H/W 13.04.

2022
Review + Summary
Anastasia Shevelova, A1

 Review
1)Speaking of migration, the author highlighted three main aspects- political
issues, economic migration and the conflict between economic necessity and
public opinion. 2)Firstly, politics and decisions on migration are particularly
connected: if we take a look at most developed countries, we’ll see that
governments injured some restrictions to prevent illegal immigration. 3)People are
willing to immigrate to find a better perspective for the future, but immigration is a
challenge: thousands of would-be migrants face a lot of trouble (including death
and illegal trafficking) while trying to cross the border of other countries.
4)Mostly, all of the money immigrants have earned elsewhere they send home,
says IOM (International Organization for Migration). 5)The third aspect of
migration is the conflict between economic necessity and public opinion: for
example, in Great Britain people were tend to think that immigrants could be a
danger to workplaces, however, when about 1 million people came to the UK to
work there, it’s economy got more sustainably growing.

 Summary
1)The key demographic elements and how they impact the labour market is a
compound issue. 2)Most countries with fast-growing populations are undeveloped
African and Asian countries, such as Burundi, Niger, Liberia, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, etc., because of the high rate of infant mortality, civil wars or crucial
climate change, however, many Eastern European countries have a decrease in
population. 3) Countries with developed economies suffer from an ageing
population, which means higher expenses on medical care, special housing needs,
health and welfare services, and it also means a shortage of people in the labour
market. 4) On the other hand, countries with a low average age (that are mostly
African countries) face such problems as limited employment, ignorance and low
national revenue. 5)This age factor must seem quite problematic, however, a social
economist and a writer Phil Mullan claims, that if governments discussed this issue
from a more positive perspective, it will lead them to maximize human resources.
6)It is clear that people are willing to migrate to find a better place to live and
work, but migration is a complex process that could have some unpleasant
consequences, such as bullying by the locals, illegal trafficking, underpayment,
and even death. 7)Some countries trying their best to prevent illegal and excessive
migration, others conversely are trying to encourage more immigrants, as they may
lead to a growing economy. 8)Lastly, the author talked about the importance of
labour market patterns; an example was taken the change in employment in the UK
during the last centuries: UK’s economy has been based on the manufacturing
sector, but starting from 2004 things have changed and now, the majority of
workers are engaged in services. 9)But at the same time in Eastern European
countries near 20% of the population are working in agriculture, and those
differences could be the root of the unbalance of employment priorities across the
EU. 10)Summing up it is obvious, that for the labour market to be efficient and
sustainable, economists and governments should work together and study all the
aspects mentioned: population growth, migration and the pattern of work.