Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode

Post Graduate Program

PGP 24 | Section B

PROJECT REPORT ON

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION AND TIME

SPENT ON ACADEMIC AND NON-ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES
IN THE ONLINE PLATFORM

DATA ANALYSIS (TERM 1)

Submitted to Prof. Soumya Roy

Team Members – Group 2

Jay Patel (PGP/24/089)
Kamala Nandhini S (PGP/24/091)
Kundan Saha (PGP/24/094)
Paras Mavani (PGP/24/097)
Nishant Bhati (PGP/24/102)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr no. Title Page

1 Aim 3
2 Motivation 3
3 Sampling Methodology 3
4 Data Analysis Tools used 4
5 Analysis Procedure Followed 5
6 Test 1: Chi-Square Tests 6
7 Test 2: Equivalence of Means Test 6
8 Test 3: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 7
9 Regression Analysis 8
10 Conclusion 9

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1. Aim
To study the effect of the time spent on academic and non-academic activities in the online
platform on the sleep schedule based on the engagement of the students across various
clubs, committees and Interest Groups.

2. Motivation
Term 1 has been one hell of a ride for most of the students enrolled for the academic year
2020. It was for the very first time that people experienced such heavy workload in spite of
the virtual scenario in their lives as they struggled to catch a few hours of sleep. There have
been constant murmurs on Informal Zoom calls amongst the students as to how the lack of
sleep is directly affecting their overall productivity. Regular sleep loss keeps adding up
which results in sleep debts. Higher level of sleep debts has a detrimental effect on the
health which can cause accidents due to the lack of focus and inability to respond quickly.
In the long run it can lead to various long-term problems like anxiety, poor memory,
depression, amnesia.
In order to get to the depths of the issue and understand the reasons and their associated
impact on sleep deprivation, we decided to conduct this study. The idea was to identify
various groups of people within PGP 24 who were engaged in different levels across
various academic activities and non-academic activities which included the work for club,
committee and interest groups. We then wanted to study the effect of these activities on the
sleep schedule of the students.

3. Sampling Methodology
The project focuses on identifying the relationship between time spent on sleeping and
performing academic/non-academic activities in an online platform. The students selected
for analysis included:
• Students from the Placements Committee
• Students from other Clubs/Committees/Interest Groups/No Committee
The sampling method chosen was nonprobability sampling, wherein from each of the
cohorts, we gathered data on the following activities:
a. Duration of placements activities
b. Duration of academic activities
c. Duration of other non-academic activities
d. Time spent on sleeping (per day)
Thus, we collected 256 observations (=2*4*32), which were all quantitative in nature and
had an input range from 0-24 hrs.

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4. Tools used for Data Analysis

a) Mean
It is the sum of quantitative data with similar units divided by the count or the expected
value of random variable. It measures the central tendency of the given data set.
𝑁
1
μ = ∑ 𝑎𝑖
𝑁
𝑖=0

b) Standard Deviation
Standard deviation determines the variability or deviation of data around the central
tendency and is provided by the formula:

∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2
σ=√
𝑁

c) Normal Distribution
This distribution is symmetric around the mean and is asymptotic in nature. 75% of
the data under this distribution lies within µ±1σ, 95% within µ±2σ and 99.7% within
µ±3σ.

d) Hypothesis Testing
Assumptions considered regarding the population parameters are known as statistical
hypothesis. Testing of these assumptions is carried out by hypothesis testing.

H0: Null Hypothesis

It provides the default statement about the population parameters that are currently
existing. It always contains the ‘=’ sign.

HA: Alternate Hypothesis

This contradicts the null hypothesis and based on available sample evidence, it is
determined whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. If null hypothesis is
rejected, the statement of HA becomes default.

The null and alternate hypothesis are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive.

e) Test Statistic
It is used in statistical testing to quantify behaviour distinguishing null from alternate
hypothesis. It includes Z score, T score, F-statistic and Chi-square statistic

f) Significance Level
It provides the probability of rejecting a H0 when it is actually true. It is represented by
α.

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g) Chi-squared test
The results of chi-squared test check that if the attributes of the data considered are
independent or dependent. A contingency table classifying the sampled data in distinct
classes of two different attributes is created for further calculations. The default
hypothesis states the that the two attributes are independent. The alternate hypothesis
suggests that there is a dependence.
The degrees of freedom are (m-1) and (n-1), where m and n are the rows and columns
of the contingency table. The null hypothesis gets rejected if the table value at
significance level of α is lesser than calculated value of chi-square test.

h) Equivalence of 2 means (t-Test)

Considering that SD is unknown, the null hypothesis states that the mean of two
independent populations is same, i.e the difference of the two means is zero (µ1= µ2)
The alternate hypothesis contradicts H0 and tries to determine if
µ1> µ2; µ1< µ2 -> One tailed test
µ1≠ µ2 -> Two tailed test

i) ANOVA
ANalysis Of VAriance
ANOVA test can be one way or two way. It is similar to conducting multiple t-tests. It
is an analysis tool that compares variance within a group, across groups and interaction
between attributes. It checks if the mean of different populations are similar or
different.
𝑀𝑆Treatments
The test statistics used is F-statistic, provided by ratio of 𝑀𝑆
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

j) Regression Analysis
The analysis considered are linear and multi-linear regression analysis. It is used to
understand the strength of dependence of an output to independent input variables.
The equation is represented as
Y = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥1 + 𝛽2 𝑥2 + 𝜖
R2 with a high value (close to 1) indicates that the variability in response is explained
by regression.

5. Analysis Procedure Followed

The steps followed in the analysis are as followed:

a. Data was collected from students from students belonging to two cohorts as
mentioned in Sampling Methodology.
b. The data is considered as normally distributed as the number of observations is
greater than 30.
c. A chi-squared test with the following contingency table is considered.

Placements Committee Other Committees/ No Committee

Sleep duration < 4 hrs
Sleep duration > 4 hrs

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 d. Equivalence of 2 means (t-test) for sleep time was conducted for the two
categories of students considered.
e. Two-way ANOVA test was conducted and variance of different activities across
the categories of students was determined and understood.
f. MLR equation was written and the dependence of sleep time with respect to the
categories of students was calculated.

6. Test 1: Chi-squared test

Chi-squared test’s null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis can be defined as: -

Ho: Total sleep time (less than or more than four hours) is independent of the type of membership
of the students’ committee

H1: Total sleep time (less than or more than four hours) is not independent of the type of
membership of the students’ committee

It can be noticed that the Chi-square value for collected data is = 21.6

Degrees of freedom df = (2-1)(2-1) = 1,critical chi-square value for 5% significance level = 3.841

Since Chi Squareα=0.05 < Chi-square, we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that total sleep
time (less than or more than four hours) is not independent of the type of membership of students’
committee.

7. Test 2: Equivalence of means test (t-test)

The null and alternative hypothesis are defined follow: -

Ho: Mean sleep time of students of placements committee and other committees is equal

H1: Mean sleep time of students of placements committee and other committees is not equal

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 It can be noticed that to = -4.446

Because there are 32 observations, df = n-1 = 32 -1 = 31

With df =31 and at 5% level of significance (two-tailed), critical t value is = -2.3556

Since to < critical t value, we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean sleep
time of students of other committees/ no committees and students’ placements committee is not
equal.

8. Test 3: ANOVA

2-way ANOVA test was carried out, with replication, to examine the difference in population means
and the effect of membership of students in different committees and types of tasks carried out by
students: -

As p-values for all effects are relatively very small, we suggest that: -

1. The type of tasks or activities affects the total time spent on a particular activity

2. Time spent on an activity is also dependent on types of students’ committee (No committee
or students’ placements committee or of any other student body)

3. membership of a student in a committee and type of task carried out taken together also affect
particular activity’s time.

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9. Regression Analysis

Regression analysis was carried out by keeping sleeping time as a dependent variable and the below
variables as independent variables: -

1. Time spent on various academic tasks

2. Time spent on placement related events

3. Time spent on other different activities

Below regression equation can be written based on analysis:

Y = β0 + β1.x1 + β2.x2 + β3.x3

Y = Sleep time

Intercept β0 = 11.34

The coefficient for time spent on various academic tasks β1 = -0.63

The coefficient for time spent on placement related events β2 = -0.62

The coefficient for time spent on other different activities β3 = -0.57

So, Y = 11.34 – 0.63 x1 – 0.62 x2 – 0.57 x3

R2 = 0.54, which indicates that the correlation for this analysis is relatively strong.

All coefficients’ p-values are significantly small, implying the particular significance of
coefficients.

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10. Conclusion

It can be concluded that sleep time is negatively correlated with the time spent on different
activities. Additionally, it is also dependent on the students’ type of committee. On examination of
data, we found that the coefficient for activities carried out due to academics and coefficient for
events hosted during placement season is roughly the same. This suggests practically the same
effect of 1 hour of placement-related events time and study time on total sleep duration. Terminating
one of them can drastically improve sleep time and can give extra time to carry out other tasks.

A contingency table can be created using collected data as per below: -

Based on data shown in the above data-table, below are conditional probabilities:

P (more than 4 hours of sleep time | not in placements committee) = 0.66

P (more than 4 hours of sleep time | in placements committee) = 0.09

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