Classification

Ch. 18
Sec. 1 The Importance of Classification

EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION

🞆 Taxonomy: _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________.

⚫ Organisms are classified by ___________________________ and

___________________________ history.

🞆 Aristotle was the first to attempt this.

⚫ He based animals on ____________,

⚫ ____________, or ____________ dwellers.
⚫ Plants were grouped by ____________
characteristics.

⚫ This system was found to be inadequate in the

1400’s – 1500’s.

🞆 There were some problems with Aristotle’s method:

1. There needed to be more _____________________.

2. There were many names for the ____________ organism.

3. Some common names didn’t accurately describe the organism (i.e. jellyfish aren’t
made of jelly).

🞆 Carolus Linnaeus (mid 1700’s) devised a system of

🞆 grouping organisms into ___________________________

categories.

⚫ His system used ___________________________

(form and structure) to classify organisms.
 ⚫ He devised _____ levels of classification.
🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 ______________________________________

🞆 Kings Play Chess On Funky Green Sand

🞆 The “___________________________” is the largest

group.

🞆 Each division below keeps getting more _______________________.

🞆 This process continues until “_____________________”, of which there is only 1

organism type.

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
🞆 Linnaeus’ system uses binomial nomenclature (2 names).

⚫ The 1 name is the “_____________________”, which is capitalized.

st

⚫ The 2 name is the “_____________________”, which is a description.

nd

⚫ Both words should be underlined or italicized.

⚫ The names are from _____________________, so are the same for everyone.
🞆 Human = _______________________________

🞆 Linnaeus’ system is the basis for what we use today.

⚫ The _____ levels were arbitrary, and are now not enough.
⚫ We sometimes split groups into additional sets.
 🞆 Botanists sometimes split species into _________________________.

🞆 Zoologists sometimes split species into _____________________.

⚫ Modern taxonomists consider _____________________ (evolutionary history)

when classifying organisms.

Classification
Ch. 18
Sec. 2 Modern Sysetmatics

SYSTEMATICS
🞆 Systematics – ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________.

⚫ It uses several lines of evidence to make a _______________________________.

🞆 This is a family tree that shows the _______________________________
relationships that exist between organisms.
 🞆 Systematic taxonomists may use several things to classify organisms:

1. Morphology – ____________________________________________________.

2. Evolutionary relationships – determined from the _________________ record.

3. Embryological development – ____________________________ and

____________________________ between developing animals.

4. Genetic similarities – comparisons of __________.

PROBLEMS WITH SYSTEMATICS

🞆 There are some problems with systematics, though.

1. Morphology – it is difficult to tell whether similar structures arise from

_____________________________ or _____________________________.

2. The fossil record – it is often __________________________, with many gaps

and missing examples.

3. Embryology – the process of development is ______________________

complex and can be very misleading.

4. Genetics – can be highly accurate, but only if _________________________ are

random and not affected by natural selection.

CLADISTICS
🞆 Cladistics uses certain ______________________ of organisms to establish evolutionary
relationships.

⚫ Derived
group.
Character – feature that apparently evolved only within the observed

🞆 Example – ______________________ only exist among birds.

⚫ Cladograms – _____________________________________________________
___________________________________.

🞆 Cladograms are not universally agreed upon.

 🞆 Example – Some put birds within reptiles, as an offshoot of dinosaurs.
Others place birds by themselves.

PROBLEMS
1. What organisms are most closely related to mammals?

______________________________________________________

2. What organisms have hair?

______________________________________________________

3. Do turtles have an opening in their skull for muscles?

______________________________________________________

4. Do monotremes have hair?

______________________________________________________

5. What group of organisms was the first to evolve or appear?

______________________________________________________

6. What group of organisms was the last to evolve or appear?

______________________________________________________

7. What organisms are most closely related to dinosaurs?

______________________________________________________
Classification
Ch. 18
Sec. 3 Kingdoms and Domains

FIVE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSIFICATION

1. Cell Type: the cells my either be _____________________________ or

_____________________________.

2. Cell Wall: cell may either _________________ cell wall or have cell wall.

3. Body Type: organism is either _____________________________ or

_____________________________.

4. Nutrition: an organism is either _____________________________ or

_____________________________. Some can be very unique.

5. Genetics: organisms have similar genetic material, but some have unique system of

__________, __________, or _______________.

Figure 10 pg. 434

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

🞆 This is an alternative to the ______-Kingdom system.

⚫ It uses molecular _____________________ to compare organisms.

⚫ Ribosomal RNA is used, since all life has it.
1. Domain Archaea – ______________________________________

2. Domain Bacteria – ______________________________________

3. Domain Eukarya – ______________________________________

SIX-KINGDOM SYSTEM
🞆 Life is currently classified into 6 large groups, or _______________________________.

⚫ Archaebacteria – ____________________________
⚫ Eubacteria – ________________________________
⚫ Protista – ___________________________________
⚫ Fungi – _____________________________________
⚫ Plantae – ____________________________________
⚫ Animalia – ___________________________________
ARCHAEBACTERIA
🞆 _______________________________________________.

🞆 Some are _______________________________ and live in very

hostile environments (ocean thermal vents and sulfur hot springs).

🞆 They are very similar to the _____________________ forms of life

on Earth.
Eubacteria
🞆 _______________________________________.

🞆 “_____________” bacteria.

🞆 Most are ____________________.

Protista
🞆 ______________________________________________ (usually).

🞆 This kingdom is ____________________________ varied (it’s kind of an “others”

group).

⚫ They include all eukaryotes that are not ________________, ________________,

or ________________.

🞆 Some are _____________________, others

_____________________.

Fungi
🞆 Heterotrophic, both ________ and ________
cellular organisms.

🞆 Often appear very ____________ -like, but they

consume nutrients from other organisms (like
animals).
Plantae
🞆 _________________________________________________.

🞆 Almost all are _____________________________________.

⚫ Some are ________________________ (Venus flytrap)

because they live in nitrogen-poor environments.

Animalia
🞆 ______________________, ____________________,

______________________.

🞆 Animals move around their _____________________.