TEMPLATE:

NAME: M ABHIRAM
REG. NO.: 12009089
SECTION: E1909
ROLL NO.: RE1909A05
SUBJECT NAME: Power Systems
SUBJECT CODE: ELE 334
ASSIGNMENT NO.: 02



 1. What are the various types of busses in the power systems and what is
their importance. What are the informa on that are obtained from a
power ow study?
A. Classi ca on of power system Buses:
In the power system, every bus is associated with four di erent
quan es, real power, reac ve power, bus voltage, and phase angle. In
load ow, two parameters out of the four are speci ed and the
remaining two need to be calculated through the solu on of equa ons.
Depending upon the quan ty that have been speci ed, buses in the
power system are classi ed into the following three di erent types

In this ar cle we are going to discuss power system buses/ load ow

study, bus parameter, types of power system buses like load bus or PQ
bus, generator bus, slack bus also known as swing bus and an
explana on

Load bus: PQ bus

load bus also called as PQ bus in this type of bus real and reac ve
components of power are speci ed and we need to nd out the voltage
magnitude and phase angle using load ow solu on by solving
equa ons using di erent methods.
The phase angle of voltage is not very important for the Load
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 Generator bus or voltage control bus:

Genera on bus also called a voltage control bus. In this kind of bus
voltage magnitude and real power are speci ed and required to nd out
reac ve power genera on Qg and phase angle of bus voltage.

Slack bus / swing bus or Reference Bus:

Slack bus is also known as swing bus this bus is taken as a reference bus.
generally, in the power system, there are mainly two types of buses load
bus and generator bus, for these buses real power P injec on is
speci ed. which is taken posi ve for generator bus and nega ve for load
bus, the losses remain unknown ll complete load ow solu on.

For this reason, one generator bus is made to take the addi onal real
and reac ve power to supply losses in the transmission line, this type of
bus is called a slack bus.

At this type of bus voltage magnitude and phase angle are known,
where real and reac ve powers are obtained through the load ow
solu on.

The informa on that are obtained from a power ow study:

The objec ve of a power ow study is to calculate the voltages
(magnitude and angle) for a given load, genera on, and network
condi on. Once voltages are known for all buses, line ows and losses
can be calculated.
The principal informa on obtained from the power- ow study is the
magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and
reac ve power owing in each line. Commercial power systems are
usually too complex to allow for hand solu on of the power ow.
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 2. What all variables are associated with each bus and What is P-Q bus in
power ow analysis. discuss known quan es at the buses.
A. Four variables are associated with each bus:
• voltage |V|
• phase angle |δ|
• ac ve or real power |P|
• reac ve power |Q|
Load Bus or P-Q bus in power ow analysis:
For load bus, real power P and reac ve power Q are known but the
magnitude
and phase angle of bus voltage is unknown. It is desired to nd the bus
voltage
using load ow analysis. At load bus, voltage is allowed to vary within
some
speci ed limit.
Known quan es at the buses:

S. No. Type of busses Known or Speci ed

quan es
1 Genera on or P-V Bus P, | V |
2 Load or P-Q Bus P, Q
3 Slack or Reference Bus | V |, δ

The P-V bus, and on this bus, the voltage magnitude corresponding to
generate voltage and true or ac ve power P corresponding to its ra ng
are speci ed.
Voltage magnitude is maintained constant at a speci ed value by
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 injec on of reac ve power.

The P-Q bus and at this bus, the ac ve and reac ve power is injected
into the network. Magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are to be
computed. Here the ac ve power P and reac ve power Q are speci ed.
At this slack bus, the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are
speci ed.
The phase angle of the voltage is usually set equal to zero.

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of newton raphson method.

A. Advantages:
Here are the disadvantages of Newton-Raphson Method or we can say
demerits of newton's method of itera on.
o One of the fastest methods which converges to root quickly.
o Converges on the root quadra cally i.e rate of convergence is 2.
o As we go near to root, number of signi cant digits approximately
doubles with each step.
o It makes this method useful to get precise results for a root which was
previously obtained from some other convergence method.
o Easy to conveit to mul ple dimension.
You might want to check out regula falsi method and lagrange's
interpola on method.
Disadvantages:
Here are the disadvantages of Newton-Raphson Method or we can say
demerits of newton's method of itera on.
o We must nd the deriva ve to use this method.
o Poor global convergence proper es.
o Dependent on ini al guess
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 • May be too far from local root

• May encounter a zero deriva ve
• May loop inde nitely

4. What is single line diagram & draw three bus single line diagram. What
are the advantages of per unit computa on.
A. Single line diagram:
The single-line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system analysis. It is
the rst step in preparing a cri cal response plan, allowing you to
become thoroughly familiar with the electrical distribu on system layout
and design in your facility.

Three bus single line diagram:

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 Advantages of per unit (pu) system:

• Circuits are simpli ed
• Voltages have same range in per unit in all parts of the system from
EHV system to distribu on and u liza on
• When expressed in the per unit system, apparatus parameters usually
fall in narrow range regardless of apparatus size. For example, generator
reactance in per unit are similar for both 100 MVA machines and
1000MVA machines. This facilitates data checking and hand calcula ons.
• For circuits connected by the transformers, per unit system is
par cularly suitable. By choosing suitable base kV for the circuits the per
unit reactance remains the same, referred to either side of the
transformer. Therefore, the various circuits can be connected in the
reactance diagram.
• This method is ideal for eliminate ideal transformers as circuit
components since the typical power system contains hundreds, if not
thousands of transformers and this is non-trivial saving.
5. What do you understand by short circuit. Discuss the possible cause of
short circuit. What are the possible faults in a transmission line.
A. A short circuit is simply a low resistance connec on between the two
conductors supplying electrical power to any circuit. This results in
excessive current ow in the power source through the 'short,' and may
even cause the power source to be destroyed. If a fuse is in the supply
circuit, it will do its job and blow out, opening the circuit and stopping
the current ow.

A short circuit may be in a direct- or alterna ng-current (DC or AC)

circuit. If it is a ba ery that is shorted, the ba ery will be discharged very
quickly and will heat up due to the high current ow.
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 Short circuits can be caused by:

▪ Vermin or pests chewing through wires

▪ Water or other uids coming into contact with electrical wiring
▪ Loose connec ons in an electrical box
▪ Old or damaged outlets, switches, lights, appliances, or other
electrical devices

▪ Nails or screws piercing through walls and coming into contact

with wires

▪ Deteriora on of electrical cable sheathing

▪ Build-up or surges of electricity

Types of faults occurred in transmission line:

S.No Type of fault Short form

1 Three phase line to ground fault 3LG
2 Three phase line to line fault 3LL
3 Single line to ground fault 1LG
4 Line to line fault 1LL

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 6. What is the importance of base KVA in short circuit calcula ons. Why do
we use reactors in the power systems discuss its advantages.
A. As we need to calculate the short circuit current at the HV terminal of
the transformer, therefore rst of all we need to calculate the total
impedance of the system up to the HV terminal of transformer. But for
nding the percentage impedance we need to select a base kVA ra ng.
The product of normal system voltage and short-circuit current at the
point of fault expressed in kVA is known as Short Circuit kVA.
Let,
V = normal phase voltage in volts.
I = full-load current in amperes at base kVA.
%X = percentage reactance of the system on base kVA up to the
fault point.

Reactors:
Reactors are used to limit the short circuit currents which can cause damage to
the equipment of the power system. The addi onal reactance added in series
with the system for protec on, are called reactors.
Reactors are also used to protect the circuit breakers of di erent ra ngs. They
are used to limit the short circuit currents according to the capacity of circuit
breakers. Therefore, while doing changes in the system, we don’t have to
replace the circuit breakers, instead we can add reactors and u lize the same
circuit breaker, due to which, me and money, both can be saved.
Advantages of Reactors:

▪ Reduc on of electromechanical loading and thermal stress of

transformers and switch-gearshi .

▪ Improvement of the stability of primary bus voltage during a

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 fault on feeder

▪ Reduc on of Line-to-line fault current to levels below those of line to

ground faults or vice versa.

▪ Protec on of distribu on transformer and downstream power

equipment and devices from the propaga on of ini al fast front voltage
transients due to faults and circuit breaker opera ons.

▪ Increase in system reliability.

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