 The main torque boxes are made from CFRP composite

material. The structure consists of solid-laminate front and

rear spars, honeycomb sandwich ribs, and integrally
stiffened laminate skin panels. A toughened matrix CFRP
material is used for the main box panels and the main box
spars. This material provides improved resistance to impact
damage over previous materials.

 INS
Although this type of system is highly accurate, the levels of
accuracy demanded for the navigation of those aircraft that
are designed for operation under what may be termed the
'computer chips with everything' philosophy preclude its
application to such aircraft in favour of its more sophisticated
descendant, namely, the inertial reference system (IRS). It
performs the same basic navigational functions as an INS,
but, as its fully digital computer can also be pre-programmed
with other relevant reference data, there was some
justification in changing its name.
The complex mechanical arrangement of a gimbal system
and synchronous transmission loops is replaced by a
mathematical equation program so that acceleration and
attitude signals required for navigation are directly computed.

 ONBOARD Maintenance has two main modes :

In flight, NORMAL or REPORTING mode
In NORMAL mode, the CMS records and permanently displays
the failure messages transmitted by each system BITE.
On ground, INTERACTIVE or MENU mode
In INTERACTICE mode, the CMS allows the connection of any
BITE system with the MCDU, in order to initiate a TEST, or to
 display the maintenance data stored and formatted by the
systems‟ BITE

 Auto transformers in windshield are provided with several

voltage output tappings which permit the voltage to be varied
appropriate to heating element resistance, e.g. the resistance
increases with age, and so it would be necessary to
increase the applied voltage. Cables must therefore be
connected to the transformer tappings detailed in the relevant
Maintenance Manual, to ensure correct operating temperatures
and adequate protection against ice. (A/L 11-4,4.2.2)

 QFE is the isobaric surface pressure at the reference point. At

other altitudes the altimeter will give an indication of the height
above that reference point. With the aerodrome QFE set in the
subscale, your altimeter will read zero on the highest point on the
runway and at other altitudes will read the height above the
airfield elevation. For precision approach runways or for
instrument runways when the threshold is 7 ft or more below
aerodrome elevation, the QFE may be based on the threshold
elevation [ICAO Doc 4444, 4.10.1.2]. With the runway threshold
QFE set in the subscale, your altimeter will read zero on the
runway threshold.

 Cross-feed Valves permit the transfer of fuel from any tank to

any engine, whereas Transfer Valves enable fuel to be
transferred from tank to tank.