel= 48m+ distance travelled by the
bus in time t
𝒕𝟐
X=
𝟐
The minimum time after which he can enter the bus is 8s

FREE FALL: If an object is released near the surface of earth
and if air resistance is neglected, then the object is said to be in
free fall.The constant acceleration of the object is called
acceleration due to gravity( g= 9.8 ms-2)

Acceleration – time graph of free fall:
Velocity – time graph of free fall: Position time graph of free fall
Note: The acceleration of a freely falling body is always in

downward direction and a = -g (9.8) ms-2
PROBLEM 5
29.4m𝒔−𝟏
( Take g= 9.8 ms-2 and neglect air resistance)

ANSWER:
(a) During the upward motion acceleration is vertically

downwards
(b) At the highest point velocity is zero and acceleration is 9.8ms-2
acting vertically downwards.
(c)

(d)
m𝒔−𝟏
Note.Total time taken by the ball to reach the ground is 3s+ 3s= 6s
PROBLEM 6
ANSWER:
Height of the tower is 57.3 m

Galileo’s Law of Odd numbers
Ratio of distances traversedis 1:3:5:7:…… Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR CONSTANT
ACCELERATION USING METHOD OF CALCULUS:
(1) Velocity- Time relation
(2) Displacement-Time relation
We have
(3) Velocity- Displacement relation:

PROBLEM 7
ANSWER:
(a)
(b)
(c)
CHAPTER 4: MOTION IN A PLANE

Motion in a plane is a motion in two dimensions. Two coordinates
( eg: x and y) will change during motion
4.2 SCALARS AND VECTORS
A Scalar quantity is a quantity which have only magnitude eg:
mass, time ,volume, density, work etc
A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction. Eg: force ,displacement etc
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS
Dowloaded GVHSS PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
Representation of a vector:
The length of the line represents magnitude and arrow head

represents direction.
Vector A can be represented as ⃗𝑨⃗
Magnitude of vector A can be represented as ,
=
Two vectors are said to be equal only if they have the same
magnitude and the same direction
POSITION AND DISPLACEMENTVECTORS
Consider a particle at P
⃗ is the position vector of the point p from
𝒓
origin o
Let the particle moves from P to p’
⃗⃗⃗
𝒓′ is the new position vector and ∆𝒓⃗ is the
displacement vector which depends only
on initial and final position and does not
depends on path
PROBLEM 1
(a)
(b)
ANSWER:
(a) displacement depends only on initial and final point . There
for displacement for each is 400m
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICSDowloaded
GVHSSfrom HSS Reporter
PAYYOLI
(b) for the girl B
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER:
(a) total displacement is zero since initial and final positions are
same ie ∆𝒙 = 𝟎
(b)
Since ∆𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
(c) average speed =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
Total path length = OP+PQ+QO

= 1km+ 1.57km+1km= 3.57 km
4.10 PROJECTILE MOTION

An object that is in flight after being thrown or projected is called
a projectile. The path or trajectory of a projectile is parabola

𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒚 =0
𝑣0𝑥
𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝒗𝒐𝒙
𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈
𝒗𝒚
Consider a projectile projected with a velocity V0 making an

angle 𝜽 with x axis.
Since there is no force along x direction, ax = 0
The components of initial velocity V0 are;
V0X = v0 cos 𝜽
V0y = v0 sin 𝜽
Since ax = 0, the horizontal component of velocity remains constant
But the acceleration due to gravity acts on the object which is
vertically downward, ay = -g
Since acceleration is downwards the vertical component of
velocity decreases and horizontal component remains constant
when object moves upwards. At the highest point vertical
component of velocity become zero and the horizontal component
remains same. When the object moves down wards the vertical
component of velocity increases
Therefor a projectile motion can be considered as a uniform
horizontal motion and an accelerated vertical motion
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER:
15 m𝒔−𝟏 Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Speed or magnitude
of velocity
Trajectory of a projectile is Parabolic:-
Substituting for t
This equation represents the equation of a parabolaDowloaded from HSS Reporter

Therefor the trajectory of a projectile is a parabola
PROBLEM 3
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 4
ANSWER
(i) y= -300m , v0y = 0, v0x = 60 m/s , a= -9.8 ms-2,t=?

Considering the vertical motion Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
𝟐𝒚
(ii) horizontal distance travelled
X= v0xt
= 60x 7.8= 468m
(iii) Horizontal velocity remains same as
vx = v0x = 60 m/s
Vertical component of velocity, vy= v0y – gt
= 0 – 9.8x7.8
vy = 76.44 ms-1
MAXIMUM HEIGHT (H)

𝐯𝐲 = 𝟎
It is the maximum vertical displacement attained by the

projectile. Consider a projectile projected with a velocity 𝒗𝟎 at an
angle 𝜽 with horizontal.Then
𝒗𝟐𝒚 -𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 = 2ayy
𝒗𝟐𝟎 sin2 𝜽 = 2gH
Maximum height,

TIME OF FLIGHT (T)
Time required to reach the same horizontal level as that of
projection ( vertical displacement ,y =0) is called time of flight (T)
or it is the total time during which the projectile is in flight.
y
Vertical displacement y = 0 at t=T
Time of flight,
Note : Time required to reach maximum height is
HORIZONTAL RANGE (R)

Horizontal distance travelled by the projectile from its initial
position (x=y=0) to position where it passes y = 0 is called
horizontal range. Then the time taken is time of flight, T.

Horizontal range ,
Note: Maximum horizontal range
We have
Range is maximum when
Angle of projection for maximum range is
Maximum range ,
QUESTION:
Show that for a given velocity of projection range will be same for
angles 𝜽 and ( 90-𝜽 )
= 𝑹𝟏
Thus for a given velocity of projection range will be same for
angles 𝜽 and ( 90-𝜽 )
PROBLEM:1

ANSWER:
(i) (ii)
(iii)
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER:

PROBLEM 3
ANSWER:
V0 = 25ms-1 , t = 3s, x= 45m
(i) we have , x= vx t = v0 cos𝜽 × t

𝒙
Cos𝜽 =
𝑽𝟎 𝒕
𝟒𝟓
Cos𝜽 = = 0.6
𝟐𝟓 ×𝟑
Angle of projection 𝜽 = cos-1 0.6 = 53.10
(ii) At the highest point vy = 0
vx =
x=v045m
cos𝜽
= 25 cos 53.1= 25x 0.6
Velocity ,vx = 15 ms-1
Acceleration ay = -9.8ms-2
ax = 0
velocity= 15ms-1 , acceleration = -9.8 ms-2
(iii) Let h is height up to which water strikes the building (h=y)
𝟏
We have , y = vy0t + ayt2
𝟐
𝟏
y =h = v0 sin𝜽 t + ayt2
𝟐
V0 = 25ms , t = 3s, ay = -9.8ms , 𝜽 = 53.10
-1 -2
𝟏
h= 25 x sin 53.1 x 3 - x 9.8x 32
𝟐
h= 25 x 0.799 x 3 – 4.9x9
h= 15.82 m
final velocity
vx = v0 cos𝜽
vx = 25x .6 = 15 ms-1
vy= v0y + ayt
vy = v0 sin𝜽 + ayt
vy = 25 x sin 53.1- 9.8 x 3
vy = 25 x 0.799 – 29.4
vy = -9.42 ms-1
V= √𝟏𝟓𝟐 + (−𝟗. 𝟒)𝟐

v = 17.7 ms-1
CHAPTER 5: LAWS OF MOTION
Momentum: Momentum p of a body is defined as the
product of mass and velocity
Momentum = mass x velocity
P= mv
It is vector quantity. Unit is kgms-1
5.5 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

Equations of motion from Newton’s second law of motion
Definition of unit of force (Newton)
NOTES:1. From Newtons second law F= ma

If F= 0 , ma = 0 ( since m ≠ 0)
a=0 ie body is at rest or moves with constant velocity, which is
Newtons first law
Second Law is cosistant with the first Law
Eg: For projectile motion, the gravitational force acts along
vertical direction. Therefor the verical component of velocity ( v0
sin𝜽) changes and horizontal component (v0 cos 𝜽 ) remains same
PROBLEM 1
ANSWER:

PROBLEM 2
The motion by
ANSWER:
V= U
F= mg
IMPULSE
The product of force and time is called impulse

Unit of impulse is kgms-1
PROBLEM 3
ANSWER:
5.7 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
APPLICATIONS:
The backward movement of the gun when a shot is fired from a
gun is called recoil of gun
Velocity with which the bullet moves is called muzzle velocity
COLLISION OF TWO BODIES
collision

FRICTION
Friction is the resistive force that opposes the relative motion
between two surfaces in contact
Friction are of two types
1. static friction Sliding friction
2. Kinetic friction
Rolling friction
STATIC FRICTION ( fs)

Laws of Static Friction:
N
(1)
(2)
(3)
KINETIC FRICTION ( fk )

Laws of Kinetic Friction:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Graphical representation of friction with applied force:
Rolling friction and sliding friction

The frictional force between two surfaces when one body rolls
over the surface of another is called sliding friction eg: when a
wooden block is moved on a level floor , the opposing force is
sliding friction
When one body rolls over the surface of another body ,the
opposing force is rolling friction
Eg: a ball rolling over a surface, the opposing force is rolling
friction
Rolling friction is less than sliding friction
Boll bearings are used to reduce friction

Angle of repose: Angle of repose is the angle of inclination of an
inclined surface over which a body just begins to slide down
ie , tangent of angle of repose is coefficient of static friction
When body moves down an inclined plane with an acceleration a ,

then frictional force is kinetic friction

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
PROBLEM 1
What is the trolley
ANSWER:
a= 0.96 ms-2

5.10 CIRCULAR MOTION
CIRCULAR MOTION OF A VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD

Dowloaded from PAYYOLI
HSS Reporter
Thus for a given value of 𝝁𝒔 and r the maximum speed of
circular motion of car is given by
CIRCULAR MOTION OF A VEHICLE ON A BANKED ROAD

In banking of roads the outer edge of the road is raised a little
more than the inner edge. Here 𝜽 is the angle of banking.
From fig

The maximum possible speed without skidding is given by
If friction is absent, 𝝁𝒔 = 0
(Optimum speed )
Thus maximum speed can be increased by increasing the angle of

banking without considering friction which will cause little wear
and tear of tires SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI
PROBLEM 1
Slipping ?
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 2

ANSWER:
PROBLEM 3
ANSWER:
CHAPTER 6: WORK,ENERGY AND POWER

6.3 WORK
F𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Work can be zero, positive or negative
(1) work can be zero
(i) if displacement is zero
eg: a weight lifter holding a weight on his shoulder for some
seconds does not do any work
(2) if force is zero
eg: for a block moving on a smooth horizontal table, work done is
zero
(3) If force and displacement are mutually perpendicular
eg: for a man carrying a load on his head and moving
horizontally, the work done by gravity is zero
(2) work can be positive if angle 𝜽 between force and
displacement is between 00 and 900
eg: a man pushing a block by applying force and moving it in the
forward direction
(3) work can be negative if angle 𝜽 between force and
displacement is between 900 and 1800
eg: when a body is moved over a rough surface , the work done by
friction is negative
 SI unit of work is joule
 Dimension of work/energy is [ ML2T-2]

PROBLEM 1:

ANSWER:
ENERGY
Energy is the ability to do work.
(1) Kinetic energy (2) Potential Energy
6.4 KINETIC ENERGY
Energy due to motion is known as kinetic energy
For body of mass m moving with velocity v ,
𝟏
kinetic energy , K = m𝒗𝟐
𝟐
 Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity
Expression for Kinetic energy

PROBLEM 2
ANSWER:
If vf is the emergent speed of the bullet,
ANSWER: Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Work done = Force x displacement= change in kinetic
energy
Both bus and the car had same kinetic energy and hence
same amount of work is needed to be done. As retarding
force applied is same for both, both the bus and the car
travel same distance before coming to rest
6.7 POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is the stored energy by virtue of the position or
configuration of the body
eg: (1)A body at a height h above the ground possesses potential
energy due to its position
(2) A compressed spring possesses potential energy due to its
state of strain
* dimension of potential energy is [ M L2T-2] and unit is Joule
Expression for potential Energy;
We have
or – dV= F(x) dx
𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒇
− 𝒅𝑽 = −[𝑽]𝒗𝒊
𝒗𝒊
𝒗
[𝑽]𝒗𝒊 = 𝒗𝒊 − 𝒗𝒇
𝒇
Potential energy of a body in a Gravitational field:

CONSERVATIVE AND NON CONSERVATIVE FORCES
Eg: spring force ,gravitational force etc

Properties:
(1) The work done by a conservative force depends only upon
initial and final positions of the body
(2) The work done by a conservative force around a closed path is
zero
Non conservative force
The work done by a non conservative force depends upon the
path of the displacement of the body
Eg: Frictional force, viscous force

ANSWER:
(a)Force displacement Graph is a straight line
(b) Force is directly proportional to displacement

( c) Area under graph gives work done
𝟏
Area of ∆𝑶𝑨𝑩 = x OA x AB
𝟐
𝟏
= x5 x 10 = 25 J
𝟐
6.8 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
Mechanical Energy is sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
Let a body undergoes displacement ∆𝒙 under the action of
conservative force F. Then,
By work energy theorem ,kinetic energy∆𝑲 = F(x)∆𝒙
Also potential energy function, -∆𝑽 = F(x)∆𝒙
∆𝑲 = −∆𝑽
∆𝑲 + ∆𝑽 =0
∆(𝑲 + 𝑽) = 0
Which means that sum of potential energy and kinetic energy is
constant or total mechanical energy is constant
The principle of conservation of mechanical energy can be stated
as ‘ The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the
forces ,doing work on it ,are conservative’

PROOF OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN THE CASE OF
A FREELY FALLING BODY
Consider a body of mass m falling freely from a height h
…(1)
….(2)
…..(3)
From equations (1) , (2) and (3)
PROBLEM 1

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
ANSWER:
6.11 POWER
Power is defined as the time rate at which the work is done
𝑾
P=
𝒕
Average power:it is the ratio of work done to total time
𝑾
Pav =
𝒕
Instantaneous power:
Power is a scalar quantity. Dimension of power is

[ ML2T-3].SI unit of power is watt
Another unit of power is horse power(hp)
1hp= 746 W
Unit of electrical energy is Kilowatt hour(kwh)
1 kwh= 3.6 x 106J

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
PROBLEM 2
Answer:
PROBLEM 3
ANSWER;

Answer;
CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION

7.6 ANGULAR VELOCITY AND ITS RELATION WITH
LINEAR VELOCITY
Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axes (z axes). The
velocity of the particle v changes with its distance from the axes.
But the angular velocity of all the particles of the rigid body
remains constant at an instant.
The relation between linear velocity and angular velocity is given

by
⃗ =𝝎
𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒓
⃗
The direction is perpendicular to both 𝝎 and r and is directed
along the tangent to the circle described by the particle.
ANGULAR ACCELERATION Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

The angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity
⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝝎
⃗⃗ =
𝜶
𝒅𝒕
7.7 MOMENT OF FORCE OR TORQUE ( 𝝉 )
Unit of torque is Nm
Dimension of torque is ML2T-2
𝒓⊥ = r𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 is the perpendicular distance of line of action of the

force F from the origin
𝑭⊥ = F𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 is the component of F in the direction perpendicular
to r
MOMENT OF INERTIA
Rotational analog of inertia in linear motion is moment of inertia.
I= mr2
7.7 MOMENT OF MOMENTUM OR ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The rotational analogue of momentum in linear motion is angular
momentum
𝒍=𝒓 ⃗ × ⃗𝑷
⃗
Magnitude, l = rP 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS

DowloadedGVHSS PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
Relation between moment of inertia and angular momentum:
The direction of angular momentum and angular velocity will be

same
Relation between Torque and angular Momentum
Thus rate of change of angular momentum of the particle is equal

to torque acting on it.
This is rotational analogue of the equation
TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A SYSTEM OF

PARTICLES
If 𝝉𝟏 , 𝝉𝟐 , 𝝉𝟑 ,……., 𝝉𝒏 , are the torque acting on each particle , then
the total toque on the system of particle is
𝝉= 𝝉𝟏 +𝝉𝟐 + 𝝉𝟑 +…..+ 𝝉𝒏
𝝉=∑ 𝝉𝒊
Similarly angular momentum
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICSDowloaded
GVHSSfrom HSS Reporter
PAYYOLI
Also total torque
By Newton’s third Law
7.9 MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RIGID BODY

Relation between angular momentum and moment of inertia for a
system of particles:
We have angular momentum of a rigid body
Relation between torque and moment of inertia:
We have
CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

⃗
𝒅𝑳
We have torque, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝉𝒆𝒙𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝉𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 0
⃗
𝒅𝑳
=0
𝒅𝒕
⃗𝑳 = constant
Also we have, ⃗𝑳 = I𝝎
⃗⃗⃗ Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
⃗⃗⃗ = constant
Thus if external torque is zero , I𝝎
ie if moment of inertia increases angular velocity decreases
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF RIGID BODIES
7.10 THEOREM OF MOMENT OF INERTIA

(1) PERPENDICULAR AXES THEOREM

Iz = IX +IY
(2) PARALLEL AXES THEOREM
IZ= 𝑰𝒁′ + Ma2

APPLICATIONS
I. FOR A RING
(1) MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RING ABOUT ONE OF ITS
DIAMETERS
Iz = IX +IY
But IX = IY
Iz = 2IX
𝑰𝒁
𝑰𝑿 =
𝟐
But ,IZ = MR2
𝑴𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝒙 =
𝟐
(2) MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RING ABOUT A TANGENT
IZ= 𝑰𝒁′ + Ma2

𝐼𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕
(2) MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RING ABOUT THE EDGE

OF THE CIRCLE OF THE RING
RADIUS OF GYRATION: Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

I= Mk2
Eg: in the case of moment of inertia of ring about a diameter
𝑴𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝒙 =
𝟐
𝑹𝟐
k2=
𝟐
𝑹
thus k=
√𝟐
Note : In the case of a ring and a disc of same mass and diameter ,
moment of inertia will be large for ring because for ring mass is
distributed at maximum distance from the axis of rotation
CHAPTER 8: GRAVITATION
8.3 NEWTONS(UNIVERSAL) LAW OF GRAVITATION

Note1:
Note2 :
8.5 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF EARTH (g)

Consider a body of mass m on the surface of earth of mass ME
and radius RE m
𝐑𝐄
𝐌𝐄
…….(1)
From (1) and (2) …..(2)

Note: Acceleration due to gravity does not depends on the mass of
the body (m)
MASS OF EARTH
8.6 ACCELERATION DUE TO GAVITY BELOW & ABOVE

THE SURFACE OF EARTH
(a)
Comparing with g on the surface of earth
Thus acceleration due to gravity decreases as we go above the

surface of earth Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
(b)
Comparing with g on the surface of earth

Thus acceleration due to gravity decreases as we go below the
surface of earth
Note : 1
The value of acceleration due to gravity is maximum on the surface
of earth
Note ;2
At the center of earth d = RE, thus g = 0
ANSWER:


HSSRPTR - Focus Point Plus One Physics - Part 1 Chapter 1-8

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GVHSS PAYYOLI- PLUS ONE PHYSICS FOCUS AREA NOTES PART 1

CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL WORLD

Supplimentary Quantities and units

Plane angle Solid Angle

All physical quantities can be writen in terms of dimensions of

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Dimensional equation for volume can be written as

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

substituting in (1) Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

(2)If object travels form o to p and then to Q

(3) If object travels form o to p and back to O

(4) If object travels form o to p and then to Q

Thus path length or distance will be always positive and

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Displacement is less than path length

Ans: No,Total path length never Ans: yes, displacement

(2) uniform motion along a straight line

The position time graph of an object in uniform motion is a

State whether the following statements are true or false

OP- distance of A from

From fig A starts earlier than B

A reaches home at t1 and B

His position as a function of time is shown below

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Let x1 is the position of the particle at an instant t1 and x2 is the

Slope of position time graph is the average velocity

If the slope of position time graph is negative ,the object

If Slope is zero ,object is at rest

Unit is ms-1 and it is a scalar quantity

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

(b) From O to P and then back to Q

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Note 2: speedometer of a car measures instantaneous speed

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Instantaneous Velocity, m𝒔−𝟐

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Unit of average acceleration is ms-2 and it is a vector quantity

Velocity is the first differential of position and acceleration is the

Slope of velocity time graph gives acceleration of the object

Area under velocity time graph gives displacement

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

= area under velocity time graph

The direction of acceleration and velocity are towards right.

Then the velocity increase in positive direction

The direction of acceleration and velocity are towards left.

Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative. So velocity of the

When a body moves up its acceleration is downwards and

3.6 KINEMETIC EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY

1. Velocity Time relation:

2. position time relation:

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Substituting the values

Negative acceleration is called retardation

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

Sustituting the value of a in equation (1) we get

The minimum time after which he can enter the bus is 8s

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

Note: The acceleration of a freely falling body is always in

( Take g= 9.8 ms-2 and neglect air resistance)

(a) During the upward motion acceleration is vertically