ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD Electic Conductor, Insulator 4 Semiconductor Propeation of Electric charge Millikan's Oi] olp Experiment Change by Inducton Coulomb's Law Force betweary Multiple Charges Elechic Field Elechic Field Lines Electic oliple Dipole Field Dipele in a uniform Electric Field Electric Flux Gauss's Law Field cue to am infinitely dong. Shaight Uniformly Charged wire, Seeel re do & uniformly Electric Field Intensity cue to a thin infinite plang si Cy charge Electric fell Intentidy olue to tuo thin Tapnite Parallel sheets ok chage Very Important Questions1. ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD Electric charge - aE te property of mederial by which ot exexts oy experiena electhic and mragnestic +s Js calli the electric charge. “ts Examples - (Cid Experience °F Seeing a Spark or hearing a Crackle, when we take of Syrthetic Cloths. Gi) Lightning in the sky during thunderstorms clue te electric clischange- Electrostatics - ~ The branch ek Pragles y which deals worth the study oF charges at” reat? (static charges), the ores , fields “ancl potential due to these Changes is calle Electrostatics or, Static Electricity: Impertant Facts about charge - (1) There ore cenly two types of electric Charge - (2) Like Charges yepel ero unlike charges atthracts each othey- (3) TRe unlike changes nullify (Cancel) each other's effect When they Come im Cmtact. Trrrepere the Chorges are named as positive omd ne; ive by the American scientist ‘Berjamin Frenklin! (u-) Normally the materials are eleetricedly reich + Aout do not Contain becouse their changer ( $ ond electrons) cre exactly bollanced, (8) The electron He outermost orbit ob an odom One fpr the nucleus So these electrons ane Leos: boundeal with the nucleus ancl com be Si tech exrti) the orbit by giving some energy. These electro BE oon Colleo} Deo aeebrens “8(c-) The be: ia mien can be chorgecl positively b Leasing v es of ats i Can be cf negatively by gaining. electrons. 7) m anotus use| de detect charge ia S afb leat cede ‘ on a bonis S— oe. one () An electric vay con Creates electric field (), mognatic field G) omd, electromagnetic. vadiations veo ® => Only Electric feb! (ED V = Comat. @ — Electric Fill (E) 4 Mognedtic Ficlel > Vv # Const. => nag = EG amd Electomegnetic Rediations 8.) Electric charge uni ly dighibude on a uniform ‘ Pg saa “but the ena ge natty on @ NoNn- Unitorm si ce Ss maximum “on thot peints ohne the radius of Cueve Js minimum. + gant +, ‘. ad C am [7 Carthy ete. Imsulator - 7 —— The materials which resist the flow of electric Charge omd current are cotlicl imsulators. Examples - Weool, Poralene, plastic ete Semiconductors - TR ometeriols which resist the glow of electric charge and cursent but the value of their Istana Us inVbetween the Cenducty and inswlafy ae call semiconductors: Examples - Silicon (Si) > Germenium CGe> Corben CC) — > Excellent thermal Conplucfivity.Properties of Electric Charge - a) Addlitivity of Charges:- Electic Charge is a scalar quantity so the dotal charge of tre System us obtainsol si by adeling the cljjerent changes elgebrically arith proper sign accercling to thelr charge. @ Choage is conserved:— eal e e =e be either created cv clistroyel. Tt tan o be transferred from ome body Se oa iewn Hence the total charge” of the isclatect System da always Corserveot. +4 ae ——>; as SaaS Glass silk Galass silk Teta) change = oF0=6 Total change = +9-% > 0 (3) _Quantisation of Chasge i The. electric Charge on a bo 3s coluss an integral multiple of e@ ( Charge on Thiet oe This Js Calli quantisation of choage. @= Loox e * The umit of electric charge us coulomb. 1 Coulomb - The total charge on 624x108 electrons iu equal to 1 coulomb.Milliken's Oil drop Experiment — The, change en one elechen was und by Hus oil dwp experiment’ by Millikan in 1912 P 3 mid — wa hese ~ @*tomizer X-Ray Source ~ e Positively ] Charged ou a plate Microscope HI ve) — 4) drope "4 Negativeity Charged Plate When the oil drop remain stationary in the experiment then the forces on oil drop Electric Foree (Fe) = Gravitational Ferce C Fy) TE mg ov m mga whee E= Vv ‘ We Know that - mass = density x volume where Y —» radius of oil cmp (Co-Smm) i< * Mass of Electron Ge) = B11 KIO kg. * Mass of Proton (mp) = 167 x16?" Kg.An oil dp 12 excess elects Lb helol Stotona: under a Covstant electric field of wes X10% N/e in Millikan's oi] ovop experiment. cians) of the of} Ws 1.26 Cm? . Then tahimede Sine Pettins ay the. el clei Sek Given that - Charge P= ne = Density a= Jaxbexe? c 1:26 xyo* 2126 xo? > Ta alm when the cil drop Js held Stationary then te ma We Know m= deny? So tht @ = dxynr® xg € or yy oe ax unixg y? = 12x Lexie"? 4 X @SS X10 12 AI x 42314 x 9.8 vy =\(ou7 xio!8 Y © What vis the dota) chatge -18 = 947 x10 ot 9-81 x1607 m. on 75 Kg of electrons? Sel Number of electrms in 75 Kg: n = _tetal Mass oe... Mass of 1 electon ax16°! n = 83 x10% So Tetal chage Q= ne Q= ga x07! x(-16 xi '?) Q = -EsaxidtcCharging by Induction - Method L. C Using a ground Comection ) Gi) A positively chargeol rod Js brought near a newhol metol sede and polarising Jt. a) Gi) The sphore ws greuncleel allovsing electrons sto be attractes! fem” te earth. iO 1 (4) Wii) The grouncl Connection is broken, Gv) The positive od Gs removed! leavi the sphare with a inducal negative change i Method 2. Ci) Teo unchargeal metal sphares are in Contact with each other But Insulated prem rest of the usortel. Gi) A pesitively chaygect red is bre neow the Sphorz 5 attracting negative charge “and daaving the other Sphare positively charged: G2 OE 9 lay Cb) ©) ) (ii) Nowo the Sphares are separatecl before the rod us removeol omol Hus separating positive 4 negative. Charge Gv) Remove the rod- The es en) sphares will Yeaange themselves omd uniformly clistributet over the acne.Coulomb's Law- . The force. ef interaction between omy a Point charges is olivectly proportional to the product of the ch om inveasely propeational de the square of the cliutance between tem, omd acts dong the Line Jering the tuo chasges. 2 tuo point changes %1 and VT are seprrateol Suppos: in vacuum by @ clistance™ 2, +4 F +h ¥ L ® +u OF ¥ FE x4 According to ceoulomb’s Law, Fax U4 ond Fra ae ~ = — fonsiont ® Electostahc Constant k depends or the nature medium separating the charges and on the pean ef units. 4 In cgs System , es In st system, K = giz. = 9xlo? Nmi/ce ® Ee electrical permittivity of free space Go = 8a x16 !* OmCoulomb's Law in vector form - Let +he position vector ob Cheurges YM ond Ga. be Yi omd V2 respectively. my Fr We denote the forer oy 4 due to 4, by Fira ond the toree on dW, due to 4% by Fans es Hee Y,+%a = c = Ys. +¥ = % - ~ Re] ool ESE The nituale. vectors Via ond Ya; is denot by IwaP and ie) ome their unit vectors Qe 3} alse ow ar- es on a a i eee Iva] \wnl So the toree Fra can be given as- FPF. = ttt ¥%,, 4me. 1¥2,)7 Fr > = a) If Mend Ga Ure_of Same si U4. 20 vs 4 then Fin is along Yau , which jenotes Tepulsion <| > {e) b A] Gi Th dod 4. are_ob opposite sign, %2.<0 \ aes fo da along -Y;, ov Yr > hich alenotes < oaanges of +2UC ome +teue repel Two pei each ce chong a foree IZ2N. Now if each is ven an acklitional - 4H 4 whet will be new force ? YW. =+6MC 5 F=12N Hee G =+2ae , = 2ue and @ = +2-Us-2Me 545 = 46-4 So EF! 2% on = —2)(2) 2-1 F Lt ICED a PoetE 221 =» — ah CaAipedtie) 3 3 Ac eal Sige. Shoes et the opto ene ual | es R. Shoo thet ne changes will Be in equilibrium ib sata Se @ 2 a A a let two equal c! es Ge Q each, be hetd ond B, Whine ABS 200. Here C dbs the cantre of AG > whan charge q 4d held. Net fore on. @ is tev. So q ua already in equilibrium. For the three changes to be in equilibrium, net force om each change must be xero. Now, total force om Q at B w_ xe Kat - _ Ker = axe Se % Hence Proved,Dielectric Constant (K) - 7 perce ina medium (Fm) = <4. x 2d» Ge =© where €-elechicol permittivity of the medium. feree in vacuum (Fe) = ane* ahs — & Dividing eq: ® by @, ime get- Ff =& = & ork Fn ee Whine Ey or K ud Called cliclectric constemt oy relative electrical permittivity of the meclium. ¥ Dielectic constant of a medium is theoratio of absolute electrical permittivity of the medium 4» the electrical permittivity of free space. * Thus force between tuo ygiven charges in a medium CK) ds only + times af the force between them in ady/ vacuum. Force between Multiple Charges - Total force on any charge clue +e a number of Changes ot vest is the ‘vector’ sum of all the forces on that Charge dus do other changes.Let the tore on charge ty clue to two other changes La ond da ce Fra omd Fra respectively . The position ve vectors of Charges 4, ,%. and 4, ane WY and eae] “ = KYY | Fa = Bate | | Fa = Bate | Thus the a ree Fi on Charge V)_is obtained by the vector sum the forces Fin and Fr Gs- ? =. = Fa + Fis Srelenly have n Changes 415% % then thd 4 due to Ins 4a,-. On Charges can be nae by the vector sum of forces Fin, Fis > -- Fim @d- > — = a 4 FL = Fat Fats Fm | 6p Fr Kay Rf iez © 7: Twe fixecl point ch + 4e omd +e units ce $7, Where showtol b the. tied eo be placed ad ot to be in equitibrium- seb For the char: to be in eqitlibeivn ‘——— x a Fy = Fo x ——k— 0) K4:4e = kKve S & eel Pie @xe 7 St Gap on Selving - m= 2A/3 — fms.Tuo equal positive chorges each of 2c interact With a third sal hap 0 cf Suc situated as Shown in r magnitude and direction of the force “on te 3 ue change. According te Coulomb's Law Feree, on cl ee at P due ao ot A ond & are eqiol in magnitude So- Fi = Fa = K%%2 = (Gaxto?x2 x0 x3 xi5% Y 52 Se Fp = Fo 20 Dex Here the cougpen oh Fi and Fz al Y and y' axis are equal j magnitude (Fj) Sine = Fa Sin® ) but opposite in zliveetion So they comeel each other The Components FR ‘ack So total force on cheat 8 He sits = fe Fz 2F;Cos@ = 2x2-1¢ x103 ae So Fo: 35 x102°N — mm.Electric Field - vy spate Sunny ai fn sesh bic is the ° Susdro! Jectric cl poetic bor "H a aed dther “Hehcdly Charged Whar fore objects. *# the oivection of the field is taken +o be the direction of the force it wold exert on a positive test charge. * the electnic fielol Ss rool eudiord bl Change © cmd racially inward towards agit OK OE * Concept of Fiell was introduced first of all by "Faraday * Electric Field Intensity (@) The. electric Held intensity ot point as the Strength. of electric field at “that ae rt JS olifinecl ay the jorce experiencecl by unit Positive charge peal ot that Point. According to cewomb's Law force on test Charge Ve due to a point charge @ Js poeta 2: Pp Fe oe o_o ne or e--—- y ——— soc T * by olefin tion Se e =arerax ¢ where F is unit vector directed pom @ towards 4,. i =N ST Unit of E =Important Peints about Electric field - (1) The magnitude of electric field E is same at equal distances ~ from ae age Q, thus st has a Spherical Symmetry @) The itucle of the electric field E clependis only on the Change @ amd the olutance Y: (3) The test change de have its own electric pele, it modify the techie ide! of the source Change Therefore to minimize this effect we revorite electric field intensity at Y as- Eelm F U0 te Electric Field due to a system of Charges - Comider a system Sis Gage tn with position Reto Fo a — En Es nv ee 4 eat --— yee, ge Ft eit? -_ Be g \% - = a % * we / \ I » 4 tn ds The electric field intensity at a point P clue to @ system of ci! es is the vectey sum of the electric fields at the pent clus to individual charges. a " eerste => eau KOL4, 4 B% 4... KIn % C= E+ bt En PE et Tee Tair@® what are elechic field Ip tee ond as 5 cm. Sl Here 0A =0B=0C =oD= ¥ Y = S rio? m.- cca also here €,= 6, =_t% _ 4 ¥> oy Gy = Ex = tee xox? = _ (exi6*/8)* In square ABCD tre LAB = te cgi vend clivectin of the in tye: “24 72 x10" Nic So Se the Net Electe field at 0 = [e+ 624266, C0590 Et/Gf+e - aye E = 72 SEKI Ne at 4st to oA.Electric Field Lines - An elechic fie Line is 0 curve dawn in such a vw that the ‘tangend do Jt at each. print E-4) —-, E+ kel Gap” Gat] E€ = «yT-._44¥ ey For (y77a) - aR The divectin of E is along B ie from -q to +2. Kl Ew ay(ii) Field Intensity on Equatorial Line of Electric Dipde - let the peint P is on the equatorial dine , whore OP=Y.- En P te —-~e my fis ' oe ul K. yaar oe { a Z ' ‘ ' + 2 co ° © > ' ~ ‘" a So the => oh the electric fielels clue to tHe tuo Charges 7 given as- Ex = “ee and Bae Ge) 7 Fee) Here the Components pera ee ond E.,q normal to the dipde axis cancel each the cUpdle axis, add up. So the total electric field is in cppesite clivection to P. E = ErqCos® + E-4 CosO other, omd tha, Components along. oy E =2Ewtep 2 E& = 282 For (r77a) —E = kK-24a * Hence the dipole field at Jorge distances falls of not as f/y2 but ad t/ys, # Dus 4o an electric dipole Esanind = 2 EenateralDipoke in a uniform Electric. Field - Let a dipole be held in a uni fed & ijorm extemal elechic et an angle 8 with the clivection ob =. Net force on the clipole = zero The fprus on le. +% omd -% result ina uZ on pole Which, rotates the clipdle "g og Thus the torque tend do align the dipole axis stg the clivanioh of field &. The mi jagnitudle of were as oni the tude of each ah can? ae paplied 3 the perpendicular distance between the two antiparallel fercs - Torque T = VE X2asing Tc PESsing * a a ee of Ne ae Hat hancled screw ne*® When F is along E, 8=0 = PESino = 0 The dipele is in stable equilibrium. « When F Js along E, 6 = 180° = PESinig0° = 0 The otipele is in unstable equilibrium. Dipole in @ non-uniform Electric Field - In either Cote ,whin Pi paralle! to E” or ardipavatlel do 2, the net te yatt zero , but there as a net force on the olipde. if i (@) When Field ia increasing along Pr a> E e Less Force 2 +4 more Force on os Net Force, Net Force or clipole is along ze, Net Torque = PESin@ = 0 Cw 6-0) (6b) When Field is decreasing slong Pe Move Force —- e Less Fore ~——e =a Fr on +4 Net Force Net Force on dipole is apposite to ©. Net Torque = PE Sin@ = O ao 8 = 0T hi tlo a ad 5 apart. vm ® the “elechic? Peld at (a) a Peat 7 eae cipele iscm. & fom its “certye on the siole of We positive chord | (b) a pat Q,iscm mm anny fm oon a Line passin: Saat” pie. normal axis of the clfpale or im sis ze Hae |PIl= 2x24 ‘yy {Pls 1ome® x sxc? xr a = Ss x6® Cm. fp N \ / ' = Also 2acc v. aii) em i oo (a) As peint p Les - en axial Line of olipsdle so - &s 2EP = 249 X08 x sxi0? y> (ets)? So E, = 2-67x0% Ne Caleng the divection of F) (6) As peint Qolies “en equoderial dine of; olipole So- €, = KP = _gxlo? x sxiv® y® Cos? E, = 1:33 x0 Ne (opposite to the direction of B) As Span fas ture cherges Ta = 25 21870 and Aerassxe’c Locatec| at points A: { ciai mee ond &: (0,0, 1S Cm) respecti whet ane the dota) charg, ord cache of ‘pole. moment the System ? ? af Total charge of the system Y= Tat ta Y= wsxde-25x67e TroElectric cipde moment of the systema as given by- (Ple ax20 = 2sxie? x 0-20 So IP1 = 7sxto® em (long Positive Z-axis), In acektain region of space , electic field is ez Z- dlivection « A lan of Sicchid el “a Sotieed? amd increases uni form weg, ee Z-axis, ot the rece of 10* Nie me wllye. jade the Force amd torque, experienceal a @ System ce @ total clipole moment 167 C-m. in the lgedtie Z divechon? Sch Dipole moment the system |Pl= 4 xdb Pe ¢* IPI = axdt = -107 cm) Rate of increase of electie Fiekl per unit length, a = to® Nie per meter Force experienced by the system ois given by F=t¢eE = E Cr F= Gxalx ae F = -107" x 1c = -le*N (along -z axis) Hone, Fhe angle between elechic feta omd clipele moment is 180°. Se Torq us = PESin6& t T= PE Sini8o = 0Charge Distribution - There Gre tum Aypes of dishibution of Charge on 4 body- 1) Discontinyous Charge Distribution - Tr +s clishibution the Changes are clistibuled Yandomly C non uniformly) in a body at clifferent places. (2) Continuous charge clistribution - In this clishibution tre C eS are equally clistibutes| in a bocly or object. ee three types ef Continuous Change (4) Linear Charge Distribution - It Gs representeof by intan charge clensity CA)- Ag Linear charge density Osea oS * SI Unit -—» \¢/m Examples- Changeal Shaight wire , Changed circular ring ett: m" to + + she 4 « * . aay ¢ a A *S re Ce) Surface charge Distribution T+ ws represented by surtace Charge clunsity 3. Swxpace Charge clensity (om) = Seas « as Sl umt +> C/m Example - Changed Plane sheat, Charge Conducting Sphanz, egti node etcCe) Volume charge Distribution Volume Change clensity (Pp) = Change Velume av SIL Unt => Sm Examples — — chargeal insulating Sphare etc. Ayea_ Vector - By convention , the vector associated with every. OALa, Of 2 Clase surface as to be Ta the olitection of the outumre normal. Herne AS us m pituele of the akta ond n ie a unit vector) fy the divechon of cuhsoard normal at that peint:Electric Flux (¢)- Electric flux over on anea in an elechic feb represents the total number of electic piel Lines Oresing this arta normally « The electric flux, Ad trough an arta element AES in an electic felf EF is” depined as - Ag = &-AS = E@S) Coso For & nonuniform suefacd total electric flux is - ob = gf Bas < f EdsCose The circle om the integral sin Indicates thet the surface of Integrators Us a ‘Clases! surface KElect ic flux is a Scalor quantity * For a closecl surzace the flux comes outsiole. the surface ds taken positive omd the flux going inside to the surface Ja taken negative,@m Conricler a uniform electric field B= saict nije (a) Whot is the Hux His field through a square o| focm. om a pont a ee veka. 44 parolld qa plane 7? (b) Wohot is the flux through the Same syyare ik the normal to ids plane makes@a Go" am) with x-axis ? y ae So- Here Electic Fielel = axio't Nic e Side of the sumac = od m Pe Area of the square (A) = (0-1) x So A = oolm* (@) - when the plane of the square is parollel to the Y-Z plane. then the between He akea vector ond electric field is 6= 0. Se Electric Flux & = E ACOSO P= 3x E-OLxCoAC = 3ONMe (6) Lohen plane makes on bo wrth the x-axis Ham Oe Gale a % So Electic flux $= EAC4E = BxIG x o-01 XCodEO p= IS NmMe om The electric fielel in a Certain region of space da (S04 uf-uk ) xtc e+ Calewlte electric flux clue do this fielel over an area of (20-4) x16? m*. Sc we Know that Electric Flux = Eds p= (St+uf—uk) xic- (2t-j)xie* (10 - uy ) x1o* 6xI0> Neve s+ 6 nooGauss's Law - The total electric flux over the closect surfae dn vacuum is t/e, Limes the total ch Q Contained inside surface. ui Nee Proof of Gauss's Law- Suppose am Csolatrol positive poimt Tie uae at the centre o of & Sphere of “Yadius ¥. ie electric fiele) intensity Se ot any Pome Pom the a E Surface’ of the sphare Js lure T Js unit vector dvected from 045 P. So the flux over the Grea element is - d¢= €.48 = KX yds cosd or dd = Ktas a Se Total electric flux over the entire surface of Sphare $= few = At fas +The clechvic: {ell componerd mo fens AAl Eq =e} Ey =Ez= & in one eS eae Jed eonctier the Cube 24 Shown bt and calcul. (a) Total flux thick the Cube (6) Change within Cube. Assume that @=o1m. sols Here Ex= ax y ad & = Eze = 0, & = Bon N/c-mey A= O-Lm (4) The electric pleld has - 2 Cempenent, So oh eect a of nn an cake pbafenaide inci = ee ¥ ates At the leht faa =a So Ex waa so dos Bas = dal nctéctiae = -ad* At the Right Fa x:aradza S50 Ce= a(2as* So de = Ex BE = ae Y*xa% Coro” te = x oe Se Net flux soon He cube gf = Parte $= ata -ad™ = aa™ (nm -1) S} g = Boo (en YU -1) = feos Nwife (b) By Gauss’s theorem LZ = Cop so q = Basie’ x bas = 9.27 nto és @a oe ah 2S? Cc 4s placad on 4 Corner of & Cube Side im: Find the elechic flux posing through” this Cube. SoleApplication of Gauss's Theorem Q) Field clue to om infinitely Leng Straight Unifermly charged Wire - ConsickrA an intinit dhin wire with uniform Lingar chaage aoe 8 . The electric field at every point in the plane cudting the wire norm Ja radial” omd dts magnitude cupends only on the radial distance ¥. e A Pp r 4 ' W277 ———_———_ YI _ ° Now Conticka. a ciyculan § Closect cyti vadius y amd dength Lb, with the ingnitely of charge as. ats axis. So the total electric flux over the surpaw - ¢ =feas = feascosc' + [edscos x + fedscos ¢ e & fas or @ = & x anrl Charge inside the eplineler (4) = AL Nov according Ao Gauss's theorem gf = ¢ Ad . so = Ex anrvl «= =. nder of bong dineIf APO, the direction electric piekl at every = polnt i Tadially Scone # * If A <0, the olivection °} electric field at every peint ua ‘vadiably inwards. —m A plastic rod of nat 22M omd radius 36mm Comrie a nugoctive cl je of SB KITT Which ws Spread uni jenly over. Surface. whet is the elechic God ann he a te vod on dts Surface? Sd: Given thed = Le 22m. ; Y= BGmm = Bexle* > & = -3BAL0'C. i cl . «2% Linear harge Aaensity A t A = =8:8 x17 = -1-73 x157 Of 22 As Ee: phen: OR 2 eoy AN Go¥ So € = 2x9KI0e? x (-1734K107 ) 36 x 103 or E = -B-6x10° Ne@) Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniformly Charged Spherical shell - (@) Electric Field Outside Consider A tin Spherical shell of radius R and Centre 0 with chage +t distributed over the Sunfzace of the shel uniiforenty- To calculate eclectic Peld intensity at point P, engine Q sphere centre é} bee) Se Gaursian Doon "Ae di do a law GER * s debaknern F Efds = % the shell - * If 170 then FE Ws radially ouhoards ond x If & = © for ¥KR Hence the electric field mside a tmiformly Chargect sphorical Shell ws zero T (Austance $rom Cente)(3) Electric Field intensity due te a thin infinite plane sheet of charge - ComsictrA a thin igs: Plane Sheet of change With surface charge hy om We have to ind the etectic fiell at peint P ata Perpendicular etalon, ¥ fom the sheet Now Imagi se Gaussian Surface of Cross - section ‘akin ancund P and tengthy Zr, passing through the Seat’ Total flux over the entive surface of cpbinder. ib- ¢ - fea + feds +feaz e = Jedscose + fedscosd + [eds cosso’ p= 2EA Total Charge enclosed by He cybindess = rAd According to Gaws's Law- gd = 2eA = ZA €o E= Ae 4 E 4s independent of ¥- K Ih © ro then electric field Js normally outward omel ® Th © <0 then electric field Gs normally inward to the Sheet.(4) Electric Field intensity clue to two thin infmite parallel Sheets of Charge - Case 1: - HAr so, > 0, 70 e— —5& ——— — ey In region © ¢ © In region Er & +e, E =e - x oS eS os © sce, Tae AY se “se mele E * Je, (s +03) Ee de (i-) Case 2:- as Herts) = oo OT ee = A: Im regirn © # © In region © E:«€-€&, E = & + Es aie =e, os a © "36 ae S so A® A lange plane sheet having. Surface. Change clensity Ss x15 C/m* Lie in xy plane. Find the electric flux through 9 circular arca of radius Olm dd the normal “do the circular anea makes an of 60 with the z-axis. Sol: sal Hae oo = Sxi0* Cm 1, r= om, B= 60 ee $= E.ds = Eds @se $ = (se )<7¥* Cos ¢ = sxe x BIUK (0-1) Cob 60" 2 BBS xjo p> = 4:44 xo? Nee —a