Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

The first person to trace the characteristics of

successive generations of a living thing.
Allele is an alternative form of a gene (one
member of a pair) that is located at a
specific position on a specific chromosome.

The process by which alleles are

transmitted = Mendel's law of segregation.
Two types of genes for each trait:
1. Dominant genes when paired with
recessive gene determines the trait to
be expressed.

2. Recessive gene is not expressed when

paired with dominant gene.
Homozygous- means the same trait

Heterozygous-means both dominant and

recessive traits
"Genotype" is an organism's
full hereditary information,
even if not expressed.

"Phenotype" is an organism's
actual observed properties,
such as morphology,
development, or behavior.
Mendel’s Law of inheritance
 LAW OF SEGREGATION

The Law of Segregation states that for any trait, each

parent’s pairing of genes (alleles) split and one gene
passes from each parent to an offspring.
A sperm or egg carries only one
allele for each characteristic
which pair upon fertilization.

When the alleles are different,

one is fully expressed and the
other is masked, now known as
dominant and recessive genes.
Experiments with Plant Hybrids

1. Monohybrid Cross
2. Dihybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross
Two alleles that determine the color of
the pea
1. Dominant Y = Yellow
2. Recessive y = Green
So if you crossed a homozygous
dominant plant YY

With a homozygous recessive

plant yy
The gametes are Y and y and
the genotype of F1 generation
are
 F1 Generation

Y Y
y Yy Yy
y Yy Yy
Cross two F1 plants

The possible genotype of the F2

generation are……
 Y y

Y YY Yy

y Yy yy
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

The Law of Independent Assortment states

that different pairs of alleles are passed
onto the offspring independently of each
other.
Dihybrid Crosses
 Involves a pair of genes

Such as the genes for pea color and shape

They can either be round or Wrinkled
1. Dominant R = Round
2. Recessive r = wrinkled
If you crossed a homozygous
dominant, round yellow plant
RRYY
With a homozygous recessive
wrinkled green plant
rryy
The gamete are RY and
ry and the Genotypes
of the F1 generation
are
 RY RY RY RY
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
All the plant will be
Round and Yellow
But they are all heterozygous for
both characteristics

RrYy
So if we then crossed two F1 plants
The possible gametes are RY, Ry, rY and
ry

And the possible genotypes of the F2

generation are
 RY Ry rY ry

RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy

rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

There is 9:3:3:1 ratio of Round yellow to round
green to wrinkled yellow to wrinkled green
9/16 are round yellow
3/16 are round green
3/16 are wrinkled yellow
1/16 are wrinkled green
LAW OF DOMINANCE

States that when mating occurs between

two organisms of different traits, each
offspring exhibits the trait of one parent
only.